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ECE

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(Affiliated to JNTU)

PAPER PRESENTATION

ON

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Sk.MAHABOOBJANI
05501A0442
IIIrd year,E.C.E
E-mail: jani_442@yahoo.in
anvramaruthi@gmail.com

N.V.R.A.MARUTHI.AKULA
&
06501A0474
IIIrd year,E.C.E
E-mail:

ECE

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ABSTRACT:
Thousands of persons killed as a

A microprocessor-controlled

cause of earthquake. The above words

automatic clutter cancellation sub system

arent the headlines of the newspaper but

,consisting of a programmable

daily news everyone come across

microwave attenuator and a

whenever we go through a newspaper or

programmable microwave phase shifter

watching over a TV news.

controlled by a microprocessor based

A persons life is precious and


meaningful to his loved ones.
We, as responsible Engineers felt a

control unit,has been developed for a


microwave life detection system (L-band
2 GHz or X band 10 GHz) which can

part of society to bring a system to avoid

remotely sense breathing and heartbeat

these mishaps. With the meteoric

movements of living objects.This

Embedded systems along with

automatic clutter cancellation subsystem

microprocessor our designed system in

has drastically improved a very slow

preventing deaths and providing safe

process of manual clutter cancellation

guided measures.

adjustment compared to previous

A new revolutionary microwave life

microwave system .this is very important

detection system, which is used to locate

for some potential applications including

human beings buried under earthquake

location of earthquake or avalanche-

rubble, has been designed. This system

trapped victims through rubble.A series

operating at certain frequency can

of experiments have been conducted to

remotely detect the breathing and

demonstrate the applicability of this

heartbeat signals of human beings buried

microwave life detection system for

under earthquake rubble. By proper

rescue purposes.the automatic clutter

processing of these signals, the status of

canceller may also have a potential

the person under trap can be easily

application in some CW radar systems.

judged. The entire process takes place


within a few seconds as the system is

By advent of this system the world

controlled by a microprocessor (8085) or

death rate may decrease to greater extent

microcontroller unit.

as large percentage of death occur due to


earthquake.

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We welcome and wish you to a safe

journey of this paper.

INTRODUCTION:
At present as we all know the need

include breathing and heartbeat.


Simultaneously, reflected waves are also
received from the collapsed structures

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

of the hour is to find an effective method


The basic principle is that when a
for rescuing people buried under
microwave beam of certain frequency [L
earthquake rubble or collapsed building.
(or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a
It has to be done before we experience
portion of rubble (or) collapsed building
another quake. Present methods for
under which a person has been trapped,
searching and rescuing victims buried or
the microwave beam can penetrate
through the rubble to reach the person.
So, if the reflected waves from the
immovable debris are cancelled and the
reflected wave from the persons body is
properly distinguished, the breathing and
tapped under earthquake rubble are not
effective.
Taking all the factors in mind, a
system, which will be really effective to
solve the problem, has been designed.

heartbeat signals can be detected.


By proper processing of these
signals, the status of the person under
trap can be easily judged. Thus a person
under debris can be identified.

When the microwave beam focuses the

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF

person, the reflected wave from the

THE CIRCUIT:

persons body will be modulated (or)


changed by his/her movements, which

The microwave life detection system


has four major components. They are

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A microwave circuit which
generates, amplifies and distributes
microwave signals to different

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UHF band frequency say 450


MHz

Let us see the advantages and

microwave components.

disadvantages of both the systems later.

A microwave controlled clutter

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

cancellation system, which


creates an optimal signal to
cancel the clutter from the
rubble.
A dual antenna system, which

The circuit description is as follows:


Phase locked oscillator:
The phase locked oscillator
generates a very stable electromagnetic
wave say 1150 MHz with output power

consists of two antennas,

say 400mW.

energized sequentially.

Directional coupler 1 (10 dB):

A laptop computer which

This wave is then fed through a 10

controls the microprocessor and

dB directional coupler and a circulator

acts as the monitor for the output

before reaching a radio frequency

signal.

switch, which energizes the dual antenna

WORKING FREQUENCY:
The frequency of the microwave

system. Also, the ten dB directional


coupler branches out one-tenth of the

falls under two categories, depending on

wave (40mW) which is then divided

the type and nature of the collapsed

equally by a directional coupler 2 (3 dB).

building. They are

Directional coupler 2 (3 dB):

L (or) S band frequency say


1150 MHz

One output of the 3 dB directional


coupler 2 (20mW) drives the clutter
cancellation unit. Other output (20mW)

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serves as a local reference signal for the

A digitally controlled phase

double balanced mixer.


Antenna system:
The dual antenna system has two
antennas, which are energized

shifter I
A fixed attenuator
A RF amplifier
A digitally controlled attenuator.

WORKING:
Clutter cancellation of the received
signal:
The wave radiated by the antenna
I penetrates the earthquake
rubble to reach the buried person.
The reflected wave received by
the antenna 2 consists of a large
reflected wave from the rubble
and a small-reflected wave from
the persons body.
sequentially by an electronic switch.

The large clutter from the rubble

Each antenna acts separately.

can be cancelled by a clutter-

Clutter cancellation system:

canceling signal.

The clutter cancellation unit consists of

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The small reflected wave from

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local reference signal in a double
balanced mixer.

the persons body couldnt be


cancelled by a pure sinusoidal

Three-fourth of the output is

canceling because his/her

directed by a microwave detector

movements modulate it.

to provide dc output, which

The output of the clutter

serves as the indicator for the


degree of the clutter cancellation.

cancellation circuit is
automatically adjusted to be of

When the settings of the digitally

equal amplitude and opposite

controlled phase shifter and the

phase as that of the clutter from

attenuator are swept the

the rubble.

microprocessor control system,

Thus, when the output of the

the output of the microwave

clutter cancellation circuit is

detector varies accordingly.

combined with the directional

Demodulation of the clutter cancelled

coupler 3 (3 dB), the large clutter

signal:

from the rubble is completely


cancelled.
Now, the output of the directional

At the double balanced mixer,


the amplified signal of the
reflected wave from the persons

coupler 3 (3 dB) is passed

body is mixed with the local

through a directional coupler 4 (6

reference signal.

dB).
One-fourth of the output directed
is amplified by a RF preamplifier and then mixed with a

The phase of the local reference


signal is controlled by another
digitally controlled phase shifter

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2 for an optimal output from the

There are two identical sets of

mixer.

microprocessor circuits in the control

The output of the mixer consists

unit for manipulating the programmable

of the breathing and heartbeat

attenuator and phase-shifter, respectively

signals of the human plus some

the description of the microprocessor

avoidable noise.

circuit is as follows.

This output is fed through a low


frequency amplifier and a band

A microprocessor is the central


processor in each set.

pass filter (0.4 Hz) before

Port 0 of the microprocessor is

displayed on the monitor.

connected to a LATCH and an

The function of the digitally

EPROM where the program is

controlled phase shifter 2 is to

stored.When the microprocessor

control the phase of the local

sends memory addresses from

reference signal for the purpose

port 0 to the EPROM through the

of increasing the system

latch,the latch keeps address

sensitivity.

information until the EPROM

The reflected signal from the


persons body after amplification
by the pre-amplifier is mixed

sends memory data to the


microprocessor.
Port 1 of the microprocessor is

with the local reference signal in

connected to the programmable

a double balanced mixer.

microwave phase shifter(or the

MICROPROCESSOR

microwave attenuator) in the

CONTROL UNIT:

microwave system.through port 1


the microprocessor controls the

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phase-shifter(or the attenuator) to

shifter to completely cancel the

cancel the clutter signal

clutter.the algorithm of the program

automatically.

scans the entire ranges of the attenuator

Port 2 of the microprocessor and

and the phase-shifter.And then the

the output bus of an A/D

program determines the optimal settings

converter are connected to a

by detecting the minimum clutter signals

latch. The clutter signal is

sent to the microprocessor control unit

sampled by the A/D converter.the

.the program executing time is less than

latch keeps the output data of the

a millisecond.

sampled clutter signal from the


A/D converter until the data are
fetched to port 2 of the
microprocessor
The program stored in the EPROM is
executed in the micro processor to
search for the optimal settings of the
Programmable attenuator and phase-

ADVANTAGES OF L (OR) S
BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM:
Microwaves of L (or) S
band frequency can penetrate the rubble
with metallic mesh easier than that of
UHF band frequency waves.

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ADVANTAGES OF UHF BAND

has been set, so that

FREQUENCY SYSTEM:

whenever the laptop

Microwaves of UHF band frequency can


penetrate deeper in rubble (without
metallic mesh) than that of L (or) S band
frequency waves.

FREQUENCY RANGE OF

computer system processes


the received signal and
identifies that there is a
human being, the alarm
sound starts.
3. Also under critical situations,

BREATHING AND
HEARTBEAT SIGNAL:
The frequency range of

where living beings other


than humans are not required
to be found out, the system

heartbeat and breathing signals of human

can detect the signals of other

beings lies between 0.2 and 3 Hz.

living beings based on the

HIGHLIGHTS:

frequency of the breathing

1. The location of the person


under the rubble can be
known by calculating the

and heartbeat signals.

CONCLUSION:
Thus a new sensitive life

time lapse between the

detection system using microwave

sending time, Ts and

radiation for locating human beings

receiving time, Tr.

buried under earthquake rubble (or)

2. Since it will not be possible

hidden behind various barriers has been

to continuously watch the

designed. This system operating either at

system under critical

L (or) S band, UHF band can detect the

situations, an alarm system

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breathing and heartbeat signals of human
beings buried under earthquake rubble.

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