Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
H
How
tto use th
the ttextbook,
tb k it is
i nott a easy book
b k ffor beginner.
b i
Attending the lectures, and on time!
Follow the lecture notes and keywords, read the textbook,
and add more information to you notebook;
If there any questions, just ask;
You may catch
catch me in the lab after 4:00 pm at weekday or
weekends morning (54237524) ; dqu@shmu.edu.cn
Homework: at the end of lecture ppt
ppt. or on elearning
Students: hand out on elearning in 2 weeks after lecture
(deadline set on the elearning)
elearning), email not acceptable
Teacher: Feedback in 2 weeks (after the deadline for
handing the homework)
2
Key Words
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaebacteria (Archaea)
Ch
Chromosome
Gram staining
Gram negative
Gram positive
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan
(murein, mucopeptide)
Outer membrane (LPS )
Cell membrane
Spheroplast/protoplast
L form
Flagella (Chemotaxis)
Pili (fimbriae)
Capsule (slime layer, glycocalyx)
Spore (resistant)
EUKARYOTES
-fungi
-plants
-animals
PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
Chapter 3
3, p
p.41
41
Classification of Bacteria
Table 3-1 Taxonomic Rank
Eubacter-"True"
E
b t "T " bacteria
b t i
-human pathogens
-clinical
clinical or environmental
-one kingdom
Archaea
-Environmental organisms
Characteristic Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Drug targets?
10 100 m
10-100
homework
Nucleus
Nucleoid,
Nucleus
no nucleoli, no membrane
Organelles
Absent
Present
Glycocalyx
In some cell
Cell wall
Usually present
-peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
Most no
-celluose
celluose /chitin
Plasma
membrane
Lack cholesterol
cholesterol
Ribosome
S=sedimentation
80S 40S/60S
70S(mitochondria) coefficient
Chromosome
Single circular
circular Haploid
Diploid
Cell division
Binary fission
Mitosis
S
Sexual
lR
Rec.
No, H
N
Horizontal
i
t l ttransfer
f off
DNA
M i i
Meiosis
5
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Gram +
Rough
R
h endoplasmic
d l
i
reticulum
Nucleus
C ll membrane
Cell
b
Flagellum
Nucleoid
C ll wall
Cell
ll
Gram Pili
Granule
Cytoplasm
y p
Mitochondria
Capsule
Cell (inner) membrane
Ribosomes
Outer membrane
Cell wall
Size of Bacteria
Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 um in (- microsopes)
-- RBC is 7.5 um in diam.
Surface Area to Volume is 3:1
-- Typical Eukaryote Cell SA/Vol is 0.3:1
Nutirtion enters through SA, quickly reaches all parts of
bacteria
-- Eukaroytes need structures & organelles
Light microscope: Bright field
field microscope
100xobjective lens Phased contrast microscope
10x ocular lens
Dark-field microscope
Fluorescence microscope
Electron microscope
Bacteria are transparent
p
Scan electron microscope
Confocal microscope
Chapter 2, p. 9
Shapes of Bacteria
Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
Spiral:
Spirilla, Spirillum
Rod-shaped:
bacilli, bacillus
Round:
Cocci, coccus
Shapes
p of Bacteria
Coccus
Chain = Streptoccus
Cluster = Staphylococcus
p y
Diplopcoccus
Bacillus
Chain = Streptobacillus
Coccobacillus
Vibrio = curved
Spirillum
Spirochete
B ill
Bacillus
Spiral bacterium
Vibrio
Spirillum
Helicobaterium
Bacterial Structures
Cell Wall
-Lipopolysaccharides
Li
l
h id
-Teichoic Acids
Cytoplasm
-Inclusions
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
-Chromosome & Plasmids
Capsule
Flagella
Pili
Spores
p 2,, p.
p 21
Chapter
Cell Wall
- outside of cell
membrane
- rigid, protecting cell
from osmotic lysis
y
Gram staining
1884
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
p. 36
Peptidoglycan
G+ Bacteria (~90%)
G- Bacteria(~10%)
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan Polymer (amino acids + sugars)
Unique to bacteria
Sugars; NAG & NAM (backbone)
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid
(The same in all bacterial species)
Fig. 2-15
p 23
p.23
Peptidoglycan
Only 1-2
1 2 sheets
In Gram negative bacteria
Gram+ Peptidoglycan
p
gy
17
Gram- Peptidoglycan
Fig. 2-15
p.23
G+
Peptidoglycan
G- Peptidoglycan
E. coli
DAP
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Bacitracin
Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
22
Porin
Lipopolysaccharide
B
Braun
li
lipoprotein
t i
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Permease
23
Figure 2-17 p.25
Fi
Figure
2
2-17
17 p.25
25
Outer Membrane
Gram negative bacteria
major permeability barrier
space between inner and outer membrane
periplasmic
i l
i space
store degradative enzymes
Gram positive bacteria : no periplasmic space
27
29
Cell Membrane
Bilayer Phospholipid
Water can penetrate
Flexible
Not strong, ruptures easily
Osmotic
O
ti pressure created
t d by
b cytoplasm
t l
Cytoplasm
80% Water,
Water 20% Salts-Proteins)
Salts Proteins)
Osmotic Shock important
Inclusion body
-granules
granules for identification of bacteria
Chromosome
Plasmids
No organelles (Mitochondria
(Mitochondria, Golgi
Golgi, etc
etc.))
Nuclear material
Chromosome
circular Haploid
circular,
Advantages of 1N DNA over 2N DNA
-more
more efficient,
efficient grows quicker
-mutations allow adaptation to environment quicker
Plasmids
Extra-chromosomal DNA
I d
Independent
d
replication
li i
multiple copy numberhorizontal transfer
coding
- pathogenesis factors
- antibiotic resistance factors-superbug
32
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
Targets of antibiotics
Streptomycin
p
y
70S :
30S (16S rRNA)
50S ((5S & 23S rRNA))
Erythromycin
Fl
Flagella
ll
Some
So e bacte
bacteria
aa
are
e motile
ot e - movement
o e e t
Arrangement basis for classification
Monotrichous; 1 flagella
Lophotrichous; tuft at one end
Amphitrichous; both ends
Peritrichous; all around bacteria
Chapter 4
FLAGELLA
Locomotory
oco oto y o
organellesga e es flagella
age a
Swarming occurs with some bacteria
-Spread
Spread across Petri Dish
Proteus species most evident
Sense environment
Chemotaxis
-respond to food/poison
or unfriendly environments
Proteus
Flagella
g
38
Pili (fimbriae)
Short protein appendages (hair like)
smaller than flagella
pilins protein-vary
Adhere bacteria to host epithelium
E. coli has numerous types
K88, K99, F41, etc.
Anti-pili antibodies to block adherence
F-pilus
p
((Fertilityy factor))
-Used in conjugation (sex conjugation )
-Exchange
g of g
genetic information
Flotation, increase boyancy
Pellicle (scum on water)
More oxygen on surface
Endospores (spores)
Dormant cell (non-reproductive structure )
-a thick celled structure formed inside the cell,
-encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm
Location important in classification
Central, Subterminal, Terminal
Sporulation (Fig. 2-28)
Contain calcium dipicolinate in core
Resistant to adverse conditions
Heat, irradiation, cold, organic solvents, extremely dry
g >1 hr still viable
Boiling
Sterilization, autoclave
allows the bacteria to survive for many years
There are viable
Th
i bl b
bacterial
t i l spores th
thatt h
have b
been ffound
d th
thatt are 40 million
illi
years old on Earth
-Steinn Sigurdsson
Endospores
Bacillus anthracis G+
Aerobic
e ob c spo
spore-forming
e o
g bacte
bacteria
a
(form spores in O2 )
Starting1week
g
after the
9/11/2001 attack,
letters containing anthrax
were sentt to
t media
di offices
ffi
and to Senators Tom Daschle
and Patrick Leahy
Review questions
1. In p38: question 2, 5, 6, 7, and give the explains
2 Summary the differences between the cell wall of
2.
G+bacteria and G-bacteria (related with medical practice)
3. Why penicillin and lysozame have less effect on Gbacte a
bacteria?
4. Spore germination activation conditions (related with
medical practice, Clostridium tetani -tetenus )
5. Explain which bacterial structure can be as an
antibiotics target.
49
I Gram-positive
In
G
iti b
bacteria,
t i th
the purple
l crystal
t l violet
i l t stain
t i iis ttrapped
db
by
the layer of peptidoglycan which forms the outer layer of the cell. In
Gram-negative bacteria
bacteria, the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides
prevents the stain from reaching the peptidoglycan layer. The outer
permeabilized by
y ethanol treatment,, and the pink
p
membrane is then p
safranin counterstain is trapped by the peptidoglycan layer.
51
Peptidoglycan
synthesis and
antibiotics
Teichoic acid:
Polysaccharides of glycerol phosphate or ribitol
phosphate
p
p
linked via p
phosphodiester
p
bonds
53