Roll No.

TCS 604
(BTech-CSE/IT) End Semester Examination 2015
6th Semester
COMPUTER NETWORKS-I

Time: Three Hours

MM: 100

Note:
(i)
This question paper contains five questions with alternative choice.
(ii)
All questions are compulsory.
(iii)

Each question carries four parts a, b, c and d. Attempt either parts a and b or attempt parts
c and d of each question

(iv)

Each part carries ten marks. Total marks assigned to each question are twenty.

Q1. a.
i)

ii)

(2X10=20 Marks)
The round trip time (RTT) for a TCP segment can be estimated by using the formula: *
old RTT+ (1 - ) * Sample. Starting with an estimate of old_RTT = 24 msec., compute
the estimates for RTT if the first three segments transmission actually require 30, 36,
and
33
msec.,
respectively.
Assume

=
0.5.
(5)
Take the case of GBN, SR, and TCP (no delayed ACK). Assume that the timeout value
for all three protocols are sufficiently long such that 5 consecutive data segments and
their corresponding ACKs can be received (if not lost in the channel) by the receiving
host (Host B) and the sending host (Host A) respectively. Suppose Host A sends 5 data
segments to Host B, and the 2nd segment (sent from A) is lost. In the end, all 5 data
segments have been correctly received by Host B. (i) How many segments has Host A
sent in total and how many ACKs has Host B sent in total? What are their sequence
numbers?
Answer
this
question
for
all
three
protocols
(5)

b. The diagram below shows two TCP senders at left and the corresponding receivers at right.
Both senders use TCP Tahoe and are sending large files. Assume that the MSS is 1 KB, that
the one-way propagation delay for both connections is 50 ms and that the link joining the two
routers has a bandwidth of 8 Mb/s. Let cwnd1 and cwnd2 be the values of the senders
congestion windows.

i) What is the smallest value of cwnd1+cwnd2 for which the link joining the two routers could
stay busy all the time?
(3)
ii) Assume that the link buffer overflows whenever cwnd1+cwnd2 150 KB and that at time 0,
cwnd1=120 KB and cwnd2=30 KB. Approximately, what are the values of cwnd1 and cwnd2
one RTT later?
(4)

iii) Approximately how many more RTTs pass before the first sender leaves the slow-start
state?
(3)
OR
c.
(i) TCP waits until it has received three duplicate ACKs before performing a fast retransmit.
Why do you think the TCP designers chose not to perform a fast retransmit after the first
duplicate ACK for a segment is received?
(5)
(ii) A is sending a huge file to B over TCP. Assume there is never any packet loss and timers
never expire. Transmission rate of link at A is R bps. Process in A is capable of sending data
into its TCP socket at a rate S bps, where S=10*R. Also suppose that receive buffer is large
enough to hold the entire file, send buffer can hold only 1% of the file. What prevents the
process in A from continuously passing data to its socket at rate S bps?
(5)
d. Consider the following plot of TCP windows size as a function of time

i) Identify the intervals when TCP slow start is operating.

(2)

ii) Identify the intervals when congestion avoidance is operation.

(2)

iii) How is segment loss detected after the 16th round?

(2)

iv) After the 22nd transmission round, is segment loss detected by a triple duplicate ACK or a
timeout?
(2)
v) Assuming a packet loss is detected after the 26th round by the receipt of a triple duplicate
ACK, what will be the values of the congestion-window and the size of Threshold?
(2)
Q2. a.
(i)

(2X10=20 Marks)
The diagram below shows a packet traveling through a NAT router. Packet 1 is sent
from the internal host (S) to the NAT router, packet 2 is sent from the NAT router to the
external web server (D), packet 3 is received from the web server by the NAT router,
and packet 4 is sent by the NAT router to the original host. Fill in the missing source and
destination IP addresses and port numbers in packets 2, 3 and 4.
(5)

(ii) Discuss very briefly the concept of tunneling for connecting IPv6 sites over IPv4 backbone.
(5)
b. An organization has a class C network 192.168.1 and wants to form subnets for 4
departments, with hosts as follows:
A

78 Hosts

36 Hosts

20 Hosts

18 Hosts

There are 152 hosts in all. Give a possible arrangement of network and subnet masks to make
this possible.
OR
c.
i) Describe two changes that were made when designing IPv6 that speed up packet processing
and forwarding compared to IPv4.
(5)
ii) Output for

(5)

10100110: output 2, address 1010 1111

00100110: output 9, address 0010 0110
10110010: output 3, address 1011 0000
d.
i) Consider sending a 2400-byte datagram (header + data) into a link that has an MTU of 700
bytes. Suppose the original datagram is stamped with the identification number 422. How many
fragments are generated? What are the values in the various fields in the IP datagram(s)
generated
related
to
fragmentation?
(5)
ii) Which subnet is host 10.65.2.5/10 on?
Q3.

(5)
(2X10=20 Marks)

a. What are the services provided by DNS? Draw the hierarchy the DNS name servers.

b. Consider a short, 10-meter link, over which a sender can transmit at a rate of 150 bits/sec in
both directions. Suppose that packets containing data are 100,000 bits long, and packets
containing only control (e.g., ACK or handshaking) are 200 bits long. Assume that N parallel
connections each get 1/N of the link bandwidth. Now consider the HTTP protocol, and suppose
that each downloaded object is 100 Kbits long, and that the initial downloaded object contains
10 referenced objects from the same sender. Would parallel downloads via parallel instances of
non-persistent HTTP make sense in this case? Now consider persistent HTTP. Do you expect
significant gains over the non-persistent case? Justify and explain your answer.
OR
c. (i) A browser is used to download a homepage that contains 10 images. The base file size is
100 Kbits and each image file is 100 Kbits. Assume that the link bandwidth is 10 Mbps, the
distance between the client and server is 2000 Km and there is no queuing or processing
delay. If persistent HTTP is used, determine the time required by the client to download the
page.
(5)
(ii) Assume that company x has two mail servers, m1.x.com (131.204.1.6) and
m2.x.com(131.204.1.8) It also has two web servers w1.x.com(131.204.1.5) and
w2.x.com(131.204.3.5). It wants to have the alias name www.x.com when its web site is
accessed. It also wants its employees to have an email address of the form
some_employee@x.com. Create the necessary RRs so that general public can access
www.x.com and send email to some_employee@x.com
(5)
d. Describe the BitTorrent protocol in brief.
Q4. a.
(i)
(ii)

(2X10=20 Marks)
Why packet switching is used in internet and not circuit switching?
Discuss very briefly two advantages of layering

(5)
(5)

b. Let us consider sending real-time voice from Host A to Host B over a packet switched
network. Host A converts analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream on the fly. Host A then
groups the bits into 56-byte packets. There is one link between Hosts A and B; its transmission
rate is 2 Mbps and its propagation delay is 10 msec. As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it
sends it to Host B. As soon as Host B receives an entire packet, it converts the packets bits to
an analog signal. How much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original
analog signal at Host A) until the bit reaches Host B?
OR
c. What do you understand by Access Networks? Briefly discuss any three types of Access
Networks.
d. Consider sending a large file of F bits from Host Ato Host B. There are three links (and two
switches) between Aand B, and the links are uncongested (that is, no queuing delays). Host
Asegments the file into segments of S bits each and adds 80 bits of header to each segment,
forming packets of L = 80 + S bits. Each link has a transmission rate of R bps. Find the value of
S that minimizes the delay of moving the file from Host A to Host B. Disregard propagation
delay.
Q5. a.
(i) Discuss the working of DHCP

(2X10=20 Marks)
(5)

(ii) Describe the following IPv6 header fields: Payload Length, Next Header and Hop Limit
(5)
b.
(i) Describe the working of traceroute strictly in terms of ICMP

(4)

(ii) The value of the total length field in an IPv4 datagram is 36, and the value of the header
length field is 5. How many bytes of data is the packet carrying?
(3)
(iii) Briefly describe the switching architecture inside a router.

(3)

OR
c. Describe TCP three-way handshaking with the values of the relevant flags
d. Write socket programs for both client and servers where the server echoes back whatever
text the client sends. Assume TCP connection and a concurrent server.