Sicily

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the region of Italy. For other uses, see Sicily (disambiguation).
"Sicilia" redirects here. For the Roman province, see Sicilia (Roman province). For the Italian film,
see Sicilia!.
Not to be confused with Isles of Scilly.

Sicily
Sicilia
Autonomous region of Italy

Flag

Country

Italy

Capital

Palermo

Government

Coat of arms

 President

Rosario Crocetta(Democratic)

Area
Total

25,711 km2 (9,927 sq mi)

Population (as of 30 April 2012)

Total

5,043,380 (8.4% of Italy)

Demonym

Sicilian(s) (English), Siciliano, Siciliani

(Italian)

Citizenship[1]
Italian

98%

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

Summer

CEST (UTC+2)

(DST)

GDP/ Nominal

84.5[2] billion (2008)

GDP per capita

17,488[3] (2008)

NUTS Region

ITG

Sicily (/ssli/ SISS-i-lee; Italian: Sicilia [sitilja], Old Norse: Sikiley ) is the largest island in
the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous
region of Italy officially referred to as Regione Sicilia.
Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean. It extends from the tip of the Apennine peninsula, from
which it is separated only by the narrow Strait of Messina, towards the North African coast. Its most
prominent landmark is Mount Etna, which, at 3,350 m (10,990 ft), is the tallest active volcano in
Europe and one of the most active in the world. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate.
The earliest archeological evidence of human dwelling on the island dates from as early as 12,000
BC.[4][5] At around 750 BC, Sicily was host to a number of Phoenician and Greek colonies, and for the
next 600 years, it was the site of the GreekPunic andRomanPunic wars, which ended with
the Roman destruction of Carthage. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Sicily
frequently changed hands, and during the early Middle Ages, it was ruled in turn by
the Vandals, Ostrogoths,Byzantines, Arabs and Normans. The Normans are the only Nordic people
(North Germanic peoples) to conquer and establish a Nordic country in Southern Europe ,
the Kingdom of Sicily , which lasted from 1130 to 1816. The Kingdom of Sicily became the cradle of

Nordic culture with the Scandinavian countries and the only land of Nordic culture in Italy and in
Southern Europe (Kingdom of Sicily included the South Italy). Later it was conquered by
the Anjou and after the crowns of Aragon, Spain, and theHoly Roman Empire, and then finally
unified under the Bourbons with Naples, as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Following theExpedition
of the Thousand, a Giuseppe Garibaldi-led revolt during the Italian Unification process and a
plebiscite, it became part of Italy in 1860. After the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946, Sicily was
given special status as an autonomous region.
Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to
the arts, music, literature, cuisine and architecture. It also holds importance for archeological and
ancient sites such as the Necropolis of Pantalica, the Valley of the Temples and Selinunte.
Contents
[hide]

1 Geography
o

1.1 Rivers

1.2 Climate

2 Flora and fauna

3 History

3.1 Ancient tribes

3.2 Greek and Roman period

3.3 Early Middle Ages

3.3.1 Germanic

3.3.2 Byzantine

3.4 Arab Sicily (8271091)

3.5 Norman Sicily (10301198)

3.6 Kingdom of Sicily

3.7 Germanic Holy Roman Emperor

3.8 Sicilian Vespers and Aragonese Sicily

3.9 Italian Unification

4 Demographics
o

4.1 Major settlements

4.2 Population genetics

4.3 Ethno-linguistic minorities

5 Politics
o

5.1 Administrative divisions

6 Economy
o

6.1 Agriculture

6.2 Industry and manufacturing

6.3 Statistics

6.3.1 GDP growth

6.3.2 Economic sectors

7 Transport
o

7.1 Roads

7.2 Railways

7.3 Airports

7.4 Ports

7.5 Planned bridge

8 Tourism
o

8.1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites

8.1.1 Tentative Sites

8.2 Archeological sites

8.3 Castles

9 Culture
o

9.1 Art and architecture

9.1.1 Sicilian Baroque

9.2 Music and film

9.3 Literature

9.4 Language

9.5 Science

9.6 Education

9.7 Religion

9.8 Cuisine

9.9 Sports

9.10 Popular culture

9.11 Regional symbols

10 sister cities

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

Geography[edit]

The island of Sicily

Sicily has a roughly triangular shape, which earned it the name Trinacria. To the east, it is separated
from the Italian region ofCalabria by the Strait of Messina, about 3 km (1.9 mi) wide in the north, and
about 16 km (9.9 mi) in the southern part.[6] The northern and southern coasts are each about 280
kilometres (170 mi) long measured as a straight line, while the eastern coast measures around 180
kilometres (110 mi); total coast length is estimated at 1,484 km (922 mi). The total area of the island
is 25,711 square kilometres (9,927 sq mi),[7] while the Autonomous Region of Sicily (which includes
smaller surrounding islands) has an area of 27,708 square kilometres (10,698 sq mi).[8]

The terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and intensively cultivated wherever it was possible. Along
the northern coast, mountain ranges of Madonie, 2,000 m (6,600 ft), Nebrodi, 1,800 m (5,900 ft),
and Peloritani, 1,300 m (4,300 ft), represent an extension of mainland Apennines. The cone
of Mount Etna dominates over the eastern coast. In the south-east lie lowerHyblaean Mountains,
1,000 m (3,300 ft).[9] The mines of the Enna and Caltanissetta districts were a leading sulfurproducing area throughout the 19th century, but have declined since the 1950s.

Mount Etna rising over suburbs of Catania

Sicily and its small surrounding islands have some highly active volcanoes. Mount Etna is the largest
active volcano in Europe and still plagues the island with black ash with its ever current eruptions. It
currently stands 3,329 metres (10,922 ft) high, though this varies with summit eruptions; the
mountain is 21 m (69 ft) lower now than it was in 1981. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of
the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km
(87 mi). This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a
half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster
Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky, and Mount Etna is widely
regarded as a cultural symbol and icon of Sicily.
The Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, to the northeast of mainland Sicily exhibit a volcanic
complex including Stromboli. Currently active also are the three volcanoes
of Vulcano, Vulcanello andLipari, usually dormant. Off the southern coast of Sicily, the underwater
volcano of Ferdinandea, which is part of the larger Empedocles, last erupted in 1831. It is located
between the coast of Agrigento and the island of Pantelleria (which itself is a dormant volcano), on
the underwater Phlegraean Fields of the Strait of Sicily.
The autonomous region also includes several neighboring islands: the Aegadian Islands, the Aeolian
Islands, Pantelleria and Lampedusa.

Taormina

Capo d'Orlando

Stromboli

Marina di Ragusa

Scala dei Turchi

The hilly countryside around Caltanissetta, in central Sicily

Rivers[edit]

Alcantara Canyon

The Simeto River

The island is drained by several rivers, most of which flow through the central area and enter the sea
at the south of the island. The Salsoflows through parts of Enna and Caltanissetta before entering
the Mediterranean Sea at the port of Licata. To the east, there is theAlcantara in the province
of Messina, which exits at Giardini Naxos, and the Simeto, which exits into the Ionian Sea south
of Catania. Other important rivers on the island are to the southwest with Belice and Platani.
River

length in km (mi)

Salso

144 km (89 mi)

Simeto

113 km (70 mi)

Belice

107 km (66 mi)

Dittaino

105 km (65 mi)

Platani

103 km (64 mi)

Gornalunga

81 km (50 mi)

Gela (river)

74 km (46 mi)

Salso Cimarosa

72 km (45 mi)

Torto

58 km (36 mi)

Irminio

57 km (35 mi)

Dirillo

54 km (34 mi)

Verdura

53 km (33 mi)

Alcantara

52 km (32 mi)

Tellaro

45 km (28 mi)

Anapo

40 km (25 mi)

Climate[edit]
Sicily has a typical Mediterranean climate with mild and wet winters and hot, dry summers. On
almost any average day, temperatures in Sicily may rise up to 44 C (111.2 F). According to the
Regional Agency for Waste and Water, on 10 August 1999, the weather station of Catenanuova (EN)
recorded a maximum temperature of 48.5 C (119 F), which is the highest temperature ever
recorded in Europe by the use of reliable instruments. The official European record measured by
minimum/maximum thermometers is held by Athens, Greece, as communications reported a
maximum of 48.0 C (118 F) in 1977.[10] Total precipitation is highly variable, generally increasing
with elevation. In general, the southern and southeast coast receives the least rainfall (less than 20
in., or 50 cm), and the northern and northeastern highlands the most (over 40 in., or 100 cm).

Flora and fauna[edit]

Zingaro Natural Reserve

Sicily is an often-quoted example of man-made deforestation, which was practiced since Roman
times, when the island was made an agricultural region. [9] This gradually dampened the climate,
leading to decline of rainfall and drying of rivers. This is the reason why the central and southwest
provinces are practically without any forests.[11] In Northern Sicily, there are three important forests,
near Mount Etna, in the Nebrodi Mountains and in the Bosco della Ficuzza's Natural Reserve
near Palermo. The Nebrodi Mountains Regional Park, established 4 August 1993, with its
86,000 hectares (210,000 acres) is the largest protected natural area of Sicily; here is the largest
forest of Sicily, Caronia, which is also the second name of the Nebrodi Mountains. The Hundred
Horse Chestnut (Castagno dei Cento Cavalli), located on Linguaglossa road in Sant'Alfio, on the
eastern slope of Mount Etna, is the largest and oldest known chestnut tree in the world, dated
between 2000 and 4000 years.[12]
Sicily has a good level of faunal biodiversity. Some of the species are Cirneco dell'Etna, fox, least
weasel, pine marten, roe deer, wild boar, crested porcupine, hedgehog, common toad, Vipera
aspis, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, hoopoe and black-winged stilt.[13] In some cases, Sicily is a
delimited point of a species range. For example, the subspecies of hooded crow (Corvus cornix)
occurs in Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, but no further south. [14]
The Zingaro Natural Reserve is one of the best examples of unspoiled coastal wilderness in Sicily.[15]

History[edit]
Main article: History of Sicily

Ancient tribes[edit]

Ruins of the ancient and powerfulPhoenician city of Motya.

The original inhabitants of Sicily were three defined groups of the Ancient peoples of Italy. The most
prominent and by far the earliest of these was the Sicani, who were claimed by Thucydides to have
arrived from the Iberian Peninsula (perhaps Catalonia).[16][17] Important historical evidence has been
discovered in the form of cave drawings by the Sicani, dated from the end of the Pleistocene epoch,
around 8000 BC.[18] The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of dwarf

hippos and dwarf elephants. The Elymians, thought to be from the Aegean Sea, were the next tribe
to migrate to join the Sicanians on Sicily.[19]

Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia, south Sicily

The recent discoveries of dolmens on the island (dating to the second half of the third millennium
BC) seems to open up new horizons on the composite cultural panorama of primitive Sicily. It is well
known that this region went through a quite intricate prehistory, so much so that it is difficult to move
about in the muddle of peoples that have followed each other. The impact of two influences,
however, remains clear: the European one coming from the North-West, and the other, the
Mediterranean influence, of a clear oriental matrix.[20]

Dolmen of Avola, east Sicily

Although there is no evidence of any wars between the tribes, when the Elymians settled in the
north-west corner of the island, the Sicanians moved across eastwards. In 1200 BC, the Sicels, who
are thought to originally have been Ligures from Liguria, arrived from mainland Italy and forced the
Sicanians to move back across Sicily and settle in the middle of the island. [18] Other minor Italic
groups who settled in Sicily were the Ausones (Aeolian Islands, Milazzo) and
the Morgetes (Morgantina). There are many studies of genetic records that show inhabitants of
various parts of the Mediterranean Basin, including Egyptian, Phoenician and Iberian, mixed with the
oldest inhabitants of Sicily.[21] The Phoenicians were another group of settlers who predated
the Greeks.[22]

Greek and Roman period[edit]

Main articles: Magna Graecia, Ancient Rome and Sicilia (Roman province)

The Temple of Concordia,Agrigento

About 750 BC, the Greeks began to live in Sicily ( Sikelia), establishing many important
settlements. The most important colony was Syracuse; other significant ones
were Akragas, Selinunte, Gela, Himera, and Zancle.[23] The native Sicani and Sicel peoples were
absorbed by the Hellenic culture with relative ease, and the area was part of Magna Graecia along
with the rest of southern Italy, which the Greeks had also colonised. Sicily was very fertile, and the
introduction of olives and grape vines flourished, creating a great deal of profitable trading;[24] a
significant part of Greek culture on the island was that of Greek religion, and many temples were
built across Sicily, such as the Valley of the Temples at Agrigento.[25]
Politics on the island was intertwined with that of Greece; Syracuse became desired by
the Athenians, who, during the Peloponnesian War, set out on the Sicilian Expedition. Syracuse
gained Sparta and Corinth as allies and, as a result, the Athenian expedition was defeated. The
Athenian army and ships were destroyed, with most of the survivors being sold into slavery.[26]

The Greek-Roman theatre atTaormina.

While Greek Syracuse controlled much of Sicily, there were a few Carthaginian colonies in the far
west of the island. When the two cultures began to clash, the Greek-Punic wars erupted, the longest
wars of antiquity. Greece began to make peace with the Roman Republic in 262 BC, and the
Romans sought to annex Sicily as their republic's first province. Rome intervened in the First Punic
War, crushing Carthage, so that by 242 BC, Sicily had become the first Roman province outside of
the Italian Peninsula.[27]
The Second Punic War, in which Archimedes was murdered, saw Carthage trying to take Sicily from
the Roman Republic. They failed, and this time, Rome was even more unrelenting in the annihilation
of the invaders; in 210 BC, the Roman consul M. Valerian told the Roman Senate that "no
Carthaginian remains in Sicily".[28]
Sicily served a level of high importance for the Romans as it acted as the empire's granary. It was
divided into two quaestorships, in the form of Syracuse to the east and Lilybaeum to the west.
[29]
Although under Augustus, some attempt was made to introduce the Latin language to the island,
Sicily was allowed to remain largely Greek in a cultural sense, rather than a complete
cultural Romanisation.[29] When Verres became governor of Sicily, the once prosperous and

contented people went into sharp decline. In 70 BC, the noted figure Cicero condemned the
misgovernment of Verres in his oration In Verrem.[30]
The island was used as a base of power numerous times, being occupied by slave insurgents during
the First and Second Servile Wars, and by Sextus Pompey during theSicilian revolt. Christianity first
appeared in Sicily during the years following AD 200; between this time and AD 313,
when Constantine the Great finally lifted the prohibition on Christianity, a significant number of
Sicilians became martyrs, including Agatha, Christina, Lucy and Euplius.[31] Christianity grew rapidly
in Sicily during the next two centuries. The period of history during which Sicily was a Roman
province lasted for around 700 years.[31]

Early Middle Ages[edit]

Main articles: Byzantine Empire and Emirate of Sicily
Germanic[edit]
As the Western Roman Empire was falling apart, a Germanic tribe known as the Vandals took Sicily
in AD 440 under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had already invaded parts of Roman
France, Spain and Portugal, asserting themselves as an important power in Western Europe.
[32]
However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to another East Germanic tribe in the
form of the Goths.[32] The Ostrogothic conquest of Sicily (and Italy as a whole) under Theodoric the
Great began in 488; although the Goths were Germanic, Theodoric sought to revive Roman culture
and government and allowed freedom of religion. [33]
Byzantine[edit]

Historic map of Sicily by Piri Reis

San Giovanni degli Eremiti, red domes showing elements of Byzantine architecture

In the 6th century, the Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman
Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken by
general Belisarius, who was commissioned by the Eastern Emperor Justinian I as part of an
ambitious attempt to restore the whole Roman Empire, thereby uniting the Eastern and the Western
halves.[34] Sicily was used as a base for the Byzantines to conquer the rest of Italy, with Naples,
Rome, Milan and the Ostrogoth capital Ravenna falling within five years.[35] However, a new
Ostrogoth king, Totila, drove down the Italian peninsula, plundering and conquering Sicily in 550.

Totila, in turn, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Taginae by the Byzantine general Narses in
552.[35]
In 535, Emperor Justinian I made Sicily a Byzantine province, and for the second time in Sicilian
history, the Greek language became a familiar sound across the island. As the power of the
Byzantine Empire waned, Sicily was invaded by the Arab forces of Caliph Uthman in 652. The Arabs
failed to make any permanent gains and returned to Syria after gathering some booty.[36]
The Byzantine Emperor Constans II decided to move from the capital Constantinople to Syracuse in
Sicily during 660. The following year, he launched an assault from Sicily against the Lombard Duchy
of Benevento, which then occupied most of southern Italy.[37] The rumors that the capital of the
empire was to be moved to Syracuse probably cost Constans his life, as he was assassinated in
668.[37] His sonConstantine IV succeeded him; a brief usurpation in Sicily by Mezezius being quickly
suppressed by the new emperor. Contemporary accounts report that the Greek language was widely
spoken on the island during this period.[38]
By 826, Euphemius, the Byzantine commander in Sicily, had apparently killed his wife and forced a
nun to marry him. Emperor Michael IIcaught wind of the matter and ordered general Constantine to
end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' head. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then
occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa. [39]
He offered the rule of Sicily to Ziyadat Allah, the Aghlabid Emir of Tunisia, in return for a position as a
general and as a place of safety; aMuslim army of Arabs, Berbers, Spaniards of Al-Andalus (which
was then an Islamic region), Cretans and Persians was then sent to the island.[39] The Muslim
conquest of Sicily was a see-saw affair and met with much resistance. It took over a century for
Byzantine Sicily to be conquered; Syracuse held out for a long time and Taormina fell in 902. It was
not until 965 that all of Sicily was conquered by Berbers and Arabs.[39]

Arab Sicily (8271091)[edit]

Main article: Emirate of Sicily
The Arabs initiated land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth
of smallholdings, undermining the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabsfurther
improved irrigation systems. The language spoken in Sicily under Arab rule was Sicilian
Arabic and Arabic influence is still present in some Sicilian words today. Although the language is
extinct in Sicily, it has developed into what is now the Maltese language on the islands
of Malta today. A description of Palermo was given by Ibn Hawqal, an Arab merchant who visited
Sicily in 950. A walled suburb, called the Al-Kasr (the palace), is the center of Palermo to this day,
with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of AlKhalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private
prison. Ibn Hawqal reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. Palermo was firstly
ruled by Aghlabids, later it was the centre of Emirate of Sicily under nominal suzerainty of Fatimids.
Throughout this reign, revolts by Byzantine Sicilians continuously occurred, especially in the east,
and parts of the island were re-occupied before being quashed. Agricultural items such as oranges,
lemons, pistachio and sugar cane were brought to Sicily.[32] Under the Arab rule, the island was
aligned in three administrative regions, or "vals", roughly corresponding to the three "points" of
Sicily: Val di Mazara in the west; Val Demone in the northeast; and Val di Noto in the southeast.
As dhimmis, the native Christians (Eastern Orthodox) were allowed freedom of religion, but had to
pay a tax, Jizya, and experienced some limitations to actively participate in public affairs.
The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment as intra-dynastic quarreling fractured the Muslim regime.
[39]
During this time, there was also a minor Jewish presence.[40]

Norman Sicily (10301198)[edit]

See also: Norman conquest of southern Italy

Viking ship in Palermo

Towers of Palermo Cathedral

By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers hired Norman mercenaries, who conquered
Sicily from the Arabs under Roger I.[41] After taking Apulia and Calabria, he occupied Messina with an
army of 700 knights. In 1068, Roger was victorious at Misilmeri, but the most crucial battle was the
siege of Palermo, which in 1072 led to most of Sicily coming under Norman control. [42] The Normans
finished their conquest in 1091, when they captured Noto, which was the last Arab stronghold.
When Roger died in 1101, he was succeeded by his son, Roger II, who was the first King of Sicily.
The elder Roger was married to Adelaide, who ruled until her son came of age in 1112.[41]
The Normans, the Hautevilles, who were descended from the Vikings, came to appreciate and
admire the rich and layered culture in which they now found themselves. Many Normans in Sicily
adopted some of the attributes of Muslim rulers in dress, language, literature, and even in the
presence of palace eunuchs and according to some accounts, a harem.[43][44] Like the multiethnic Caliphate of Crdoba, then only just eclipsed, the court of Roger II became the most luminous
center of culture in the Mediterranean, both from Europe and the Middle East. This attracted
scholars, scientists, poets, artists and artisans of all kinds. In Norman Sicily, still with heavy Arab
influence,[45] laws were issued in the language of the community to whom they were addressed: the
governance was by the rule of law so there was justice. Muslims, Jews, Byzantine Greeks,
Lombards and Normans worked together to form a society that historians have said has created
some of the most extraordinary buildings that the world has ever seen. [45]

Kingdom of Sicily[edit]
Main articles: Kingdom of Sicily and List of monarchs of Sicily

The Cathedral of Monreale

Palermo continued on as the capital under the Normans. Roger's son, Roger II of Sicily, having
succeeded his brother Simon of Sicily as Count of Sicily, was ultimately able to raise the status of the
island to a kingdom in 1130, along with his other holdings, which included theMaltese Islands and
the Duchies of Apulia and Calabria.[42][46] During this period, the Kingdom of Sicily was prosperous and
politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe; even wealthier than
the Kingdom of England.[47]
Significantly, immigrants from Northern Italy and Campania arrived during this period. Linguistically,
the island became Latinised. In terms of the church, it would become completely Roman Catholic;
previously, under the Byzantines, it had been more Eastern Christian.[48]

Germanic Holy Roman Emperor[edit]

After a century, the Norman Hauteville dynasty died out; the last direct descendant and heir of
Roger, Constance, married Emperor Henry VI.[49] This eventually led to the crown of Sicily being
passed on to the Hohenstaufen Dynasty, who were Germans from Swabia. The last of the
Hohenstaufens was one of the greatest and most cultured men of the Middle Ages, Frederick II, the
only son of Constance. His mother's will had asked Pope Innocent III to undertake the guardianship
of her son. The pope gladly accepted the role, as it allowed him to detach Sicily from the rest of The
Holy Roman Empire, thus ending the specter of the Papal States being surrounded. Frederick was
four when, at Palermo, he was crowned King of Sicily in 1198. Frederick received no systematic
education and was allowed to run free in the streets of Palermo. There he picked up the many
languages he heard spoken, such as Arabic and Greek, and learned some of the lore of the Jewish
community. He grew familiar with different peoples, garb, customs and faiths, so that he became
unusually tolerant for that period. At age twelve, he dismissed Innocent's deputy regent and took
over the government; at fifteen he married Constance of Aragon, and began his reclamation of the
imperial crown.
Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led, in 1266, to Pope Innocent
IV crowning the French prince Charles, count of Anjou and Provence, as the king of both Sicily and
Naples.[49]

Sicilian Vespers and Aragonese Sicily[edit]

Depiction of the Sicilian Vespers

Strong opposition to French officialdom due to mistreatment and taxation saw the local peoples of
Sicily rise up, leading in 1282 to aninsurrection known as the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which
eventually saw almost the entire French population on the island killed. [49]During the war, the Sicilians
turned to Peter III of Aragon, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, for support after being
rejected by the Pope. Peter gained control of Sicily from the French, who, however, retained control
of the Kingdom of Naples. A crusade was launched in August 1283 against Peter III and the Aragon
Kingdom by Pope Martin IV (a pope from le-de-France), but it failed. The wars continued until
the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Peter's son Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle
of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII.[49] Sicily was
ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and then as part of
the Crown of Aragon.[24] In October 1347, in Messina, Sicily, the Black Death first arrived in Europe.[50]

Sicilian Baroque inCatania

The onset of the Spanish Inquisition in 1492 led to Ferdinand II decreeing the expulsion of all Jews
from Sicily.[49] The eastern part of the island was hit by very destructive earthquakes in 1542 and
1693. Just a few years before the latter earthquake, the island was struck by a ferocious plague.
[49]
The earthquake in 1693 took an estimated 60,000 lives.[51]There were revolts during the 17th
century, but these were quelled with significant force, especially the revolts of Palermo and Messina.
[24]
North African slave raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.[52]
[53]
The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 saw Sicily assigned to theHouse of Savoy; however, this period of
rule lasted only seven years, as it was exchanged for the island of Sardinia with Emperor Charles
VI of the Austrian Habsburg Dynasty.[54]
While the Austrians were concerned with the War of the Polish Succession,
a Bourbon prince, Charles from Spain was able to conquer Sicily and Naples.[55] At first Sicily was
able to remain as an independent kingdom under personal union, while the Bourbons ruled over
both from Naples. However, the advent of Napoleon's First French Empire saw Naples taken at
the Battle of Campo Tenese and Bonapartist King of Naples were installed. Ferdinand III the
Bourbon was forced to retreat to Sicily which he was still in complete control of with the help
of British naval protection.[56]
Following this Sicily joined the Napoleonic Wars, after the wars were won Sicily and Naples formally
merged as the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons. Major revolutionary movements occurred in 1820
and 1848 against the Bourbon government with Sicily seeking independence; the second of which,

the 1848 revolution resulted in a short period of independence for Sicily. However, in 1849 the
Bourbons retook the control of the island and dominated it until 1860. [57]

Italian Unification[edit]
See also: Risorgimento

The beginning of the Expedition of the Thousand, 1860.

In 1860, as part of the Risorgimento,[58] the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe
Garibaldi captured Sicily. The conquest started at Marsala, and native Sicilians joined him in the
capture of the southern Italian peninsula. Garibaldi's march was finally completed with the Siege of
Gaeta, where the final Bourbons were expelled and Garibaldi announced his dictatorship in the
name of Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia.[59] Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia
after a referendum where more than 75% of Sicily voted in favor of the annexation on 21 October
1860 (but not everyone was allowed to vote). As a result of the Kingdom of Italy proclamation, Sicily
became part of the kingdom on 17 March 1861.
After the Italian Unification, in spite of the strong investments made by the Kingdom of Italy in terms
of modern infrastructure, the Sicilian (and the wider mezzogiorno) economy remained relatively
underdeveloped and this caused an unprecedentedwave of emigration.[58] In 1894, organizations of
workers and peasants known as the Fasci Siciliani, protested against the bad social and economic
conditions of the island but they were suppressed in a few days. [60][61] The Messina earthquake of 28
December 1908 killed over 80,000 people.[62] This period was also characterised by the first contact
between the Sicilian mafia (the crime syndicate also known as Cosa Nostra) and the Italian
government. The Mafia's origins are still uncertain but it is generally accepted that it emerged in the
18th century initially in the role of private enforcers hired to protect the property of landowners and
merchants from the groups of bandits (briganti) who frequently pillaged the countryside and towns.
The battle against the Mafia made by the Kingdom of Italy was controversial and ambiguous;
although the Carabinieri (the military police of Italy) and sometimes the Italian army were often
involved in terrible fights against the mafia members, their efforts were frequently useless because
of the secret cooperation between mafia and local government and also because of the weakness of
the Italian judicial system.[63]
Private Roy W. Humphrey ofToledo, Ohio is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in
Sicily on 9 August 1943.

In the 1920s, the Fascist regime began a stronger military action against the Mafia, which was led by
the prefect Cesare Mori, who was known as the "Iron Prefect" because of his iron-fisted campaigns.
This was the first time in which an operation against the Sicilian mafia ended with considerable
success.[58] There was an allied invasion of Sicily during World War II starting on 10 July 1943. In
preparation for the invasion, the Allies revitalised the Mafia to aid them. The invasion of Sicily
contributed to the 25 July crisis; in general the Allied victors were warmly embraced by Sicily.[64]

The city of Palermo in 2005

Italy became a Republic in 1946 and as part of the Constitution of Italy, Sicily was one of the
five regions given special status as an autonomous region.[65] Both the partial Italian land reform and
special funding from the Italian government's Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Fund for the South) from
1950 to 1984, helped the Sicilian economy. During this period, the economic and social condition of
the island was generally improved thanks to important investments on infrastructures,
like motorways andairports, and thanks to the creation of important industrial and commercial areas.
[66]
In the 1980s, the Mafia was deeply weakened by a second important campaign led by the
magistrates Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino.[67] Between 1990 and 2005 the unemployment
rate fell from about 23% to 11%.[68][69]

Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Year

Pop.

1861

2,409,000

1871

2,590,000

+7.5%

1881

2,933,000

+13.2%

1901

3,568,000

+21.7%

1911

3,812,000

+6.8%

1921

4,223,000

+10.8%

1931

3,906,000

7.5%

1936

4,000,000

+2.4%

1951

4,487,000

+12.2%

1961

4,721,000

+5.2%

1971

4,681,000

0.8%

1981

4,907,000

+4.8%

1991

4,966,000

+1.2%

2001

4,969,000

+0.1%

2011

5,002,904

+0.7%

Source: ISTAT 2010

Sicily received a variety of different cultures, including the original Italic people,
the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Saracens,Normans, Swabians, Aragonese, Lombards, Spaniards,
French, and Albanians, each contributing to the island's culture, particularly in the areas
of cuisine and architecture. About five million people live in Sicily, making it the fourth most populated
region in Italy. In the first century after theItalian Unification, Sicily had one of the most negative net
migration rates among the regions of Italy because of the emigration of millions of people to other
European countries, North America, South America and Australia. Like the South of Italy and
Sardinia, immigration to the island is very low compared to other regions of Italy because workers
tend to head to Northern Italy instead, due to better employment and industrial opportunities. The
most recent ISTAT figures show around 100 thousand immigrants out of the total five million
population (nearly 2 percent of the population); Romanians with more than 17 thousand make up the
most immigrants, followed by Tunisians, Moroccans, Sri Lankans,Albanians, and others mostly from
Eastern Europe.[70] As in the rest of Italy, the official language is Italian and the primary religion
is Roman Catholicism.[71][72]

Major settlements[edit]
In Sicily, there are only two metropolitan areas, Palermo that has a Larger Urban Zone of 1,044,169
people and Catania whose LUZ is of 801,280 people.[73] Overall on the island there are fifteen cities
and towns which have a population above 50,000 people, these
are: Palermo(677,854), Catania (315,576), Messina (242,121), Syracuse (123,248), Marsala (82,812
), Gela (77,295), Ragusa (73,756), Trapani (70,642),Vittoria (63,393), Caltanissetta (60,221), Agrige
nto (59,190), Bagheria (56,421), Modica (55,294), Acireale (53,205) and Mazara del Vallo(51,413).[74]

Population genetics[edit]
Y-Dna haplogroups were found at the following frequencies in
Sicily: R1 (30.09%), J (29.65%), E1b1b (18.21%), I (7.62%), G (5.93%), T(5.51%), Q (2.54%).[75] R1
and I haplogroups are typical in West European populations while J and E1b1b consist of lineages
with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe. In Sicily further migrations
from the Vandals, Normans and Saracens have affected the ethnic composition of the Sicilian
people. Norman civilization proliferated for several centuries on the island, with a strong impact on
the culture of the place and different populations as Normans, Bretons, Anglo-Saxons, Swabians and
Lombards have repopulated the island with a male contribution around 8% (Haplogroup I). The
Norman Kingdom of Sicily was created in 1130, with Palermo as capital, and would last until the 19th
century. Nowadays it is in north-west Sicily, around Palermo and Trapani, that Norman Y-DNA is the
most common, with 8 to 15% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I. In the thirteenth century
Frederick II destroyed Arab presence in Sicily and between 1221 and 1226 he moved all the Arabs
of Sicily to the city of Lucera in Italy. A new recent genetic study about Southern Italian and Sicilian

population has shown that Sicilians are very close with mainlander Italians from the adjacent regions
like Calabria, Basilicata and Apulia. [76]

2
3
6

EV1
2

1.2
7%

EV1
3

5.9
3%

EV2
2

3.8
1%

EV6
5

0.4
2%

EM8
1

2.1
2%

EM1
23

4.6
6%

5.9
3%

7.6
2%

J1

3.8
1%

J2

25.8
4%

5.5
1%

0.4
2%

2.5
4%

R1
a

5.5
1%

R1b

Stud
y

24.5
8%

Di
Gaet
ano
et al.
(200
9)

Ethno-linguistic minorities[edit]
In Sicily there are two historical ethno-linguistic minorities, the Lombards of Sicily and the Arbresh.

Lombards of Sicily are a linguistic minority living in northerncentral Sicily who speak an isolated variety of Gallo-Italic dialects,
the so-called Gallo-Italic of Sicily. The Lombards of Sicily, who came
from Northern Italy, settled the central and eastern part of Sicily
about 900 years ago, during the Norman conquest of Sicily.
Because of linguistic differences among the Gallo-Italic dialects of
Sicily, it is supposed that there were independent immigration
routes. From Piedmont, Liguria, Emilia, Lombardy they began to
spread south between the 11th and 14th centuries. Aidone, Piazza
Armerina, Nicosia, San Fratello, Novara di Sicilia are the most
important communities.

Arbresh settled in Southern Italy in the 15th to 18th centuries in

several waves of migrations. They are the Albanian Catholics who
fled to Italy after Albania was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
There are three Arbresh communities identified within
the province of Palermo, which have maintained unchanged, with
different aspects together, the ethnic, linguistic and religious origins.
The countries are: Contessa Entellina, Piana degli
Albanesi and Santa Cristina Gela. The largest center is Piana degli
Albanesi, which, besides being the hub religious and socio-cultural
communities, has guarded and defended their peculiarities intact
over time. There are two other communities with a strong historical
and linguistic heritage.

Politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of Sicily
The politics of Sicily takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby
the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party
system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in
both the government and the Sicilian Regional Assembly. The capital of Sicily is Palermo.

Traditionally, Sicily gives centre-right results during election.[77] From 1943 to 1951 there was also
a separatist political party called Sicilian Independence Movement (Movimento Indipendentista
Siciliano, MIS). Its best electoral result was in the 1946 general election, when MIS obtained 0.7% of
national votes (8.8% of votes in Sicily), and four seats. However, the movement lost all its seats
following the 1948 general election and the 1951 regional election. Even though it has never been
formally disbanded, today the movement is no longer part of the politics of Sicily. After World War
II Sicily became a stronghold of the Christian Democracy, in opposition to the Italian Communist
Party. TheCommunists and their successors (the Democratic Party of the Left, the Democrats of the
Left and the present-day Democratic Party) have never won in the region until 2012. Sicily is now
governed by a center-left coalition between Democratic Party and the center-party Union of Christian
and Centre Democrats. Rosario Crocetta is the current President since 2012.[78]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Provinces of Sicily

Administratively, Sicily is divided into nine provinces, each with a capital city of the same name as
the province. Small surrounding islands are also part of various Sicilian provinces: the Aeolian
Islands (Messina), isle of Ustica (Palermo), Aegadian Islands (Trapani), isle of Pantelleria (Trapani)
and Pelagian Islands(Agrigento).
Province

Area (km2)

Population[79]

Density (inh./km2)

Province of Agrigento

3,042

453,594

149.1

Province of Caltanissetta

2,128

271,168

127.4

Province of Catania

3,552

1,090,620

307.0

Province of Enna

2,562

172,159

67.2

Province of Messina

3,247

652,742

201.0

Province of Palermo

4,992

1,249,744

250.3

Province of Ragusa

1,614

318,980

197.6

Province of Siracusa

2,109

403,559

191.3

Province of Trapani

2,460

436,240

177.3

Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of Italy
Thanks to the regular growth of the last years, Sicily is the eighth richest region of Italy in terms of
total GDP (see List of Italian regions by GDP (PPP)). A series of reforms and investments
on agriculture such as the introduction of modern irrigation systems have made competitive this
important industry.[80] In the 1970s there was a growth of theindustrial sector through the creation of
some factories.[81] In recent years the importance of the service industry has grown for the opening of
several shopping malls and for a modest growth of financial and telecommunication activities.
[82]
Tourism is an important source of wealth for the island thanks to its natural and historical heritage.
Today Sicily is investing a large amount of money on structures of the hospitality industry, in order to
make tourism more competitive.[83] However, Sicily continues to have a GDP per capita below the
Italian average and more unemployment than the rest of Italy.[84] This difference is mostly caused by
the negative influence of Mafia that is still active in some areas although it is much weaker than in
the past.[85]

Agriculture[edit]

A sample of Marsala, aDOC wine produced in the city of Marsala.

Sicily has long been noted for its fertile soil due to the volcanic eruptions in the past and present.
The local agriculture is also helped by the pleasant climate of the island. The
main agricultural products are wheat, citrons, oranges (Arancia Rossa di Sicilia
IGP), lemons, tomatoes(Pomodoro di Pachino IGP), olives, olive oil, artichokes, Opuntia ficusindica (Fico d'India dell'Etna DOP), almonds, grapes, pistachios (Pistacchio
di Bronte DOP) and wine. Cattle and sheep are raised. The cheese productions are particularly
important thanks to the Ragusano DOP and thePecorino Siciliano DOP. Ragusa is noted for
its honey (Miele Ibleo) and chocolate (Cioccolato di Modica IGP) productions.[86][87][88][89][90]
Sicily is the third largest wine producer in Italy (the world's largest wine producer)
after Veneto and Emilia Romagna.[91] The region is known mainly for fortified Marsala wines. In recent
decades the wine industry has improved, new winemakers are experimenting with less-known native
varietals, and Sicilian wines have become better known.[92] The best known local varietal is Nero
d'Avola, named for a small town not far fromSyracuse; the best wines made with these grapes come
from Noto, a famous old city close to Avola. Other important native varietals are Nerello
Mascalese used to make the Etna Rosso DOC wine, Frappato that is a component of the Cerasuolo
di Vittoria DOCG wine, Moscato di Pantelleria(also known as Zibibbo) used to make
different Pantelleria wines, Malvasia di Lipari used for the Malvasia di Lipari DOC
wine and Catarrattomostly used to make the white wine Alcamo DOC. Furthermore, in Sicily high
quality wines are also produced using non-native varietals likeSyrah, Chardonnay and Merlot.[93]
Sicily is also known for its liqueurs, such as the Amaro Averna produced in Caltanissetta and the
local limoncello.
Fishing is another fundamental resource for Sicily. There are
important tuna, sardine, swordfish and European anchovy fisheries. Mazzara del Vallo is the largest
fishing centre in Sicily and one of the most important in Italy.[94]

Industry and manufacturing[edit]

Palermo shipyards

Oilfields near Ragusa.

Improvements in Sicily's road system have helped to promote industrial development. The region
has three important industrial districts:

Catania Industrial District, where there are several food

industries and one of the best European electronics industry centres
calledEtna Valley (in honour of the best known Silicon Valley) which
contains offices and factories of international companies such
asSTMicroelectronics and Numonyx;[94][95]

Syracuse Petrochemical District with chemical industries, oil

refineries and important power stations (as the
innovative Archimede solar power plant);[96]

the latest Enna Industrial District in which there are food industries.
[97]

In Palermo there are important shipyards (such as Fincantieri), mechanical factories of famous
Italian companies as Ansaldo Breda,publishing and textile industries. Chemical industries are also in
the Province of Messina (Milazzo) and in the Province of Caltanissetta(Gela).[89] There
are petroleum, natural gas and asphalt fields in the Southeast (mostly near Ragusa) and massive
deposits of halite in Central Sicily.[98] The Province of Trapani is one of the largest sea salt producers
in Italy.[99]

Statistics[edit]
GDP growth[edit]
A table showing Sicily's different GDP (nominal and per capita) growth between 2000 and 2008: [100][101]

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2008

Gross Domestic Product

(Millions of Euros)

67,204

70,530

72,855

75,085

77,327

80,358

82,938

88,328

GDP (PPP) per capita

(Euro)

13,479

14,185

14,662

15,053

15,440

16,023

16,531

17,533

Economic sectors[edit]
After the table which shows Sicily's GDP growth,[100] this table shows the sectors of the Sicilian
economy in 2006:

Economic activity

GDP (mil.
)

%
sector
(region)

%
sector
(Italy)

Agriculture, farming, fishing

2,923.3

3.52%

1.84%

Industry

7,712.9

9.30%

18.30%

Constructions

4,582.1

5.52%

5.41%

Commerce, hotels and restaurants, transport, services and

(tele)communications

15,159.7

18.28%

20.54%

Financial activity and real estate

17,656.1

21.29%

24.17%

Other economic activities

24,011.5

28.95%

18.97%

VAT and other forms of taxes

10,893.1

13.13%

10.76%

GDP of Sicily

82,938.6

Transport[edit]

Roads[edit]

The A20 Messina-Palermo motorway near Torregrotta

The Messina Tramway System

Highways have recently been built and expanded in the last four decades. The most prominent
Sicilian roads are the motorways (known as autostrada) running through the northern section of the
island. Much of the motorway network is elevated by columns due to the mountainous terrain of the
island.[102][103][104][105] Other main roads in Sicily are the Strade Statali like the SS.113 that
connects Trapani to Messina (via Palermo), the SS.114 Messina-Syracuse (via Catania) and the
SS.115 Syracuse-Trapani (via Ragusa, Gela and Agrigento).
Sign

Motorway

Length

Toll

A18 Messina-Catania

76 km (47 mi)

RA15 Catania's By Pass (West)

24 km (15 mi)

free

Motorway Catania-Siracusa

25 km (16 mi)

free

No

A18 Siracusa-Rosolini

40 km (25 mi)

free

No

Yes

Services

Yes

Yes

A19 Palermo-Catania

199 km (124 mi)

free

A20 Palermo-Messina

181 km (112 mi)

A29 Palermo-Mazara del Vallo

119 km (74 mi)

free

No

A29dir Alcamo-Trapani/Marsala

38 and 44 km (24 and

27 mi)

free

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Railways[edit]

Two trains inside Punta Raisi railway station within Palermo International Airport.

The first railway in Sicily was opened in 1863 (Palermo-Bagheria) and today all of the Sicilian
provinces are served by a network of railway services, linking to most major cities and towns; this
service is operated by Trenitalia. Of the 1,378 km (856 mi) of railway tracks in use, over 60% has
been electrified whilst the remaining 583 km (362 mi) are serviced by diesel engines. 88% of the
lines (1.209 km) are single-track and only 169 km (105 mi) are double-track serving the two main
routes, Messina-Palermo (Tyrrhenian) and Messina-Catania-Syracuse (Ionian). Of the narrow gauge
railways the Ferrovia Circumetnea is the only one that still operates, going round Mount Etna. From
the major cities of Sicily, there are services to Naples and Rome; this is achieved by the trains being
loaded onto ferries which cross to the mainland.[106]
In Catania there is an underground railway service (metropolitana di Catania); in Palermo the
national railway operator Trenitalia operates a commuter rail (Palermo metropolitan railway service);
Messina is served by a tramline.

Airports[edit]

Catania International Airport

Main article: List of airports in Sicily

Mainland Sicily has several airports which serve numerous Italian and European destinations and
some extra-European;

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport, located on the east-coast is the

busiest on the island (and one of the busiest in all of Italy).

Palermo International Airport, which is also a substantially large

airport with many national and international flights.

Trapani-Birgi Airport, a military-civil joint use airport (third for traffic

on the island). Recently the airport has seen an increase of traffic
thanks to a low-cost carrier.

Comiso-Ragusa Airport, has recently been refurbished and reconverted from military use to civil airport. It was opened to
commercial traffic and general aviation 30 May 2013.

Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport is the old airport of Palermo and is

currently used for general aviation and as a base for the Guardia di
Finanza and Police helicopters.

NAS Sigonella Airport, it is an Italian Air Force and U.S. Navy

installation. Between the NATO Bases, Sigonella, is called "The Hub
of the Med".[citation needed]

Lampedusa Airport and Pantelleria Airport are also two small

airports on smaller islands which are considered part of Sicily.

Ports[edit]

The port of Catania

By sea, Sicily is served by several ferry routes and cargo ports, and in all major cities, cruise ships
dock on a regular basis.

Mainland Italy: Ports connecting to the mainland are Messina (route

to Villa San Giovanni and Salerno), the busiest passenger port in
Italy, Palermo (routes to Genoa, Civitavecchia and Naples)
and Catania (route to Naples) .

Sicily's small surrounding islands: The port of Milazzo serves

the Aeolian Islands, the ports of Trapani and Marsala the Aegadian
Islands and the port of Porto Empedocle the Pelagie Islands. From
Palermo there is a service to the island of Ustica and to Sardinia.

International connections: From Palermo and Trapani there are

weekly services to Tunisia and there is also a daily service
betweenMalta and Pozzallo.[107][108]

Commercial/Cargo Ports: The port of Augusta is the 5th largest

cargo port in Italy which handles tonnes of goods. Other major
cargo ports are Palermo, Catania, Trapani, Pozzallo and Termini
Imerese.

Touristic Ports: Several "Touristic ports" along the Sicilian coast

are in the service of private boats that need to moor on the island.
The main ports for this traffic are inMarina di
Ragusa, Riposto, Portorosa, Syracuse, Cefal and Sciacca. In
Sicily, Palermo is also a major center for the Boat Rental l with or
without crew in the Mediterranean. Is the home of some of the
charter companies such as Velasud Yachting Italy, with the nautical
base in Palermo Marina Arenella Yachting Club with a fleet of 10
yachts including sailboats and catamarans up to 52 feet. In
Palermo, and in general in Sicily, there are a number of boat rental
companies, many of these do not have the ownership. Most of them
are just simply brokers. Other companies well known in Palermo
and Portorosa (Messina) are Best Charter and Jonio Yachting.

Fishing ports: As all islands, Sicily also has many fishing ports. The
most important is in Mazara del Vallo followed by Castellamare del
Golfo, Licata, Scoglitti and Portopalo di Capo Passero.

Planned bridge[edit]
Main article: Strait of Messina Bridge
Plans for a bridge linking Sicily to the mainland have been discussed since 1865. Throughout the
last decade, plans were developed for a road and rail link to the mainland via what would be the
world's longest suspension bridge, the Strait of Messina Bridge. Planning for the project has
experienced several false starts over the past few years. On 6 March 2009, Silvio Berlusconi's
government declared that the construction works for the Messina Bridge will begin on 23 December
2009, and announced a pledge of 1.3 billion as a contribution to the bridge's total cost, estimated at
6.1 billion.[109] The plan has been criticised by environmental associations and some local Sicilians
and Calabrians, concerned with its environmental impact, economical sustainability, and even
possible infiltrations by organised crime.[110][111]

Tourism[edit]

Lampedusa, Pelagie Islands

Sicily's sunny, dry climate, scenery, cuisine, history and architecture attract many tourists from
mainland Italy and abroad. The tourist season peaks in the summer months, although people visit
the island all year round. Mount Etna, the beaches, the archeological sites, and major cities such
as Palermo, Catania, Syracuse and Ragusa are the favourite tourist destinations, but the old town
of Taormina and the neighbouring seaside resort of Giardini Naxos draw visitors from all over the
world, as do the Aeolian Islands, Erice, Cefal, Agrigento, the Pelagie Islands and Capo d'Orlando.
The last features some of the best-preserved temples of the ancient Greek period. Many
Mediterranean cruise ships stop in Sicily, and many wine tourists also visit the island.
Some scenes of famous Hollywood and Cinecitt films were shot in Sicily. This increased the
attraction of Sicily as a tourist destination.[112][113]

UNESCO World Heritage Sites[edit]

One of the mosaics in Villa Romana del Casale

There are seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Sicily. By the order of inscription:

Valle dei Templi (1997) is one of the most outstanding examples

of Greater Greece art and architecture, and is one of the main
attractions of Sicily as well as a national monument of Italy. The site
is located in Agrigento.[114]

Villa Romana del Casale (1997) is a Roman villa built in the first
quarter of the 4th century and located about 3 km (2 mi) outside the
town of Piazza Armerina. It contains the richest, largest and most
complex collection of Roman mosaics in the world. [115]

Aeolian Islands (2000) are a volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian

Sea, named after the demigod of the winds Aeolus. The Aeolian
Islands are a popular tourist destination in the summer, and attract
up to 200,000 visitors annually.[116]

Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (2002) "represent the

culmination and final flowering of Baroque art in Europe".[117] It
includes several towns: Caltagirone, Militello in Val di
Catania, Catania, Modica, Noto, Palazzolo
Acreide, Ragusa and Scicli.

Cathedral of San Giorgio in Modica

Necropolis of Pantalica (2005) is a large necropolis in Sicily with

over 5,000 tombs dating from the 13th to the 7th centuries
BC.Syracuse is notable for its rich Greek history, culture,
amphitheatres and architecture. They are situated in south-eastern
Sicily.

Mount Etna (2013) is one of the most active volcanoes in the world
and is in an almost constant state of activity and generated myths,
legends and naturalistic observation from Greek, Celts and Roman
classic and medieval times.[118]

Arab-Norman Palermo and the cathedral churches

of Cefal and Monreale; includes a series of nine civil and
religious structures dating from the era of the Norman kingdom of
Sicily (1130-1194)[119]

Taormina's central square at sunset.

Tentative Sites[edit]

Taormina and Isola Bella;[120]

Motya and Libeo Island: The Phoenician-Punic Civilization in Italy;

[121]

Scala dei Turchi.[122]

Archeological sites[edit]
Because many different cultures settled, dominated or invaded the island, Sicily has a huge variety
of archeological sites. Also, some of the most notable and best preserved temples and other
structures of the Greek world are located in Sicily.[citation needed]. Here is a short list of the major
archeological sites:

Sicels/Sicans/Elymians: Segesta, Eryx, Cava

Ispica, Thapsos, Pantalica.

Greeks: Syracuse, Agrigento, Selinunte, Gela, Kamarina, Himera, M

egara Hyblaea, Naxos, Heraclea Minoa,

Phoenicians: Motya, Soluntum, Marsala.

Romans: Piazza Armerina, Centuripe, Taormina.

Arabs: Palermo, Mazara del Vallo.

The excavation and restoration of one of Sicily's best known archeological sites, the Valley of the
Temples in Agrigento, was at the direction of the archaeologist Domenico Antonio Lo Faso
Pietrasanta, Fifth Duke of Serradifalco, known in archeological circles simply as "Serradifalco". He
also oversaw the restoration of ancient sites at Segesta,Selinunte, Siracusa and Taormina.

Castles[edit]
In Sicily there are hundreds of castles, the most relevant are:

Castello Ursino in Catania

Zisa Castle in Palermo.

Castello di Donnafugata nearRagusa

Province

Caltanisetta

Castles

Commune

Castello Manfredonico

Mussomeli

U Cannuni

Mazzarino

Castelluccio di Gela

Gela

Castello Ursino

Catania

Castello Normanno

Adrano

Castello Normanno

Patern

Castello di Aci

Aci Castello

Forte dei Centri

Messina

Castello di Milazzo

Milazzo

Castello di Sant'Alessio Siculo

Sant'Alessio Siculo

Castello di Pentefur

Savoca

Catania

Messina

Castello di Schis

Giardini Naxos

Zisa, Palermo

Palermo

Castello di Caccamo

Caccamo

Castello di Carini

Carini

Castello dei Ventimiglia

Castelbuono

Castello di Donnafugata

Ragusa

Torre Cabrera

Pozzallo

Castello Dei Conti

Modica

Syracuse

Castello Maniace

Syracuse

Trapani

Castello di Venere

Erice

Palermo

Ragusa

Culture[edit]
Further information: List of people from Sicily

Virgin Annunciate,Antonello da Messina

Sicily has long been associated with the arts; many poets, writers, philosophers, intellectuals,
architects and painters have roots on the island. The history of prestige in this field can be traced
back to Greek philosopher Archimedes, a Syracuse native who has gone on to become renowned
as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.[123] Gorgias and Empedocles are two other highly
noted early Sicilian-Greek philosophers, while the Syracusan Epicharmus is held to be the inventor
of comedy.[124][125]

Art and architecture[edit]

Majolica painting art of Caltagirone

Terracotta ceramics from the island are well known, the art of ceramics on Sicily goes back to the
original ancient peoples named the Sicanians, it was then perfected during the period of Greek
colonisation and is still prominent and distinct to this day.[126] Nowadays, Caltagirone is one of the
most important centres in Sicily for the artistic production of ceramics and terra-cotta sculptures.
Famous painters includeRenaissance artist Antonello da Messina, Renato Guttuso and Greek
born Giorgio de Chirico who is commonly dubbed the "father of Surrealist art" and founder of
the metaphysical art movement.[127] The most noted architects are Filippo Juvarra (one of the most
important figures of the Italian Baroque) andErnesto Basile.
Sicilian Baroque[edit]

Syracuse Cathedral

Main article: Sicilian Baroque

The Sicilian Baroque has a unique architectural
identity. Noto, Caltagirone, Catania, Ragusa,Modica, Scicli and particularly Acireale contain some of
Italy's best examples of Baroque architecture, carved in the local red sandstone. Noto provides one
of the best examples of the Baroque architecture brought to Sicily.

The Baroque style in Sicily was largely confined to buildings erected by the church, and palazzi built
as private residences for the Sicilian aristocracy.[128] The earliest examples of this style in Sicily lacked
individuality and were typically heavy-handed pastiches of buildings seen by Sicilian visitors to
Rome, Florence, and Naples. However, even at this early stage, provincial architects had begun to
incorporate certain vernacular features of Sicily's older architecture. By the middle of the 18th
century, when Sicily's Baroque architecture was noticeably different from that of the mainland, it
typically included at least two or three of the following features, coupled with a unique freedom of
design that is more difficult to characterise in words.

Teatro Massimo, Palermo

Music and film[edit]

See also: Music of Sicily
Palermo hosts the Teatro Massimo which is the largest opera house in Italy and the third largest in
all of Europe.[129] In Catania there is another important opera house, the Teatro Massimo Bellini with
1,200 seats, which is considered one of the best European opera housesfor its acoustics. Sicily's
composers vary from Vincenzo Bellini, Sigismondo d'India, Giovanni Pacini and Alessandro Scarlatti,
to contemporary composers such as Salvatore Sciarrino and Silvio Amato.

Vincenzo Bellini

Many award-winning and acclaimed films of Italian cinema have been filmed in Sicily, amongst the
most noted of which are: Visconti's "La Terra Trema" and "Il Gattopardo", Pietro Germi's "Divorzio
all'Italiana" and"Sedotta e Abbandonata".

Literature[edit]
See also: Italian Literature and Sicilian School

Luigi Pirandello

The golden age of Sicilian poetry began in the early 13th century with the Sicilian School of Giacomo
da Lentini, which was highly influential on Italian literature. Some of the most noted figures among
writers and poets are Luigi Pirandello(Nobel laureate, 1934), Salvatore Quasimodo (Nobel laureate,
1959), Giovanni Verga (the father of the Italian Verismo),Domenico Tempio, Giovanni Meli, Luigi
Capuana, Mario Rapisardi, Federico de Roberto, Leonardo Sciascia, Vitaliano Brancati, Giuseppe
Tomasi di Lampedusa, Elio Vittorini and Andrea Camilleri (noted for his novels and short stories with
the fictional character Inspector Salvo Montalbano as protagonist). On the political side notable
philosophers includeGiovanni Gentile who wrote The Doctrine of Fascism and Julius Evola.
To have seen Italy without having seen Sicily is to not have seen Italy at all, for Sicily is the clue to
everything.
Goethe

Language[edit]
Main article: Sicilian language
Today in Sicily most people are bilingual and speak both Italian and Sicilian, a distinct and
historical Romance language. Some of the Sicilian words are loan
words from Greek,Catalan, French, Arabic, Spanish and other languages.[130] The Sicilian language is
also spoken to some extent in Calabria and Apulia; it had a significant influence on theMaltese
language. However the use of Sicilian is limited to informal contexts (mostly in family) and in a
majority of cases it is replaced by the so-called regional Italian of Sicily, anItalian dialect that is a
kind of mix between Italian and Sicilian.[131]
Sicilian was an early influence in the development of the first Italian standard, although its use
remained confined to an intellectual elite. This was a literary language in Sicily created under the
auspices of Frederick II and his court of notaries, or Magna Curia, which, headed by Giacomo da
Lentini, also gave birth to the Sicilian School, widely inspired by troubadour literature. Its linguistic
and poetic heritage was later assimilated into the Florentine by Dante Alighieri, the father of modern
Italian who, in his De Vulgari Eloquentia, claims that "In effect this vernacular seems to deserve a
higher praise than the others, since all the poetry written by Italians can be called Sicilian". [132] It is in
this language that appeared the first sonnet, whose invention is attributed to Giacomo da Lentini
himself.

Science[edit]
Catania has one of the four laboratories of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (National
Institute for Nuclear Physics) in which there is a cyclotron that uses protons both fornuclear
physics experiments and for particle therapy to treat cancer (proton therapy).[133][134] Noto has one of

the largest radio telescopes in Italy that performs geodetic and astronomical observations.[135] There
are observatories in Palermo and Catania, managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (National
Institute for Astrophysics). In theObservatory of Palermo the astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered
the first and the largest asteroid to be identified Ceres (today considered a dwarf planet) on 1
January 1801;[136] Catania has two observatories, one of which is situated on Mount Etna at 1800 m.
[137]

Syracuse is also an experimental centre for the solar technologies through the creation of the
project Archimede solar power plant that is the first concentrated solar power plantto use molten
salt for heat transfer and storage which is integrated with a combined-cycle gas facility. All the plant
is owned and operated by Enel.[138][139] The touristic town ofErice is also an important science place
thanks to the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture which embraces 123
schools from all over the world, covering all branches of Science, offering courses, seminars,
workshops and annual meetings. It was founded by the physicist Antonino Zichichi in honour of
another scientist of the island,Ettore Majorana known for the Majorana equation and Majorana
fermions.[140] Sicily's famous scientists include also Stanislao Cannizzaro (chemist), Giovanni Battista
Hodiernaand Niccol Cacciatore (astronomers).

Department of Engineering,University of Messina

Education[edit]
Sicily has four universities:

The University of Catania dates back to 1434 and it is the oldest

university in Sicily. Nowadays it hosts 12 faculties and over 62,000
students and it offers undergraduate and postgraduate
programs. Catania hosts also the Scuola Superiore, an academic
institutionlinked to the University of Catania, aiming for excellence in
education.[141]

The University of Palermo is the island's second oldest university. It

was officially founded in 1806, although historical records indicate
that medicine and law have been taught there since the late 15th
century. The Orto botanico di Palermo (Palermo botanical gardens)
is home to the university's Department of Botany and is also open to
visitors.

The University of Messina, founded in 1548 by Ignatius of Loyola. It

is organized in 11 Faculties.

The Kore University of Enna founded in 1995, it is the latest Sicilian

university and the first university founded in Sicily after the Italian
Unification.

Religion[edit]

Noto Cathedral

See also: History of the Jews in Sicily

As in most Italian regions, Christian Roman Catholicism is the most predominant religious
denomination in Sicily, and the church still plays an important role in the lives of most people. Before
the invasion of the Normans, Sicily was predominantly Eastern Orthodox, of which few adherents
still remain today. There is also a notable small minority of Eastern-rite Byzantine Catholics which
has a mixed congregation of ethnic Albanians; it is operated by the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church.
Most people still attend church weekly or at least for religious festivals, and many people get married
in churches. However, there was a wide presence of Jews in Sicily for at least 1,400 years and
possibly for more than 2,000 years. Some scholars believe that the Sicilian Jewry are partial
ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews.[142]However, much of the Jewish community faded away when they
were expelled from the island in 1492. Islam was present during theIslamic rule of the island,
although Muslims were also expelled. Today, mostly due to immigration to the island, there are also
several religious minorities, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. There are
also a fair number of Evangelist Church members and practitioners who reside on the island.

Cuisine[edit]
Main articles: Sicilian cuisine and Sicilian pizza

Cannoli, a highly popular pastry associated with Sicilian cuisine

The island has a long history of producing a variety of noted cuisines and wines, to the extent that
Sicily is sometimes nicknamed God's Kitchen because of this.[143] Every part of Sicily has its speciality
(for example Cassata is typical of Palermo, even if available everywhere in Sicily, as is Granita, a
Catania speciality). The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the
general public[144]The savory dishes of Sicily are viewed to be healthy, using fresh vegetables and

fruits, such as tomatoes, artichokes, olives (includingolive oil), citrus, apricots, aubergines,
onions, beans, raisins commonly coupled with seafood, freshly caught from the surrounding
coastlines, including tuna, sea bream, sea bass, cuttlefish, swordfish, sardines, and others.[145]

Arancini, rice balls fried in breadcrumbs

Perhaps the most well-known part of Sicilian cuisine is the rich sweet dishes including ice
creamsand pastries. Cannoli (singular: cannolo), a tube-shaped shell of fried pastry dough filled with
a sweet filling usually containing ricotta cheese, is in particular strongly associated with Sicily
worldwide.[146] Biancomangiare, biscotti ennesi (cookies native to Enna), braccilatte (a Sicilian version
of doughnuts), buccellato, ciarduna, pignoli, bruccellati, sesame seed cookies, a sweet confection
with sesame seeds and almonds (torrone in Italy) is cubbaita, frutta
martorana,cassata, pignolata, granita, cuccidati (a variety of fig cookie; also known as buccellati)
and cucca are amongst some of the most notable sweet dishes.[146]
Like the cuisine of the rest of southern Italy, pasta plays an important part in Sicilian cuisine, as does
rice; for example with arancini.[147]As well as using some other cheeses, Sicily has spawned some of
its own, using both cow's and sheep's milk, such as pecorino andcaciocavallo.[148] Spices used
include saffron, nutmeg, clove, pepper, and cinnamon, which were introduced by the
Arabs. Parsley is used abundantly in many dishes. Although Sicilian cuisine is commonly associated
with sea food, meat dishes, including goose, lamb, goat, rabbit, and turkey, are also found in Sicily. It
was the Normans and Swabians who first introduced a fondness for meat dishes to the island.
[149]
Some varieties of wine are produced from vines that are relatively unique to the island, such as
the Nero d'Avola made near the baroque of town of Noto.[150]

Sports[edit]

One of the boats during Acts 8 and 9 of the Louis Vuitton Cup in Trapani, 2005.

The best known and most popular sport on the island of Sicily is football, which was introduced in
the late 19th century under the influence of the English. Some of the oldest football clubs in all of

Italy are from Sicily: the three most successful are Palermo, Messina, and Catania, who have all, at
some point, played in the prestigious Serie A. To date, no Sicily's football club has ever won Serie A;
however, like in the rest of Italy, football is deeply embeded in local culture, all over Sicily each town
has its own representative team.[151]
Palermo and Catania have a heated rivalry and compete in the Sicilian derby together: to date,
Palermo is the only football team in Sicily to have played on the European stage, in the UEFA Cup.
In the island, the most noted footballer is Salvatore Schillaci, who won the Golden Boot at the1990
FIFA World Cup with Italy.[151] Other noted players include Giuseppe Furino, Pietro
Anastasi, Francesco Coco, Christian Rigan, andRoberto Galia.[151] There have also been some
noted managers from the island, such as Carmelo Di Bella and Franco Scoglio.
Although football is by far the most popular sport in Sicily, the island also has participants in other
fields. Amatori Catania have competed in the top Italian national rugby union league called National
Championship of Excellence. They have even participated at European level in theEuropean
Challenge Cup. Competing in the basketball variation of Serie A is Orlandina Basket from Capo
d'Orlando in the province of Messina, where the sport has a reasonable following. Various other
sports that are played to some extent include volleyball, handball, and water polo. Previously,
in motorsport, Sicily held the prominent Targa Florio sports car race that took place in the Madonie
Mountains, with the start-finish line in Cerda.[152] The event was started in 1906 by Sicilian industrialist
and automobile enthusiast Vincenzo Florio, and ran until it was cancelled due to safety concerns in
1977.[152]
From 28 September to 9 October 2005 Trapani was the location of Acts 8 and 9 of the Louis Vuitton
Cup. This sailing race featured, among other entrants, all the boats that took part in the
2007 America's Cup.

Popular culture[edit]

Sicilian arrotino at a livingnativity scene wearing traditional Sicilian clothing

Religious festival in Trapani

A carnival float in Acireale

Each town and city has its own patron saint, and the feast days are marked by colorful processions
through the streets with marching bands and displays of fireworks.
Sicilian religious festivals also include the presepe vivente (living nativity scene), which takes place
at Christmas time. Deftly combining religion and folklore, it is a constructed mock 19th century
Sicilian village, complete with a nativity scene, and has people of all ages dressed in the costumes
of the period, some impersonating the Holy Family, and others working as artisans of their particular
assigned trade. It is normally concluded on Epiphany, often highlighted by the arrival of the magi on
horseback.
Oral tradition plays a large role in Sicilian folklore. Many stories passed down from generation to
generation involve a character named "Giuf". Anecdotes from this character's life preserve Sicilian
culture as well as convey moral messages.
Sicilians also enjoy outdoor festivals, held in the local square or piazza where live music and
dancing are performed on stage, and food fairs orsagre are set up in booths lining the square. These
offer various local specialties, as well as typical Sicilian food. Normally these events are concluded
with fireworks. A noted sagra is the Sagra del Carciofo or Artichoke Festival, which is held annually
in Ramacca in April. The most important traditional event in Sicily is the carnival. Famous carnivals
are in Acireale, Misterbianco, Regalbuto, Patern, Sciacca, Termini Imerese.

The marionettes used in the Opera dei Pupi

The Opera dei Pupi (Opera of the Puppets; Sicilian: pira d pupi) is a marionette theatrical
representation of Frankish romantic poems such as the Song of Roland or Orlando furioso that is
one of the characteristic cultural traditions of Sicily. The sides of donkey carts are decorated with
intricate, painted scenes; these same tales are enacted in traditional puppet theaters featuring handmade marionettes of wood. The opera of the puppets and the Sicilian tradition of cantastor (singers
of tales) are rooted in the Provenal troubadour tradition in Sicily during the reign of Frederick II,
Holy Roman Emperor, in the first half of the 13th century. A great place to see this marionette art is
the puppet theatres of Palermo. The Sicilian marionette theater Opera dei Pupi was proclaimed in
2001 and inscribed in 2008 in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[153]
Today, there are only a few troupes that maintain the tradition. They often perform for tourists.
However, there are no longer the great historical families of marionettists, such as the Greco

of Palermo; the Canino of Cinisi; Crimi, Trombetta and Napoli of Catania, Pennisi and Macri
of Acireale, Profeta of Licata, Gargano and Grasso of Agrigento. One can, however, admire the
richest collection of marionettes at the Museo Internazionale delle Marionette Antonio Pasqualino
and at the Museo Etnografico Siciliano Giuseppe Pitr in Palermo. Other beautiful marionettes are
on display at the Museo Civico Vagliasindi inRandazzo.

Regional symbols[edit]
There are several cultural icons and regional symbols in Sicily, including flags, carts, sights and
geographical features.
Triskelion painted on Ancient Greekvase, Agrigento.

The Flag of Sicily, regarded as a regional icon, was first adopted in 1282, after the Sicilian
Vespers of Palermo. It is characterized by the presence of the trinacria (triskelion) in its middle, the
(winged) head of Medusa and three wheat ears. The three bent legs are supposed to represent the
three points of the island Sicily itself. The colours, instead, respectively represent the cities
of Palermo and Corleone, at those times an agricultural city of renown. Palermo and Corleone were
the first two cities to found a confederation against the Angevinrule. It finally became the official
public flag of the Regione Siciliana in January 2000, after the passing of an apposite regional law
which advocates its use on public buildings, schools and city halls along with the national Italian
flag and the European one.
Familiar as an ancient symbol of the region, the Triskelion is also featured on Greek coins
of Syracuse, such as coins of Agathocles (317289 BC).The symbol dates back to when Sicily was
part of Magna Graecia, the colonial extension of Greece beyond the Aegean.[154] The triskelion was
revived, as a neoclassic and non-Bourbon emblem for the new Napoleonic Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies, by Joachim Murat in 1808. Pliny the Elder attributes the origin of the triskelion of
Sicily to the triangular form of the island, the ancient Trinacria, which consists of three large capes
equidistant from each other, pointing in their respective directions, the names of which
were Pelorus, Pachynus, and Lilybum. The three legs of the triskelion are also reminiscent
of Hephaestus's three-legged tables that ran by themselves, as mentioned in Iliad xviii.

A traditional Sicilian cart

The Sicilian cart is an ornate, colorful style of horse or donkey-drawn cart native to Sicily. Sicilian
wood carver George Petralia states that horses were mostly used in the city and flat plains, while
donkeys or mules were more often used in rough terrain for hauling heavy loads. [155] The cart has two
wheels and is primarily handmade out of wood with iron components.
The Sicilian coppola is a traditional kind of flat cap typically worn by men in Sicily. First used by
English nobles during the late 18th century, the tascu began being used in Sicily in the early 20th
century as a driving cap, usually worn by car drivers. The coppola is usually made intweed. Today it
is widely regarded as a definitive symbol of Sicilian heritage. [156]

sister cities[edit]

Kermanshah, Iran[157]

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id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096074#pone-0096074-t001
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the English-speaking world). While palazzo is the technically correct
appellation, and postal address, no Sicilian aristocrat would ever use
the word, instead referring to his or her own house, however large, as
"casa". "Palazzo" followed by the family name was the term used by
officials, tradesmen, and delivery men. Gefen, p. 15.
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Further reading[edit]

Bonacini, Elisa (2007) Il territorio calatino nella Sicilia imperiale e

tardoromana (British Archeological Reports, International Series: 1694)
Archaeopress, Oxford, England, ISBN 978-1-4073-0136-5, in Italian with
abstract in English

Chaney, Edward. (2000), "British and American Travellers in Sicily from the
eighth to the twentieth century", The Evolution of the Grand Tour,
Routledge.

Leighton, Robert (1999) Sicily before History (Duckworth, London; Cornell

University Press, Ithaca).

Mendola, Louis; Alio, Jacqueline (2013).The Peoples of Sicily: A

Multicultural Legacy (Trinacria Editions, New York, ISBN 978-0-615-796949).

Spadi, Fabio. (2001) "The Bridge on the Strait of Messina: 'Lowering' the
Right of Innocent Passage?" International and Comparative Law
Quarterly 50: 411 ff.

"From Rome to Sicily: Plane or Train?" Expert Travel Advice, The New York
Times, 7 February 2008 The New York Times.

"Italy makes record mafia seizure". BBC News. 22 December 2008.

Retrieved 23 April 2010.

"Sicily Mafia restoring US links". Mafia News. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

"Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome". Getty Publications,
2013.

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Sicily.

Sicily Region Official website (Italian)

Geographic data related to Sicily at OpenStreetMap

Ferry services to Sicily

10 Reasons To Visit Sicily - Part I

10 Reasons To Visit Sicily - Part II

Images of Sicily

10.000 Images of Sicily

The Sicilian tourist magazine

Wilson, R., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 462492 (Sicilia)".

Pleiades. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

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