1.

Question :
Read the following research description and tell
which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
Neugarten (1964), investigated the personality
development of adults aged 40 to 80 over a tenyear period in Kansas City, Missouri.
Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Ex post facto study

Longitudinal study

0 of 1

Comments:
-973100129

Short

False

-973100129

Short

Question 2 Question :
.

Read the following research description and tell

which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
Gazzaniga (1970), described the behavior of the
split-brain patient W. J. who had had his cerebral
hemispheres separated in order to control epilepsy.

Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Meta-Analysis
Case study

0 of 1

Comments:
-973100128

Short

False

-973100128

Short

Question 3 Question :
.

Read the following research description and tell

which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
Anderson and Anderson (1984), examined police
records and meteorological records to determine
whether there was a relationship between the
number of criminal assaults and daily temperature.
They found that as the temperature increased, so
did the number of criminal assaults.

Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Longitudinal study
Correlational study

0 of 1

Comments:
-973100127

Short

False

-973100127

Short

Question 4 Question :
.

Read the following research description and tell

which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
Heslin and Boss (1980), observed the nonverbal
interactions of people being met at an airport.

Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Natural Observation
Naturalistic observation

1 of 1

Comments:
-973100126

Short

False

-973100126

Question 5 Question :
.

Short

Read the following research description and tell

which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
National Survey of Student Engagement (2006)
Revealed that 62% of Freshmen and 75% of
Seniors in college report that they very often or
often asked questions in class or contributed to
class discussions.

Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Survey Experiment
Survey

1 of 1

Comments:
-973100125

Short

False

-973100125

Short

Question 6 Question :
.

Read the following research description and tell

which type of nonexperimental research is being
described.
After traveling in and observing a number of
cultures in the Western Pacific, Malinowski (1922),
wrote Argonauts of the Western Pacific describing
these cultures.

Student Answer:
Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Ethnography
Ethnography

1 of 1

Comments:
-973100124

Short

False

-973100124

Short

Question 7 Question :
.

Read the following research description. Identify

whether the study was an experiment, an ex post
facto study, or a correlational study. Tell why you
have identified it as such.
Dr. Brown was interested in middle-school children
and their friendship patterns. In particular, he was
interested in whether having had to adapt to new
school environments (e.g., as a result of a family
move) enabled children to learn skills which made it
easier for them to make friends. Using school
records, he divided the children up into groups
based on whether they had attended only one
elementary school, two to four elementary schools,
or five or more elementary schools. At the end of
their first semester in middle-school he had them
list the names of the friends they had in school and
he counted the number for each child. His results
showed that those who had experienced two to four
elementary schools had the highest number of
friends, but those who had experienced five or more
elementary schools had the lowest number of
friends.

Student Answer:

Ex Post Facto study

Ex post facto study
Children self assigned based on experience.

Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

1.5 of 2

Comments:
-973100123

Short

False

-973100123

Short

Question 8 Question :
.

Read the following research description. Identify

whether the study was an experiment, an ex post
facto study, or a correlational study. Tell why you
have identified it as such.
Dr. Carter was interested in middle-school children
and their friendship patterns. She randomly
assigned children to attend a three session conflict
resolution class (in which they learned techniques
to use when conflict between children developed) or
to attend three sessions in which a teacher lead
them in discussions of what is important in
friendship. At the end of the semester, she had
them list the names of the friends they had in their
classroom and she counted the number for each
child. The results showed that the children who had
attended the conflict resolution class listed more
friends than those who had attended the discussion
sessions.

Student Answer:

it is correlation study because it showed relationship between the

variables.

Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Experiment
Children randomly assigned to groups.
IV is manipulated.

0 of 2

Comments:
-973100122

Short

False

-973100122

Short

Question 9 Question :
.

Read the following research description. Identify

whether the study was an experiment, an ex post
facto study, or a correlational study. Tell why you
have identified it as such.

Dr. Freedman was interested in middle-school

children and their friendship patterns. His approach
was to investigate the relationship between the
number of extracurricular school sponsored
activities the children were engaged in and the
number of friends they had. He used to school
records to count the number of extracurricular
activities each child was taking part in and he also
counted the number of friends the children listed
when he asked them to list the names of their
friends. He found that as the number of
extracurricular activities increased, the number of
friends listed also increased.
Student Answer:

An experiment because he was interested in the research and

proceed with the experiment, and had an outcome.
Correlational study

Instructor
Explanation:

Two variables were measured and relationship between then

found.

Points Received:

0 of 2

Comments:
-973100121

Short

False

-973100121

Short

Question 10 Question :
.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

What advantage does the true experiment have

over the ex post facto and correlation approaches?
Explain how it gains this advantage.
the advantage true experiment have over the ex post facto and
correlation approaches is that experiment do test hypothesis while
ex facto investigate.

The true experience allows us to observe, under

controlled conditions, the effects of systematically
varying one or more variables. It thus allows the

researcher to infer causal relationships. The great

advantage of experiments lies in the level of control it
gives the researcher over irrelevant variables by either
eliminating them or holding them constant across
conditions.

Points Received:

2 of 5

Comments:
-973100120

Short

10

False

-973100120

Short

10

Question 11. Question :

Compare the strengths and weaknesses of field
experiments, laboratory experiments, and Internet
experiments.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Field Experiments manipulate one or more independent variables

in a natural setting to determine the effect on behavior. Lab
experiment involves manipulating one variable to determine if
changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. this
method relies on controlled method, the weak part of this
experiment it can be easy for other researcher to replicate.
Internet experiment: it is a web-based experiment, the strength of
the internet experiment is that it is cheap to collect large amount
of data from different sources.
Field experiments:
Strengths: Conducted in a natural setting thus not artificial
like laboratory experiments. Can be used to study many real
world variables.
Weaknesses: Control of extraneous variables difficult to
accomplish.
Laboratory experiments:
Strengths: Control of extraneous variables.
Weaknesses: Artificiality of the laboratory.
Internet experiments:
Strengths: Cost effective, able to reach diverse and difficulty-toreach populations, brings the experiment to the participants,
high statistical power due to large samples, and assessment of
motivational confounding.
Weaknesses: Lack of experimental control, self-selection by
participants, dropouts, and possibility of multiple submissions.

Points Received:

4 of 5

Comments:
-973100119

Short

11

False

-973100119

Short

11

Question 12 Question :
.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Describe the three areas of ethical concern to

researchers.
The researcher is ethically obligated not to use any more
deception that is needed to conduct a valid study. If extensive
deception is used debriefing must be used. The two goals of
debriefing are dehoaxing (informing the participant about the
deceptive aspects of the study and helping the participant to
understand the reasons for it and understand that the researcher is
truthful and well meaning) and desensitizing (reducing or
eliminating any stress or other undesirable feelings that might
have been created by participation in the study).
Relationship of society and science
Societys concerns and cultural values at times influence
psychological research. Unfortunately, researchers may find
themselves aiming their research proposals toward the priories
of various sources (e.g. the federal government or corporations)
of funding. Cultural values may also influence the interests of
researchers (e.g., as evidenced by psychological studies in the
past being dominated by white male researchers who did not
think to study female or minority issues.)
Professional issues
Research misconduct involves fabrication, falsification, or
plagiarism during the research process. This is of serious
concern because society needs to be able to have confidence in
research. Other less serious, yet still troubling practices of
concern include not reporting others use of flaws data;
responding to pressure from a funding source to change the
design, methodology, or result of a study; or not fully following
the requirements for the use of human-participants. To help
avoid these situations, the National Institute of Mental Health
suggests prevention strategies which include developing a
culture of ethical behavior and training in research ethics for all
researchers.
Treatment of research participants
Because of abuses which have occurred in the past, researchers

today have considered the ethical treatment of human

participants to be of utmost importance.

Points Received:

2 of 6

Comments:
-973100118

Short

12

False

-973100118

Short

12

Question 13 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Explain what the ethical dilemma is.

it is a situation that often involves an apparent conflict between
moral imperatives in which to obey one would result in
transgressing another.

The ethical dilemma involves weighing the potential cost

to a participant against the potential gain to science
from conducting the research.
Because the individual researcher may not be objective
in making this judgment, guidance comes from the
Institutional Review Board. The IRB makes judgments
about the ethical acceptability of proposed research
taking the welfare of the research participants as their
primary consideration.
The IRB will also require that informed consent be given
by the participants. In comparing the potential costs
and benefits to the participants, the IRB will approve
protocols with high benefits and low costs. They will not
approve those with low benefits and high costs. More
difficult judgments must be made in the circumstances
where there is low cost and low benefit or where there
is both high cost and high benefit.
Researchers bear the final ethical responsibility,
however.

Points Received:

2 of 3

Comments:
-973100117

Short

13

False

-973100117

Short

13

Question 14 Question :
.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Describe the five basic moral principles that underlie

research with human participants.
1- Trust: the establishing and maintaining a close relationship of
trust with participants. 2- Justice: When asking who should
received benefits of research and who should bear its burdens. 3Beneficence and Non-maleficence: Maximizing the probability
that the participants receives some good from participating in
research and maximizing the probability of harm to the
participants. 4- Respect for person and their autonomy: The
participants right to choose to participate in a research study via
informed consent. 5- Fidelity and Scientific Integrity: Conducting
quality research and truthful reporting its results.
1) Respect for persons and their autonomy

Refers to obtaining informed consent to participate in research by

giving the participant all the information that may influence his or
her willingness to participate. With populations which cannot
provide such consent (e.g., persons with handicaps or children),
special care to obtain informed consent by a proxy is necessary.
2) Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Beneficence (i.e., doing good) and nonmaleficence

(i.e., doing no harm) is assured by the IRB by judging
the proposed research to have exempt status,
expedited review, or full review by the IRB. Most
psychology research involves minimal risk and thus
receives expedited review by fewer than the full IRB.
Submitting protocols to the IRB helps ensure that this
principle is met
3) Justice

This principle is difficult to achieve, but is an

important one to attempt to meet. It suggests that

participants should receive the benefits and bear the

cost of the research equally.
4) Trust

Researchers should establish and maintain a

relationship of trust with research participants. The
use of deception violates this principle. Confidentiality
must also be maintained to meet this principle and
safeguards should be built into the study to see that
confidentiality is maintained.
5) Fidelity and scientific integrity

Researchers must conduct well designed and executed

studies (quality research) and must truthfully report
their research findings.

Points Received:

10 of 10

Comments:
-973100116

Short

14

False

-973100116

Short

14

Question 15 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Describe the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

IRB is written approval mainly design for a research studies that
are written and described but needs a course requirement for
psych student to conduct the research study. the research have to
be approved by an IRB. The IRB is a panel of professors who
will review research proposals submitted by students to ensure
that they meet all ethical guidelines.
The IRB makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the
proposed research involving human participants.
It is a board or committee at all institutions that receive federal
funds for research.
The IRB may grant exempt status (for those studies that appear to
involve no risk to the participants), expedited review (for those

studies which involve only minimal risk to participants) or review

by the full IRB.
Students may (or may not) include the following information:
The protocol presented to the IRB should include the following for
their consideration:
Purpose of the research
Relevant background and rationale for the research
Participant population
Experimental design and methodology
Incentives offered, if any
Risks and benefits to the participants and precaution to be taken
Privacy and confidentiality

Points Received:

3 of 3

Comments:
-973100115

Short

15

False

-973100115

Short

15

Question 16 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Define informed consent

Expressed willingness to participate in a research study based on
the understanding of the nature of the research, and participant is
aware of risk, benefits, outcomes and possible alternative.
a. Informed consent
Informing the research participant of all aspects of the
study that may influence his or her willingness to
volunteer to participate. This is also known as active
consent.

Points Received:

2 of 2

Comments:
-973100114

Short

16

False

-973100114

Short

16

Question 17 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Participants are informed of the study and are considered to agree

to participate unless they specifically decline to be include in the
study.
a.

Instructor
Explanation:

Define passive consent

*Passive consent

Consent is received from a parent or guardian by not returning the

consent form. The consent form is only returned if they do not
want their child to participate. While its use is controversial,
research has indicated that nonresponse represents latent consent
and its use often increases low socioeconomic status and minority
participation.

Points Received:

2 of 2

Comments:
-973100113

Short

17

False

-973100113

Short

17

Question 18 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Define deception (dehoaxing vs. desensitizing)

Deception: dehoaxing is the process of convincing subjects who
have been deceived as part of the research study and they have in
facts been deceived while Desensitizing is a behavioral technique
whereby a person is gradually exposed to an anxiety producing
object, event, or place, while being engaged in some type of
relaxation at the same time in order to reduce the symptoms.
Deception (dehoaxing vs. desensitizing)
There are two types of deception. Active deception
involves deliberately misleading participants by giving

them false information and passive deception involves

withholding information from the participants by not
giving them all the details of the experiment.
Debriefing refers to a postexperimental discussion
about the details of the study including an explanation
for the use of any deception. Dehoaxing refers to
telling the participants about any deception and
desensitizing refers to eliminating any undesirable
influence that the experiment may have had on the
participant.

Points Received:

2 of 2

Comments:
-973100112

Short

18

False

-973100112

Short

18

Question 19 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Define coercion and freedom to decline participation

Coercion is essentially the overwhelming of the will of another
by force or threat of force, or through less noticeable forms such
as fraud. Freedom: it is a free will to decline participation in a
research or being part of it.
Coercion and freedom to decline participation
Coercion refers to exploiting individuals over whom researchers have
some authority by pressuring them to act as participants in research.
Typical examples would be students or clients/patients. In addition,
individuals mustsalways understand that they may decline to
participate in or feel free to withdraw from the research at any time.

Points Received:

2 of 2

Comments:
-973100111

Short

19

False

-973100111

Short

19

Question 20 Question :
.
Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Define confidentiality versus anonymity

Confidentiality is a basic requirement in all studies. It means that
the researcher agrees to not reveal the identity of the participant
to anyone other than the researcher and his or her staff. A stronger
and even better condition if it can be met is that of anonymity.
This means that the identity of the participant is not known by
anyone, including the researcher. An example of this would be
where a researcher had a large group of people fill out a survey
instrument but NOT include their names on the instruments. In
this way, the researcher will have the data but no names.
Confidentiality versus anonymity
Confidentiality refers to not revealing information
obtained from a research participant to anyone
outside the research group. To do so would violate a
participants right to privacy. If a researcher feels his
or her data may be subpoenaed, they could a
certificate of confidentiality from the Department of
Health and Human Services.
Anonymity refers to keeping the identity of the research participant
unknown. It is often achieved by simply not having the participant
place any identifying information on any of the materials used in the
study although if examination of the participants responses might
allow another person to deduce the participants identity, this may
not be enough.

Points Received:
Comments:

2 of 2

-973100110

Short

20

False

-973100110

Short

20

Question 21 Question :
.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

Points Received:

Describe the distinction between animal rights

versus animal welfare.
Animal rights: is a morale and ethical philosophy that protects
animals from humane use. the main reason is to dominate over
use/breed. While Animal Welfare: support humane use and
treatment of animals, and believes that humans have a
responsibility to care for animals.
Animal rights refers to the idea that animals have the same
rights as humans and should not be used in research. Animal
welfare, on the other hand, accepts that animals play a role in
research and therefore concentrates on improving laboratory
conditions and reducing the number of animals needed for
research. This focus means that researchers need to justify their
research, have workers who are trained in the care and use of
specific animals, provide for the care and housing of animal
subjects, acquire their animals in a legal and humane manner,
design and conduct the study in a humane way, receive IACUC
approval for field research, and look for alternative approaches to
using animals for strictly educational purposes.

2 of 2

Comments:
-973100109

Short

21

False

-973100109

Short

21

Question 22 Question :
.

This question has two parts:

A. Distinguish between discrete and continuous
variables. Give an example of each.
B. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative
variables. Give an example of each.

Student Answer:

Part A Discrete variable is a particular values. Example: Number

of apples. Continuous Variable: is not restricted to defined
separate values but can occupy any value over a continuous

range. Example: Red and Blue apples. Part B Qualitative

variables: are variables with no natural sense of ordering, they are
measured on a nominal scale. Example: Hair Color (black,
yellow, green, red). Quantitative variable: is natural measured as
number for meaningful arithmetic operations that makes sense.
Example: Height, age, GPA.
Instructor
Explanation:

Discrete variables: A variable that comes in whole

units or categories.
Examples: Will vary.
Counting the number of males or females.
Counting the number of people who are depressed or
not.
Continuous variables: A variable that forms a
continuum and that can be represented by fractional
and whole units.
Examples: Will vary.
Time to respond to a stimulus.
Attitudes toward an object can range from positive
to negative.
Qualitative variables: A variable that varies in kind.
Examples: Will vary.
Majors at a college for example,
psychology, business, English, etc.
Students vs. alumni of a college.
Quantitative variables: A variable that varies in
amount.
Examples: Will vary.
Brightness of a light.
Amount of cola consumed 8, 12, or 16 oz.

Points Received:

4 of 4

Comments:
-973100108

Short

22

False

-973100108

Short

22

Question 23 Question :
.

Dr. Juarez did a study in which female participants volunteered to

participate in a study on jury behavior. All participants read a
transcript of a jury trial and indicated their confidence that a
defendant who had been identified by an eyewitness as driving a
hit and run car was guilty. Half of the participants were randomly
assigned to a condition in which the name of the eyewitness was
Hispanic (Jose Ramirez) and the half were randomly assigned to
a condition in which the name of the eyewitness as Anglo (John
Randolph).
a. Identity the independent variable and tell what technique was
used to manipulate it.
b. Tell how many conditions of the independent variable there
were.
c. Identify the dependent variable(s).
d. Sketch the experiment.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

independent variable: female participants, reading transcript,

race. b - 3 independent variables. c - Female participants, 50%
was Hispanic randomly assigned to the Hispanic defense.
A. IV: Type of name given to defendant.
Manipulated by event manipulation.
B. Two conditions: Hispanic and Anglo
C. DV: Level of confidence that the defendant was guilty.
IV
Hispanic Name

DV
Level of confidence in

guilt
/
R
\
Anglo Name
confidence in guilt

Points Received:

12 of 20

Level of

Comments:
-973100107

Short

23

False

-973100107

Short

23

Question 24 Question :
.

In a study of the effectiveness of eyewitness

testimony Dr. Lindstrom showed participants a
videotape of a convenience store robbery
supposedly captured by a security camera. One
third of the participants were instructed to pay
attention to the clothing that the suspect was
wearing, another third was told to pay attention to
his height, and a third group was told simply to
observe the robbery. All participants then rated
their confidence in their ability to identify the
suspect in a line-up on a scale of 1 - not at all
confident to 5 - extremely confident. Finally, a
group of five photographs was displayed to each
participant on a computer screen and the time it
took for the participant to identify the suspect was
measured.
a. Identity the independent variable and tell what
technique was used to manipulate it.
b. Tell how many conditions of the independent
variable there were.
c. Identify the dependent variable(s).
d. Sketch the experiment.

Student Answer:

Instructor
Explanation:

a- participants pay attention b - c - effectiveness of eyewitness

testimony after being showed the camera. d - group pay attention
to clothing group 2 pay attention to height, group 3 observe
robbery
A. IV: Observation instructions to participants what to pay
attention to.
Manipulated via instructional manipulation.
B. Three conditions: Pay attention to clothing, pay attention
to height, or simply observe the robbery.
C. DV: The time it took the participants to identify the
suspect.

D.
IV
Pay attention to clothing

DV
Time to

identify the suspect.

/
R -- Pay attention to height
identify the suspect.

Time to

\
Observe robbery
identify the suspect.

Points Received:
Comments:

17 of 20

Time to