UNSW ELEC1111/ELEC1112 notes

Written by Matthew Davis

m.davis@student.unsw.edu.au
Published through ELSOC
www.elsoc.net/notes.php
Semester 2 2012
These notes are designed for revision, not brand new learning. They focus
on formulae, some of their derivations, and a few key concepts.

General
1KW h = 3.6M J
Essential Node = a node with

>2

branches

Conductance
G=
G=

conductance (S - Siemens or

R=

resistance ()

1
R
- mho)

Admittance
Y =
Y=

admittance (S or

1
= G + jB
Z

f)

G=conductance ()
B =susceptance
1

Equivalent Circuits
Rth =
Rth -

VOC
Vth
=
ISC
IN

Thevenin resistance
to calculate this, short all voltage sources, open all current sources,
calculate resultant resistance

VOC = Vth =open

ISC = IN =short

circuit voltage (supply voltage in Thevenin circuit)

circuit current (supply current in Norton circuit)

Thevenin's theorem

Vth =open

circuit voltage across a-b

Rth =Thevenin




resistance

short all voltage sources

open all current sources

Norton's theorem

IN =short
Rth =same

circuit current across a-b

as in Thevenin's theorem

Norton from/to Thevenin

Rth stays

the same

compare short circuit currents and open circuit voltages in both

IN =

Vth
Rth

Capacitors

Units
Farads (F) =

C V 1

Denition
C=
C =capacitance
Q=charge
V =voltage

Q
A
=
V
d

(F)

(C)
across capacitor (V)

=dielectric

constant

 = 0 r
 r = 1 for vacuum
 r > 1 for anything else

Formula
i=C

dv
dt

derivation
Q = CV
dq
dv
=C
dt
dt
i=C

dv
dt

Energy
E=

1
CV 2
2

Graphs

Addition

Adds in series like resistors in parallel.

Adds in parallel like resistors in series.

Steady state
Voltage must be continuous

v(0 ) = v(0+ )
= Rth C
v(t) = v() + [v(0) v()]et/

Impedance
Z=
I leads V by 90

1
jC

Inductors

Units
Henry (H) =

kgm2 s2 A2
4

Denition
L=
L=inductance
N =number

N 2 A
l

(H)

of turns in inductor

=permeability

of core

 = 0 r
l=length
A=cross

sectional area

Formula
To remember this, take the equivalent formula for capacitors, swap C with L,
and swap i and v.

v=L

di
dt

Energy
E=

1 2
LI
2

Graphs

Addition
Adds like resistors

Steady state
Current must be continuous.

i(0 ) = i(0+ )

L
Rth

i(t) = i() + [i(0) i()]et/

Impedance
z = jL
i lags v by 90

Op-Amps

Ideal Op-Amp

Rin
Rout 0
The 2 input terminals are held at the same voltage, and enough current comes
out of the output to make that happen.

Inverting Conguration

The non-inverting (+) terminal is held at

0V ,

because that's the voltage of

the inverting () terminal.

This means that the 2 resistors behave like a normal voltage divider. However
you know the voltage at one end, and in the middle, whereas normally you know
the voltage at both ends and have to work out the middle.
Let's work this out (remember out to work it out, its better than rote learning).

The non-inverting terminal is at

I=
I1 =

0V .

V
R
Vin 0
R1

I2 = I1




because no current passes into the op-amp

both currents dened left to right

Vout = I2 R2

minus because we want the current from right to left

Vout =

R2
Vin
R1

Non-Inverting Conguration

Again, the 2 resistors behave like a normal voltage divider.

However you

know the voltage at one end, and in the middle, whereas normally you know
the voltage at both ends and have to work out the middle.
Let's work this out (remember out to work it out, its better than rote learning).

I1 =

V 0
R1

 I1

V+
R1

Vin
R1

dened from bottom to top

I2 = I1

 I2

dened from left to right

Vout = V I2 R2

minus

I2

Vout = Vin +

because we want the current from right to left

Vin
R1 R2

Vout =

R1 + R2
Vin
R1

AC Power

General

is the phase dierence between voltage and current

 = arg(v) arg(i) = Arg (z)

power f actor = cos() =

P
|S|

Complex Power S

Measured in VA

Total power available

S = v i = |Vrms | |Irms |
= P + jQ

Where

and

are complex numbers

= True (real) power

= Reactive (imaginary) power

Apparent Power - |S|

Measured in VA

Magnitude of complex power

|S| =

P 2 + Q2

True/Average/Real Power - P

Measured in W

The only power which is actually useful

Only consumed by resistors

Equal to the time average of instantaneous power

P = Vrms Irms cos() =

1
Vm Im cos()
2

= Re(S) = |S| cos()

Where all values are real scalars

Reactive/Imaginary Power - Q

Measured in VAR - Volt Amp Reactive

Q = Vrms Irms sin() =

1
Vm Im sin()
2

= Im(S) = |S| sin()

Where all values are real scalars

Capacitors generate

Inductors consume

Instantaneous Power

Measured in W

Pinst = v(t) i(t)

Where

Pinst , v

and

are real scalars

Transformers
n=
n=turn

ns
np

ratio

ns =number

of secondary turns

np =number

of primary turns

VP IP = VS IS
VP =voltage

across primary coils

IP =current

through primary coils

VS =voltage

across secondary coils

IS =current

through secondary coils

10

 ZP =load

on primary side

Zs =load

on secondary side

Moving everything to primary side

d
0

VS =

VS
n

IS = Is n
0

ZS =

VS
ZS
= 2
0
n
IS

11

Moving everything to secondary side

VP = VP n
0

IP =

IP
n

ZP =

VP
= ZP n2
0
IP

DC Motors and Generators

12

Eg =

P ZN
60A

Eg =emf
P =number
=ux

of poles

per pole

Z =number

of armature conductors

N =rotations
A=number




per minute (rpm)

of parallel paths

=P for lap wound

=2 for wave wound

13