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SHASHANK VASHISTHA

ME10401206589

ASSIGNMENT 1

SEM 7Th C-2

Q.1 (a) Explain the actual vapour compression cycle.


Ans: The actual vapour compression cycle differs from the theoretical vapour
compression cycle in many ways. Some of which are unavoidable and causes losses.
The main deviation between theoretical and actual cycle are in followa:
a. The vapour refrigerant leaving the evaporator is in superheated state.
b. The compression of refrigerant is neither isentropic nor polytropic.
c. The liquid refrigerant before entering the expansion valve is subcooled in the
condenser.
d. The pressure drop in the evaporator and condenser.

Process 1-2-3
These processes show the flow of refrigerant in the evaporator. Point 1 represent
entry and point 3 represent exit of refrigerant from evaporator. The superheating of
refrigerant (vapour) from 2-3 is due to
a. Automatic control of expansion valve.

b. Picking up of large amount of heat from evaporator through pipes located


within the cooled space.
c. Picking up heat from the suction pipe.
The superheating is also causes increase in the required displacement of
compressor and load on the compressor and condenser.
Process 3-4-5-6-7-8
This process is represents the flow of refrigerant through the compressor.
a. At point 3 refrigerant enters the compressor through suction pipe.
b. At point 4 the pressure falls due to frictional resistance to flow.
c. At point 5 the temp is raised up due to coming in contact of the walls of
compressor cylinder.
d. Actual compression is shown by 5-6. This is due to the heat transfer of
between cylinder wall & vapour refrigerant.
e. There is cooling effect in process 6-7. This heating and cooling effect is take
place at constant pressure.
Due to frictional resistance of flow there is pressure drop.
Process 8-9-10-11
This process represent flow of refrigerant through condenser.
a. Process 8-9 represents the cooling of superheated vapour refrigerant to dry
saturated state.
b. Process 9-10 represents the removal of latent heat which changes the dre
saturated refrigerant into liquid refrigerant.
c. Process 10-11 represent subcooling of liquid refrigerant in the condenser
before passing it through the expansion valve. This increases the refrigerant
effect per kg of refrigerant flow. Reduces the volume of refrigerant partially
evaporated the liquid refrigerant while passing through the expansion valve.
Process 11-1
This represents the expansion of subcooled liquid refrigerant by throttling from the
condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.

Q.2 (b) A vapour compression refrigerator uses R-12 as refrigerant and the liquid evaporates in the
evaporator at -150C. The temperature of this refrigerant at the delivery from the compressor is
150C when the vapour is condensed at 10oC. Find the C.O.P if (i) there is no under cooling (ii) the
liquid is cooled by 50C before expension by throttling.
Take specific heat at constant pressure for the superheated vapour as 0.64 kJ/kg K and that for
liquid as 0.94 kJ/kg K. The other properties of refrigerant are as follows:

Temperature

Enthalpy in KJ/kg

Specific entropy in KJ/kg K

Ans:
Given:
T1=T4=
-150C
22.3
180.88
0.0904
0.7051
-15
+100C
45.4
191.76
0.1750
0.6921
C=258
k
T2=15 C=288 k
T2=10 C=283 k
Cpv=0.64 kj/kg k
Cpl=0.94 kj/kg k
hf1=22.3 kj/kg
hf3=45.4
kj/kg
h1=180.88 kj/kg
h2=191.76 kj/kg
Sf1=0.0904 kj/kg k
Sf3=0.1750 kj/kg k
Sg1=0.7051 kj/kg k
S2=0.6921 kj/kg k
Liquid

Vapour

Liquid

Vapour

A. COEFFICENT OF PERFORMANCE IF THERE IS NO UNDER COOLING.

Net dryness fraction be x1


Then entropy at point 1,
S1= Sf1 + x1*(Sl.h)
S1= Sf1 + X1*(Sg1-Sf1)
S1= 0.0904 + X1*(0.7051 0.0904)
S1= 0.0904 + 0.6147*X1 ------------------ (1)
Entropy at point 2,
S2= S2 + 2.3log(Tact/Tsat)*Cpv
S2= 0.6921 + 2.3*0.64*log(288/283)

S2= 0.6921 + 0.01118


S2= 0.7034 kj/kg k
Putting the value in eq 1, we get
X1= 0.997
We know that enthalpy at point 1,
H1= Hf1 + X1*Hl.h
H1= Hf1 + X1*(H1-Hf1)
H1= 22.3 + 0.997*(191.76 22.3)
H1= 180.4 kj/kg k
And enthalpy at point 2,
H2= H2 + Cpv(Tact Tsat)
H2= H2 + Cpv(T2 T2)
H2= 191.76 + 0.64*5
H2= 194.96 kj/kg
C.O.P= (H1 Hf3)/(H2 H1) = 9.27 ans.
B. COEFFICENT OF PERFORMANCE WHEN THERE IS AN UNDERCOOLING 5C.

We know that the enthalpy of liquid,


Refrigerant at point 3,

Hf3= Hf3 Cpl*degree of undercooling


Hf3= 45.4 0.94*5
Hf3= 40.7 kj/kg
C.O.P= (H1 Hf3)/(H2 H1)
C.O.P= (180.4 40.7)/(194.96 180.4)= 9.59 ans.
Q.3 (a) A boot-strap cooling system of 10 TR capacity is used in an aeroplane. The ambient air
temperature and pressure are 200C and 0.85 bar respectively. The pressure of air increase from
0.85 bar to 1 bar due to ramming action of air. The pressure of air discharged from the main
compressor is 3 bar. The discharge pressure of air from the auxiliary compressor is 4 bar. The
isentropic efficiency of each of the compressor is 80%, while that of turbine is 85%. 50% of the
enthalpy of air discharge from the main compressor is removed in the first heat exchanger and
30% of the enthalpy of air discharged from the auxiliary compressor is removed in the second heat
exchanger using rammed air. Assuming ramming action to be isentropic, the required cabin
pressure is 9 bar and temperature of air leaving the cabin not more than 20 oC , find : 1. The power
required to operate the system; and 2. The C.O.P of the system. Draw the schematic and T-s
diagram of the system.
Ans: Given: Q= 10 TR,
T1= T8= 20 C = 293 k, P1= 0.85 bar,
P2= 1 bar,
P3= P3= P4= 3 bar, P5= P5= P6= 4 bar, P7= P7= P8= 0.9 bar,
c1=
c2= 80%,
r=85%,
=1.4,
Cp= 1 kj/kg k.

We know that the isentropic ramming,

Process 1-2
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)(-1/) = (1/0.85)1.4-1/1.4
= (1.176)0.286
= 1.047
T2= T1*1.047 = 293*1.047= 306.8 k
Now, from isentropic process 2-3,
T3/T2= (P3/P2)(-1/)= (3/1)0.286= 1.37
T3= T2*1.37= 306.8*1.37= 420.3
We know that isentropic efficiency of the compressor,

c1

= (isentropic increase in temp)/(actual increase in temp)= (T3 T2)/(T3 T2)

0.8 = (420.3 306.8)/ (T3 306.8)


T3= 448.7 k
Since 50% of the enthalpy of air discharged from the main compressor is removed
in the first heat exchanger (3- 4), therefore temp of air leaving the first heat
exchanger.
T4= 0.5*448.7= 360.85 k
Now for the isentropic process 4-5,
T5/T4= (P5/P4)(-1/)= (4/3)0.286= 1.085
T5= T4*1.085= 360.85*1.085= 391.5 k
We know that the isentropic efficiency of the auxiliary compressor,

c2

= (T5 T4)/(T5 T4)

0.8= (391.5 360.85)/(T5 360.85)


T5= 399.16 k
Since 30% of the enthalpy of air dischatged from the auxiliary compressor is
removed in the second heat exchanger(5-6). Therefore temp of air leaving second
heat exchanger.
T6= 0.7*399.16= 361.3 k
For isentropic 6-7 and 7

T7/T6= (P7/P6)0.286 => T7= 236 k


t= (T6 T7)/(T6 T7) => T7= 254.8 k
a) Power required to operate the system
Ma= 210*Q/Cp(T8 T7)= 210*10/(293 254.8)= 55 kg/min
P= [Ma*Cp*(T3 T2)]/60= 130 kw
b) C.O.P of the system
C.O.P= 210*Q/Ma*Cp*(T3 T2)= 210*10/55*1*(448.7 306.8)= 0.27
Q.4 (a)Explain the Bell- Coleman cycle with the help of P-V and T-S diagram and also drive the
expression for its C.O.P.
Ans: A Bell- Coleman refrigeration machine was develop by Bell Coleman and hight
foot by reversing the Joules air cycles. It was once the earliest types of refrigerators
used in ships carrying frozen meat. A schematic diagram of such a machine which
consist of compressor, a cooler, an expander and a refrigerator.

The Bell Coleman cycle is a modification of reversed carnot cycle. The cycle is
shown on P-V and T-S diagram (a) and (b). at point 1 let P1,V1 and T1 be the
pressure, volume and temp repectively. The four processes of the cycle are as
follows:
1. ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION PROCESS:
The cold air from the refrigerator is drawn into the compressor cylinder where it is
compressed isentropically in the compressor as shown by the curve 1-2 on P-V and
T-S diagram. During the compressor stroke, both the temp & pressure increases and

the specific volume of air at delivery from compressor reduce from V1 to V2. We
know that during isentropic compression process, no heat is absorb and rejected by
the air.

2. CONSTANT PRESSURE COOLING PROCESS:


The warm air from the compressor is now passed into the cooler where it is cooled
at constant pressure P3(equal to P2) reducing the temp from T2 to T3 as show by
the curve 2-3 on P-V and T-S diagram. The specific volume also reduce from V2 to
V3. We know that heat rejected by the air during constant pressure per kg of air.
qR= Q2-3= Cp(T2 T3)
3. ISENTROPIC EXPANSION PROCESS:
The air from the cooler is now draw into the expanded cylinder where it is expended
isentropically from pressure P3 to the refrigerator pressure P4 which is equal to the
atmosphere pressure. The temp of air during expansion falls from T3 to T4. The
expansion process is shown by the curve 3-4 on the P-V and T-S diagram. The
specific volume of air at entry to the refrigerator increase from V3 to V4. We know
that during isentropic expansion of air no heat is absorb or rejected by the air.
4. CONSTANT PRESSURE EXPANSION PROCESS:
The cold air from the expander is now passed to the refrigerator where it is
expanded at constant pressure P4. The temp of the air increases from T4 to T1. This
process is shown by the curve 4-1 on the P-V and T-S diagram. Due to heat from the
refrigerator , the specific volume of the air changes from V4 to V1. We know that the
heat absorb by the air during constant pressure expansion per kg of air is:
Qa= Q(4-1)= Cp(T1 T4)
We know that work done during the cycle per kg of air= heat rejected heat
absorbed

W= Qr- Qa
W= Cp(T2 T3) Cp(T1 T4)
Therefore, C.O.P= heat absorbed / work done= Qa / Qr - Qa
C.O.P= Cp(T1 T4) / Cp(T2 T3) Cp(T1 T4)= (T1 T4)/(T2 T3) (T1 T4)
C.O.P= T4(T1/T4 - 1) / T3(T2/T3 - 1) T4(T1/T4 - 1) ----------------(1)
We know that for isentropic compression process 1-2,
T2/T1=(P2/P1)-1/ ------------(2)
Similarly, for isentropic expansion process 3-4,
T3/T4= (P3/P4)-1/ ------------(3)
Since P2=P3 and P1=P4, rom equation (2)and(3),
T2/T1=T3/T4 or T2/T3=T1/T4
Now substituting these in equation (1)
C.O.P= T4/ T3 T4 = 1/(T3/T4 1) = 1/[(rp)-1/ 1]
rp= expansion ratio,
we know that the compression during process 1-2 per kg of air,
Wc= /(-1)(P2V2 P1V1)= /(-1)(RT2 RT1)
And work done by the expansion during process 3-4 per kg of air,
We= /(-1)(P3V3 P4V4)= /(-1 )(RT3 RT4)
Therefore, net work done during the cycle per kg of air,
W= Wc We= /(-1 )R[(T2 T1) - (T3 T4)]
We also know that heat absorbed during constant pressure process 4-1 = Cp(T1
T4)
C.O.P= heat absorbed/ work done = Qa/ W
=Cp(T1 T4)/ /(-1 )R[(T2 T1) - (T3 T4)
= (T1 T4)/ (/-1 )(-1/)[(T2 T1) - (T3 T4)]
R=Cp(-1/)]

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