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Introduction
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3.2
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3.2.1
Stator
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3.2.2
Rotor
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3.2.3
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3.2.4
Equivalent Circuit
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3.2.5
Slip
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3.3
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3.3.1
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3.3.2
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3.3.3
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3.4
Conclusion
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CHAPTER 3
INDUCTION MOTOR AND DIFFERENT SPEED CONTROL
METHODS
3.1
Introduction
This chapter describes the construction, principal of operation, start up consideration
3.2
most commonly used type of motor in industrial applications. In particular, the squirrel-Cage
induction motors are widely used electric motor in home and industrial applications, because
these machines are very economical, rugged and reliable. They are available in the ranges of
Fractional Horse Power (FHP) to multi-megawatt capacity. Fractional Horse Power motors
are available in single-phase as well as poly-phase (three-phase).The three phase machines
are used most often in variable-speed drives where the torque requirement is more.
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is a type of alternating current motor
where power is supplied to rotor by means of electromagnetic induction. An electric motor
rotates because of magnetic force exerted between a stationary electromagnet called the stator
and rotating electromagnet called the rotor. The current in stator side creates an
electromagnetic field which interacts with the secondary to produce a resultant torque,
transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy. The cross sectional view of induction
motor and its various parts [4] are as shown in Fig 3.1
Construction:
In this section, the construction details of induction motor are discussed. A three
phase induction motor mainly consists of two parts, stator and rotor. Stator is the stationary
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part while the rotor is the rotating part of the motor and they are separated by a small air gap
depending on the rating of the motor.
3.2.1
Stator
The stator is as shown in Fig 3.2, which consists of a steel frame which encloses a
hollow cylindrical core made up of thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce eddy current
and hysteresis loss. A large number of uniform slots are cut on the inner periphery of the
core. The stator conductors are placed in these slots which are insulated from one another and
also from the slots. These conductors are connected as a balanced three phase star or delta
winding. The windings are wound for a definite number of poles depending on the
requirement of speed. It is wound for more number of poles, if speed required is less and vice
versa. According to the relation
Ns = 120f / P
Where
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3.1)
magnitude and rotating at synchronous speed is produced. This rotating magnetic field is
mainly responsible for producing the torque in the rotor, so that it can rotate at the rated
speed.
3.2.2
Rotor
The rotor is the rotating part of the induction motor and is mounted on the shaft of the
motor to which any mechanical load can be connected. Based on the construction of the
rotor, induction motors are broadly classified in two categories; squirrel cage motors and slip
ring motors. The stator construction is the same in both motors.
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3.2.3
The equivalent circuit [3] is as shown in Fig. 3.4. From the equivalent circuit diagram the
various power expressions can be written as follows:
Input power = 3VsIscos
---------------
(3.2)
--------------- (3.3)
Core Loss =
--------------
(3.4)
--------------
(3.5)
--------------
(3.6)
Rr
Rr (
-------------- (3.7)
Since the output power is the product of developed torque T e and speed m, Te can be
expressed as
Te =
Te =
Rr (
) =3
------------- (3.8)
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From the equivalent circuit, the approximate equivalent circuit can be obtained as
shown in Fig 3.5, where the core loss resistor Rm has been dropped and the magnetizing
inductance Lm has been shifted to the input. This approximation is easily justified for an
integral horsepower machine, where
(Rs + j
Lls )<<
Lm[5].
The performance prediction by the simplified circuit typically varies within 5 percent
from that of the actual machine
---------------- (3.9)
Te = 3
---------------- (3.10)
A further simplification of the equivalent circuit of Fig 3.4 can be made by neglecting
the stator parameters Rs and Lls. This assumption is not unreasonable for an integral
horsepower machine, particularly if the speed is typically above 10 percent. Then, the
equation (3.10) can be simplified as
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Te = 3
------------------ (3.11)
where, sl = se
The air gap flux can be given by
---------------- (3.12)
in a low-slip region, equation (3.11) can be approximated as
Te = 3
where,
constant flux
frequency
3.2.5
>>
------------------ (3.13)
Equation (3.11 ) is important because it indicated that at
, or at constant slip
Slip
The slip can be defined as the difference between the synchronous speed and actual
speed of the machine. It can be expressed in the percentage. Based on this slip speed, the
voltage induced in the rotor winding changes, which in turn changes the rotor current and
also the torque. As slip increases, the rotor current and the torque also increases. The rotor
moves in the same direction as that of the rotating magnetic field to reduce the induced
current (Lenzs law). The slip can be expressed as given below [1][2]:
---------------- (3.14)
or
Slip S =
or rotor speed
--------------- (3.15)
Nr = Ns (1-S)
-------------- (3.16)
------------- (3.17)
(1-S)
------------------- (3.18)
Thus, the speed of an induction motor depends on slip S, stator frequency f and the
number of poles P for which the windings are wound.
3.3
3.3.1
constant supply frequency. The three-phase stator voltage at line frequency can be controlled
by controlling the switches in the inverter. As seen from the equation (3.10) the developed
torque is proportional to the square of the stator supply voltage and a reduction in stator
voltage will produce a reduction in speed. Therefore, continuous speed control may be
obtained by adjustment of the stator voltage without any alteration in the stator frequency.
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Te = 3
---------- (3.19)
The Torque speed curves with variable stator voltage [3] control are shown in Fig 3.6.
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3.3.2
frequency but keeping the voltage constant. If the frequency is decreased keeping voltage
constant, then saturation of air-gap flux takes place. At low frequency, the reactance will
decrease and the motor current may be too high. If the frequency is increased above its rated
value, then the air gap flux and rotor current decreases correspondingly, the developed torque
also decreases. Due to these reasons this method of control is rarely used.
The torque speed characteristics with frequency control [3] are shown in Fig.3.7.
3.3.3
attempt is made to reduce the supply frequency at the rated supply voltage, the air gap flux
m will tend to saturate, causing excessive stator current and distortion of flux wave.
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Therefore, the region below the base or rated frequency should be accompanied by the
proportional reduction of stator voltage so as to maintain the air gap flux constant. If the ratio
of voltage to frequency is kept constant, the flux remains constant. By varying the voltage
and frequency the torque and speed can be varied. The torque is normally maintained
constant while the speed is varied. This arrangement is widely used in the locomotives and
industrial applications. The purpose of the volts hertz control scheme is to maintain the airgap flux of AC Induction motor constant in order to achieve higher run-time efficiency. The
magnitude of stator flux is proportional to the ratio of stator voltage & the frequency. If ratio
is kept constant the stator flux remains constant & motor torque will only depends upon slip
frequency. In variable-frequency, variable-voltage operation of a drive system, the machine
usually has low slip characteristics (i.e low rotor resistance), giving high efficiency. In spite
of the low inherent starting torque for base frequency operation, the machine can always be
started at maximum torque as indicated in Fig 3.8.The absence of high in-rush starting current
in a direct-start drive reduces stress and therefore improves the effective life of the machine.
By far the majority of variable-speed ac drives operate with a variable-frequency, variablevoltage power supply.
Fig 3.8 shows the torque-speed characteristics [3] of the machine with constant V/F
control method.
Other than the variation in speed, the torque-speed characteristics of the V/F control
reveal the following:
The starting current is low.
The stable operating region of the motor is increased. Instead of simply running at its
base/ rated speed (NB), the motor can be run typically from 5% of the synchronous
speed (NS) up to the base speed. The torque generated by the motor can be kept
constant throughout this region.
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Since almost constant rated torque is available over the entire operating range, the
speed range of the motor becomes wider. User can set the speed as per the load
requirement, thereby achieving the higher efficiency.
One of the most advantages is soft start capability in which motors are ramped up to
speed instead of being abruptly thrown on line. This useful feature reduces
mechanical stresses on the motor and leads to lower maintenance cost as well as a
longer motor life.
Because of above reasons V/F control method is proposed in this work.
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3.4
Conclusion
The construction, different parts of induction motor i.e stator and rotor, different
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