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Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 234 241

International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology, CINEST 2012

Hydrochemical Study of Groundwater in Sidoarjo Mud Volcano

Area, East Java Indonesia
Erika Purwaningsiha, Sudarto Notosiswoyoba*
a

Groundwater Engineering Program, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Ban dung,
Indonesia / Center for Groundwater Resource and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency
b
Research Group of Earth Resources Exploration , Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract
Mudflow phenomena that was occured in the Porong, Sidoarjo since May 29, 2006 has resulted in environmental impacts. One of
the impact is the decline in groundwater quality and the presence of gas bubbles in the wells of the population Hydrochemicha l
analysis is used to evaluate the quality of groundwater, to know the genesis systems and groundwater aquifers.
Hydrochemichalanalysis by Piper diagram show there are three groups of groundwater facies first is bicarbonate chloride facies,
chloride bicarbonate facies and chloride facies. Analysis of isotope deuterium ( 2H) and oxygen-18 isotope ( 18O) showed that
the water coming from the bubble is related to the hydrological cycle or meteoric water and groundwater around the center of the
water spray is included in formation water. Multivariate analysis resulted in two groups: the groundwater in the area of wate r
bursts originate from magmatic hydrothermal process while groundwater in wells comes from surface water. Compilation
parameters total dissolved solids and dissolved ion of groundwater contamination is divided into three zones, namely a low
polluted zone, middle polluted zone and high polluted zone with groundwater pollution spread pattern trending east/ northeast in
the direction of unconfined groundwater flow. The water that comes out with mud from the center bursts are thought to originate
from the volcanic sandstone confined aquifer lithology, the Upper Kalibengformation,Pliocene age.

Keywords : hydrochemistry; Piper diagram; isotope analysis; groundwater facies; groundwater genesis; mudflow

1. Introduction
Sidoarjo mudflow since May 2006 has caused environmental impacts. Environment that has been established
very long time has changed and become a mud puddle. The process of the mud volcano has caused a change in some
environmental components, one of which will affect the hydrogeological setting. One of the effects is the declining
quality of groundwater in the wells in the vicinity of the burst.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .

E-mail address: d_ica@yahoo.com.

1878-5220 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer review under responsibilty of Institut Teknologi Bandung and Kyushu University.
doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2013.01.032

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This research carried out mudflow and surrounding areas, including in Renokenongo, Jatirejo, Siring, and
Ketapang village, Porong district, Sidoarjo, East Java Province. Research areas approximately 100 km2 around the
mud volcano (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Location of research

2. Geology and Hydrogeology

2.1. Geology
Based on the Malang Geological Map 1:100,000 scale sheet Malang (Santoso and Suwarti, 1992), Sidoarjo and
surrounding areas (Figure 2) consists of rocks:
Alluvium (Qa): clay, mud, gravel, and gravel.
Kabuh formation (Qpk): tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous mudstone, clay, calcareous sandstone, clay, and tuff.
Pucangan formation (QTp): tuffaceous sandstone, conglomerate, claystone.
Upper Quaternary volcanic rocks (Qv (up)): volcanic breccias, lavas, tuffs, tuffaceous breccia, agglomerates.
TufRabano (Qvtr): sandy tuff, tuff batuapung, tuffaceous breccia and fine ash tuff.
Middle Quaternary volcanic rocks (Qv (m)): volcanic breccias, lavas, tuffs, tuffaceous breccia, agglomerates.
Lower Quaternary volcanic rocks (QPL): volcanic breccia, tuff breccias, lavas, tuffs and agglomerates Mountain
water pot.
Volcanic rocks Arjuna-Welirang (Qvaw): volcanic breccia, lava, tuffaceous breccia and tuff.
Lidah formation (Tpl): bluish claystone, there is a thin lens sandy loam.
2.2. Hydrogeology
Aquifer in the Sidoarjo region consist of sand, pebbles, gravel, sandstone, and limestone (Soekardi, 1980).
Hydrogeological character of these rocks are divided into loose and solid rock with different porosity and
permeability (Figure 3).

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Erika Purwaningsih and Sudarto Notosiswoyo / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 234 241

Figure 2.Sidoarjo geological map (SantosodanSuwarti, 1992)

Figure 3.Sidoarjohidrogeological map (Soekardi,1980)

3. Method
The method used in this research is the analysis of hydrochemical by Piper diagram to determine groundwater
facies. Isotope analysis by deuterium ( 2H ) and oxygen-18 ( 18O) used to determine the genesis of groundwater
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Multivariate analysis methods using Principle Component Analysis with the SPSS 17
software (Nugroho, Y., 2011) is used to classify the content of dissolved ions in groundwater.

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4. Result & Discussion

Hydrochemical analysis was carried out onthe ionsdissolved in thegroundwaterlaboratory analysis. There are
69groundwatersamples takenin the field (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Groundwater sampling location map

The analysis results of the main ion hydrochemical for groundwater samples taken from wells in the study area
showed that major cations abundant are sodium (Na +) with average value of 282.97 mg / l and calcium (Ca2+),
average of 104.94 mg / l. The main anion is abundant chloride ions (Cl -) with average of 514.50 mg / l and
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), average of 490.73 mg / l (Table 1).
Table 1. The amount of dissolved ions in groundwater samples in the study area

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Erika Purwaningsih and Sudarto Notosiswoyo / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 234 241

Groundwaterdrawn fromwell,majorcationsare sodium(Na+) withaveragecontent of193.33mg/land calcium(Ca2+)

withaverage of123.37mg/l. The mainanionischloride ions (Cl-), average of514.50mg/landbicarbonateions(HCO3-)
withaveragecontent of490.73mg/l. The watercomes frombubbles with majorcationsare sodium(Na +)
withaveragecontent of1906.67mg/land calcium(Ca2+)withaverage of177.70mg/l. The mainanionischloride ions (Cl-)
with average3702.57mg/landbicarbonateions(HCO3-) with a value of759.13mg/l.
The content of sodium ions present in most water from the mud area with average content of 7883.33 mg / l and
the smallest content of the borehole water (193.33 mg / l). Bursts area have the closest distance to the center spurt
that contains sodium ions are abundant and not mixed with other ions. Water sample from Porong river has a sodium
content greater than water sample from well because Porong river is contaminanted by mudflow.
The content of calcium ions (Ca2+) are the biggest value from burst area because this location is closest to the
center spurt. The content of dissolved chloride (Cl-) in the bursts area have the greatest value 14476.23 mg / l.
Dissolved chloride is probably derived from marine sediments so that the water is salty / brackish water (brine
water).
The content of lithium (Li+) in the bursts area with a value of 9.07 mg / l and the smallest on the river Porong.
Lithium probably derived from magmatic activity. The largest content of mercury (Hg), the largest found at the
Porongriver.
Piperdiagramanalysisproducesthreefacies: bicarbonatechloride facies(A, B), chloridebicarbonatefacies(C, D)
andfacieschloride(E) (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Piper diagram

Piperdiagram(Figure 5)shows thatthe pattern ofspread ofbicarbonatechloritefaciesinthe south, west andeast of the
centerspurt. Bicarbonatechloritefaciesin theeast of the centerspurtisbrackishwhereaschloritefacieshave the nature
ofsalt(Figure 6). Itshowsthat the nature andconcentration ofionsoriginatingfrom the centerspurtis still highin
theareaburstsandburstsbecome smallerwith distance. Isotope analysis by deuterium ( 2H) and oxygen-18 ( 18O)
used to determine thegenesisof the water (Figure 7).
The graph(Figure 7) shows thatmost of thewater samplesare on the linemeteoric. Water
samplesweretakeninthemudflowon the rightembankmentmeteoricline. According toDomenicoandSchwartz, 1990, a
positionthat isto the right ofthe lineindicatethatmeteoricwaterinside thebarrierandclose to the centerspurthas
reactedwith the rocksat high temperaturesandhas not beenmixed withsurface water. Water samplestakenin the
burstsareaoriginatefromformationwaterburstsout from the center.

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Figure 6. The pattern of the spread of groundwater facies

Figure 7. Correlation chart

H dan

18

The impactof Sidoarjomudflowallowingfor contaminationof groundwater.The results ofchemical analysisin the

laboratorycan be used tointerpretation anddetermine thepossibility ofcontaminationin the area surroundingthe
mudflow.Standardsareusedto
estimate
the
potentialcontaminationisthe
Ministerof
Health492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010onDrinking WaterQuality Requirements. Based on thevalue ofthe content
ofdissolvedionsingroundwaterpollutioncreatedzoningmapstodetermineareas
that
arecontaminatedand
potentiallycontamination.A
compilationofthe
mapzonesof
dissolvedionsexceeds
the
thresholdandtotaldissolvedsolidwillproduce
a
map
ofgroundwatercontaminationzonesin
the
areaand
surroundingPorongmud volcano(Figure 9).

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Erika Purwaningsih and Sudarto Notosiswoyo / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 234 241

Parametercontainsdissolved solids(TDS) is usedtodetermine thecontaminationzonesin the study area. The

threshold valuesfor theparameterTDSof 500mg/l. If theTDSvaluesexceed 500mg/l, the water unhealthyfor
consumption.Based on thezoningmap ofthe spread ofTDS(Figure 8) showpattern of spreadeastward.TDSvaluesare
inthe centerof the largestburstsof23 624mg/l.

Figure 8. Total dissolved solid zone map

Figure 9. Groundwater contamination zone map

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5. Conclusions
1. Faciesof
groundwaterin
the
study
areabyPiperdiagram:
bicarbonatechlorite
facies,
chloritebicarbonatefaciesandchlorite facies.
2. Analysis ofisotopedeuterium( 2H) andoxygen-18 isotope( 18O) showedthat thewatercoming from
thebubbleisrelated to thehydrologicalcycleormeteoricwaterand groundwateraround the center ofthe
watersprayis included information water.Multivariate analysisresulted in twogroups: thegroundwaterin
theareaofwaterburstsoriginatefrommagmatichydrothermalprocesswhilegroundwaterinwellscomes
fromsurfacewater
3. Groundwater contaminationcan be divided into threezones, namelya lowpollutedzone, middlepolluted
zoneandhighpollutedzonewithgroundwaterpollutionspreadpatterntrendingeast/northeast in the directionof
unconfined groundwaterflow. The waterthat comes outwithmudfrom the centerburstsare thought to
originatefrom the volcanicsandstone confined aquiferlithology, theUpperKalibengformation Plioceneage.
Acknowledgements
The authors thanks to the head of the Center for Water Resources Soil and Environmental Geology of data usage
permission. Not forgetting also the author would like to thanks Dr. IrwanIskandar, Dr. D. Erwin Irawan, Dr.Eng.
Imam AchmadSadisun for their guidance and discussion.Thanks also goes to the friend's at Center for Groundwater
Resource and Environmental Geology and Groundwater Engineering Study Program for the suggestions, feedback,
and discussion.
References
1. Domenico, P. A., dan Schwartz, F.W., 1990, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Freeze, R. A., dan Cherry, J. A., 1979, Groundwater, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
3.

Scripta Media Creative, Yogyakarta.

4. Regulation of the Minister of Health No.492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 About Drinking Water Quality Requirements, Ministry of Health,
Jakarta.
5. Santoso, S., dan Suwarti T., 1992, Geological Map, Sheet Malang Scale 1:100.000, Geological Research and Development Centre,
Bandung.
6. Soekardi,R., 1984, Hydrogeological map sheet Surabaya Scale 1 : 250.000, Directorate of Environmental Geology, Bandung.
7. Wahyudin, 2010, Monitoring of Groundwater Quantity and Quality areas of East Java's Sidoarjo Mudflow, Center for Environmental
Geology, Bandung.