Procedure

No Description
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Flow meter, Rotametre range: 1.8 to 18 litre per minute

Water pump, centrifugal type 0 to 30 L/min. 10 m head. 240 V ac.
Water flow return line.
Water tank 20 litre.
Gate valve for flow rate control. 0.5 diameter stainless steel type.
U tube manometer range: 900 mm for pipe friction head loss measurement.
Ball valve, open or shut control for pipe size selection experiment. 0.5
diameter stainless steel type.
Test pipe. Stainless steel smooth pipe. Internal diameter is 7.5 mm
diameter.
Pressure tap point length: 0.74 m.
Test pipe. Stainless steel smooth pipe. Internal diameter is 10.0 mm
diameter. Pressure tap point length: 0.74 m.
Test pipe. Stainless steel smooth pipe. Internal diameter is 16 mm diameter.
Pressure tap point length: 0.74 m.
Long bend fitting. ID 10 mm diameter.
Short bend fitting. ID 10 mm diameter.
Electrical power switch for turning on the pump.

Step by step Instruction

(a) The valve position of the apparatus is set.
(b) The manometer is connected to the pressure-tapping socket.
(c) The water pump is switched on to circulate the water flow through the pipe
network.
(d) The water flow rate is controlled by adjusting the flow control valve flowing
the required flow rate.
(e) The water temperature is recorded.
(f) The pressure drop is recorded for each different flow rate. The flow rate may
vary according to the suggested flow rate shown for head loss for different
pipefittings.
(g) Carry out steps (a) to (f) for pipe of respective diameter
(i) 7.5 mm
(ii) 10 mm
(iii) 16 mm
(iv) Sudden contraction
(v) Sudden enlargement
(vi) Ball valve
(vii) Short bend elbow
(viii) Long bend elbow

Result
Kinematic Viscosity (water), v at

25O C = 1.56x 107 m2 / s

Reynolds number,

VD
v

Velocity,
Q
V=
A

Loss coefficient

Roughness,

Area,

Pressure loss,

Head loss,

m
[ 2]
d 2
A=

K L=

V2
2g

= 0.0015 [mm]

Relative Roughness =

()

hL

P= water g H L [ Pa]

h f =f

Flow rate
L/min
m3/s
4
0.000066
67
5
0.000083
33
6
0.0001

l V2
D 2g

[m]

Velocity
m/s
1.510

Head loss
mm H2O
155.0

Loss
coefficient
1.334

Reynolds
Number
(72596)7.0104

1.885

162.5

0.893

(90625) 9.0104

2.260

160.0

0.615

(108653)1.010
5

i)

SUDDEN CONTRACTION ( 7.5mm)

i)

SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT( 7.5mm)

Flow rate
L/min
m3/s
4
0.000066
67
5
0.000083
33
6
0.0001

Velocity
m/s
1.510

Head loss
mm H2O
75.0

Loss
coefficient
0.645

Reynolds
Number
(72596)7.3104

1.885

87.5

0.483

(90625) 9.1104

2.260

85.0

0.326

(108653)1.110
5

ii)

BALL VALVES ( 10.0mm)

Flow rate

Velocity

Head loss

Loss

Reynolds

L/min
4
5
6
iii)

m3/s
0.000066
67
0.000083
33
0.0001

mm H2O
117.5

coefficient
3.198

Number
(54423)5.4104

1.061

140.0

2.440

(68013)6.8104

1.273

145.0

1.756

(81603)8.2104

SHORT BEND ELBOW ( 10.0mm)

Flow rate
L/min
m3/s
4
0.000066
67
5
0.000083
33
6
0.0001
iv)

m/s
0.849

Velocity
m/s
0.849

Head loss
mm H2O
65.0

Loss
coefficient
1.769

Reynolds
Number
(54423)5.4104

1.061

62.5

1.089

(68013)6.8104

1.273

58.0

0.702

(81603)8.2104

LONG BEND ELBOW ( 10.0mm)

Flow rate
L/min
m3/s
4
0.000066
67
5
0.000083
33
6
0.0001

Velocity
m/s
0.849

Head loss
mm H2O
75.0

Loss
coefficient
2.041

Reynolds
Number
(54423)5.4104

1.061

82.5

1.438

(68013)6.8104

1.273

85.0

1.029

(81603)8.2104

Conclusion
The results of this experiment show that theoretical frictional losses and
experimental frictional losses are closely link and the difference could mainly be
contribute towards experimental errors that were made in the results. It also
shows that the diameter has the largest effect on friction factor.