Skin surface

of the Lip
Lining
Epitheliu
m

Keratinized str.
.Squ. Epi
maho thin skin )
3ady zay bta3
(sana 1

Nerve
endings

Rich in nerve
endings

Rests on

Layer of
connective tissue
(dermis)abundant
elastic fibers &
blood capillaris

Contain

Sweat Glands
Sebaceous
Glands
Hair Follicles

Red Margin

Mucous
Surface

Thick,
Transparent nonKeratinized str.
.Squ. Epi
thick skin bta3 )
sana 1 brdo :D
bo3tbr
transitional
(zone

Thick,transluce
nt nonkeratinized str.
.Squ. Epi
zay elle ablo )
brdo,but
contain
abundant
glycogen
(granules
Richly supplied
by nerve
endings

Long vascular
connective tissue
projections(papill
ae)
Richly supplied
by large n. of
blood capillaries
& sensory N.
endings
Red color bec. Of
: reflextion of the
blood capillaries
in the CT.
Papillae under
.translucent epi

Corium of dense
connective
tissue that
project into the
epi. To form
papillae

BV,Lymphatics ,
Nerves,Fat cells,
Labial glands
open in the
vestibule(muco
us acini)

The main bulk of the Lip is formed of striated muscles fibers (Orbicularis
.Oris )among a fibro-elastic connective tissue

Lingual Papillae
Filiform
Number

Shape

Distribut
ion

Epitheli
um

Secondr
y
Papillae

Fungif Circumvallat Folliate

orm
e

Most
numerous
Fili shabah)
"= "Fill
3shan kda hya
(kteer
Long,Slinder,C
onical
inclinationin
antro-posterior
direction
"The Longest"
shabah)
("L"m2lop

Few
w de msh)
fili tb2a 3ks
elle
(ablaha :P

6-14

Rudimentar
,y in human
Well
developed
in rodents

Small,clubshaped
thesummit is
rounded &
broader
than the
base

,Large
Rectangular
Has trench
into which
serous
glands
ducts open

Rows parallel
to gustatory
line over
ant.2/3 of the
dorsum of the
tongue
Keratinized
str. Squ.epi.
split at the tip
(shed with
saliva)

Intersperse
d among
filiform
Numerousat the tip &
edges
Nonkeratinized
str.
.Squ.epi

Large,triangular,fla
ttened upper
surface &narrow
base(the largest)
visible by naked
eye
Has trench whereVon Ebner's glands
pour their
secretion into
Aligned just in
front of the
gustatory line

Very poorly
developed

Short
project into
CT core

Non-keratinized
.str. Squ.epi

Short

At the Sides
in deep
clefts at the
junction btn
ant. & post.
parts
Nonkeratinized
.str. Squ.epi

Long,promi
nent
Occuping
3/4 of the
papillae
lenght

Taste
Buds

Lacking

Notes

In GIT
disturbance &
fever
accumulation
of keratin
occur & mixed
with bacteria
forming grey
film(coated
tongue)

Few,scatter
ed over the
upper
surface
highlyvascular CT
core so
appear redhighly
vascular CT
core so
appear red

Numerous
,confined to the
sides of the
papillae
Von Ebners
Glands:serous
glands,at the
buttom of the
trench secrete
lipase enzyme &
dissolving food
particles to be
tasted

Numerous
&peresnt at
the sides

Mucous
Acini

Serous Acini

Mixed
Acini

Cell
number

5-7

3-5

secretion

Mucus (viscid
secretion rich in
mucin
glycoprotein)

Mainly mucous
cells with some
serous cells in
btn
Pour directly to
the lumen

Glands

Sublingual &
Palatine Glands

Histologic
al section

Pale,
large,rounded or
oval with
relatively wide
lumen

Watery secretion rich in

salts,proteins &
enzymes(amylase,lysozy
mes ,peroxidase, DND &
RNA nucleases)
Parotid & Von Ebner's
Submandibular
Glands
& sublingual
Glands
Small,deeply
Mucous cells
stained,rounded with
appear
narrow lumen
surrounded by
deeply stained
caps of serous
cells (cresents
of Gianuzzi or
serous

demilunes)

Epi.Lining

Nuclei
Cytoplasm

Organelles

Basketcell
s

Capsule &
Septa

Irrigular,broad
cuboidal or
pyramidal with
distinct
boundries
Flattened basal
Pale vacuolated
due to
dissolution of
mucinogen
granules
At the base:few
arrays of
rER,few
mitocondria,well
developed Golgi
Apex: croweded
mucigen
granules
Numerous to
help drainage of
the thick mucus
into the ducts

Short pyramidal cells

with
Indistinct boundries

eccentric

At the base:few arrays

of rER,few
mitocondria,well
developed Golgi,free
ribosomes
Apex: croweded
secretory
granules(zymogen)
Few

Parotid

Submandib
ular

Sublingual

Thick & well

developed

Moderately thick

Thin
Well developed

Fat cells

Large number
Increase with age

Less numerous

Secretory
Acini

serous

Serous 80%:
mucous 20%

mucous 99%
serous 1%

Intercalary
ducts:Secr
etory
striated
ducts

50%:50%

80%:20%

99%:1%
Very short &
poorly developed
the gland possesses
multiple ducts
that empty into
submandibular
duct or directly
onto the floor of
the mouth

Intralobular
Intercal

SSD

Interlob
ular

Intrlo
bar

Main
Duct

ary

Epi.
Lini
ng

Flat or low
cuboidal
cells

Cuboidalor low
columnar cells
with indistinct
boundries

Tall columnar
.epi

Drai
n

Secretory
units

Intercalary
Ducts

Fun
.c

SSD leaving
the lobule
with wider
lumen

Add
Pumping Na+
bicarbonates out
Absorb Cl
Add water

N.P

Very short
Absecent in
mucous
glands
represents the 1st
segment

LM

EM

Mitocondria :
straited
appearance
denoting active
ion transport

Large,eosinophi
lic rounded or
oval struc. With
.wide lumen
central rounded nuclei
eosinophilic granular
cytoplasm
Basal cell
membrane
forms deep
infoldings
lodging many
regularly
arranged
mitocondria

Found within
intraloblular
CT. septa btn
lobules

Pseudostr
.
Columnar
.epi

:Beginning
Str.
Columnar
epi. Then
become
Nonkeratinized
.str. Squ.epi

Found in
interloba
r septa
btn lobes

Formed by
the union of
interlobar
ducts
open into oral cavity

Fundic Glands

Cardiac
Glands

Pyloric
Glands

Type

Simple branched tubular glands

Perpendicular to stomach wall

Simple or
branched
tubular,the
lower part is
coiled , wide
lumen

Branched,tubu
lar with wide
lumen

C.T
corium

Minimal so closely packed & parallel

N.P: every 5-7 glands open into the
buttom of a gastric pit

Cell lining

Isthmus Neck

Base

Comes in
confluence
with gastric
pit

Narrow
segment
below
isthmus

Surface -1
mucous
cells
-2
regeneratin
g stem cells

Mucous -1
neck cells
stem cells-2
oxyntic -3
cells

follows neck region

greater portion of
lenth of
gland
divides into 2-3 branches
and become
coiled near
its buttom
Numerous -1
peptic cells
oxyntic -2
cells
occasional -3
mucous neck
cells
isolated -4
enteroendocr
ine cells

Larger amount

Shorter than
those of the
body &
separated by
larger amount
of C.T. forming
corium of
mucosa

Mucous- -1
secreting cells
few parietal-2
cells
few -3
undifferentiat
ed cells
occasional -4
enteroendocri
ne cells

Mucous- -1
secreting cells
(columnar,flatt
ened basal
nuclei, secret
mucus &
lysozymes)
some -2
enteroendocri
ne cells
(particularly Gcells, few D-

cells & ECcells)

peptic & -3
oxyntic cells
(near pyloric
sphincter)

Mucous
Oxyntic
neck cell cell
(Parietal
)
place

Neck
region,interp
ersed with
parietal cells

.Epi

Low
columnar
Less regular
than surface
mucous cells
short &
scanty in
luminal
surface
Tight &
adhering in
lateral
membrane

Micro
-villi
Junct
ions

Peptic
cell
)
Zymogen
(

EnteroUndifferen
endocrin tiated(ste
e
m cell)

Upper 1/2
Lower third of
rare in base- the gland
btn mucous neck cells &
BM
Rounded or
Columnar cells
pyramidal
,apex toward
lumen

Base of
gastric gland
btn peptic
cells
(APUD)Pyramidal,
wide base ,
narrow apex

in active
cells,
tubulovesicu
lar structure

Short on
apical
surface
(open)
Confined to BM near BC
(closed)
Reach the lumen (open)

Neck region

Low columnar

Nucle Basal ,
spherical
i

,rounded 1-2
vesicular

Cyto
plas
m

Apex: filled
with
secretory
granules
contain
mucus
secretion
Few
mitocondria,
well
developed
Golgi,rER

Intense
,eosinophilia
Actin &
myosin
flaments

Strongely
basophilic
basal &
acidophilic
apical

Small Golgi,
few rE
granules, no
secretory
granules,abu
ndant
scattered
mitocondria

Mucus isa
soluble to
lubricate
gastric
content

HCl formation &

secretion
production of intrinsic
factor to
absorp B12

Apical
secretory
granules
contain
pepsinogen,
supranuclearG
olgi,ribosomes,
parallel
cisternae of
rER
Production &
secretion of
digestive
enzymes,
pepsin, lipase

Orga
nelle
s

Func
tion

EC cells

Basal in & .mitosis

Prominent
nucleoli

ECL
cells

Small basal
secretory
granules

Free ribosomes
& polysomes,
well developed
Golgi, scanty
rER &
mitocondria

Secrete
peptide
hormone(par
acrine,autocr
ine,
endocrine)

Upward
replacing cells
of gastric pits &
surface mucous
cells
Downward to
new mucous
neck cells,
parietal,chief &
endocrine cells

G cells

D cells

A
cells

secreti
on

serotonin

histami
ne

gastrin

functio
n

Gastric motility

N.P

-5
hydroxytrypta
mine

Gastric - HCl secretio secretion

n
from
oxyntic
cells
proliferatio
n&
differentiati
on from
stem cells
Gastric motility
Abundant
at pyloric
antrum

somatosta Enterotin
glucag
on
Inhibition Raise
of other
blood
enteroend glucos
o-crine
e level
cells
by
hepatic
glycoly
sis

Discriptio
n
Place
Function

:Mucosa
Epi -1
Lamina -2
propria
-3
Musculari
s

Submuco
sa

Oesophagus

Stomach

Muscular organ , 25 cm

Most dilated segment

Greatest part in the thorax except

terminal 3-4 cm in abdominal
cavity through diaphragm
Transport of masticated food
bolus from mouth to stomach
.Non-keratinized str. Squ.epi -1
With langerhan's cells to resist
friction
continous renewal by mitosis loose CT rich in BV,N & -2
.lymphatics
uppermost part has mucosal oesophgeal glands (tubular,
mucous secreting,neutral for
protection, lined by columnar
cells)
S.M-3
upper third: abscent but represented by elastic fibers & SM
bundles
at level of cricoid cartilage: continous layer of longitudinal Sm
fibers
lower third: inner circular & outerlongitudinal Sm layers
Dense irrigular C.T has large BV,
lymphatics & submucosal
oesophgeal glands (compound
tubuloalveolar mucous glands,
lined by tall culomnar cells,
compressed nuclei to the base by
mucus droplets, acidic mucous for
lubrication)

Add acidic fluid to ingested food,

transform it into chyme & digestion
by proteolytic enzyme
Fundus &
Cardiac Pylorus
body
short -1
Narrow
wide -1
narrow gastric zone at
deep
pits in 1/5 of
the
gastric
.height
transitio pids >1/2
simple n btn
of height.
columnar epi. oesopha Has
(surface
gus &
pyloric
mucous cell)
stomach .glands
scant loose -2
inner -3
vascularized
circular &
C.T. has
outer
gastric glands
longitudi
& lenticulate
nal layers
nodules
of Sm
thin layers -3
undernea
of inner
th the
circular &
bases of
outer
the
longitudinal
glands
layers
thick layer of dense C.T. contain collagen & elastic fibers,
lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast &
plasma cells, many arterioles
,venous & lymphatic pluxes

Musculos
a

inner circular & outer longitudinal Sm layers

upper third:striated M. / in the middle: mixture/ lower third :Sm
only

/Serosa
Fibrosa

loose areolar C.T. connects it to surrounding structures

(Adventitia)
in abdomen covered by mesothelium

Functio
n

Duodenum

Jejunum

Receives enzymes &

alkaline buffer from
pancreas and bile from
the liver

The main function of small

intestine is completion of
digestion & absorption
the absorptive surface is increased by about 400-500
times by modification of
luminal surface
Proximal 2/5
Distal 3/5

Size
Plicae
circular
is
Villi

Thick layer of spiral SM, inner

oblique,middle circular, outer
longitudinal at cardiac region but
.intermingled in the rest
Autonomic plexus btn muscle fibers
for contrac. regulation
loose C.T. covered by visceral layer of peritoneum (serosa)

Most numerousrelatively short, broadLeaf like so absorption

follow the jejunum

Ileum

Most developed
(permanent,
const. of mucosa
&submucosa,
having semilunar
or spiral shape)
Most numerous in- Finger like
the proximal part
Least in
Longest, thinnerabsorption
Finger like so
.absorption is max

Microvil
le

Modification of the plasmalemma of the epi. Cells

covering the villi

Mucos
a

cover the villi & lines the crypts of Lieberkuhn, each is

: formed of
a)central core of loose C.T. rich in lymphoid cells.
Contain : Capillary loops, a blindly ended lymphatic
channels (lacteal) & few smooth muscles
loose C.T. forms the core of villi & occupies
corium -2
the space btn the crypts
contain
it's occupied by intestinal glands (crypts of (Peyer's
Lieberkuhn)
patches)
contain large n. of lymphocytes, macrophages & plasma cells bec. The
mucosa is exposed to a lumen containing
ingested sub. & bacterial flora
underlying the bottom of the Crypt

.epi
lamina
propria

muscula
ris
mucosa

Submuc
osa

Musculos
a&
Serosa

:N.B

Its 1st part is occupied by

Brunner's Glands

In all parts formed

of dense CT.
contain Bld
capillaries,
lymphatics and
nerves
Conform to their regular structure

Extensions of
peyer's
patches
usually seen

Brunner's Glands: compound tubulo-alveolar, which -1

duct open into the buttom of duodenal crypts. They
secrete mucous secretion of alkaline nature to protect the
intestinal mucosa against the harmful acidity of the
received gastric chyme. It also creates a suitable milieu for
.the activity of the digestive intestinal enzymes
Peyer's patches: aggregations of lymphoids -2

nodules opposite the mesenteric attachment (antimesentric). They penetrate through muscularis
mucosa and appear in the submucosa. The epi.
Over them is usually flattened and lacking villi
.(ironed)
Most of the lymphoid tissue nodules forming the
Peyer's patches have pale germinal centres that
are occupied by lymphoblasts and antibodyproducing Plasma cells particularly IgA. They
are surrounded by T-lymphocytes & macrophages.
The antibody IgA is released across the mucosal
epi. Cells into the lumen as 1 of the components of
the intestinal secretion (IgA) to interact with
.antigens
crypts of Liebekuhn: simple tubular glands that -3
extend down to muscularis mucosa and open in the
.bases of the villi

Intest Enterocytes
inal
villi
Functi
on

.Epi

Lumina
l
surfac
e

Microvi
lli

Play a role in terminal

digestion & absorption

Goblet cells

Secrete viscid
glycoprotein mucus
to protect the epi.
From abrasion &
prevent adhesion
and invasion by
pathogenic bacteria
Tall columnar with oval
Unicellular gland,
basal nuclei
less abundant in
duodenum &
increase towards
ileum
Prominent striated
Apex: has an
border with closely
expanded cup
packed microvilli
shaped rim of
each cell has 3000 cytoplasm (theca)
microvilli to increase
filled with pale
surface area btn
secretion
absorptive surface &
Base: narrow
digested metabolites
extending down to
the basal lamina &
contain a flattened
nucleus
Cylindrical protrusion of - Few restricted to
apical cytoplasm,
the peripheral zone
consists of a cell
of the apex but the
membrane with
remaining surface
prominent cell coat
over the secretory
enclosing a core of actin
granules is smooth
filaments that extend
down to apical cytoplasm
to intermingle with
transversely oriented
cytoskeletal filaments
forming terminal webs
with the apex of each
.cell
the site of activity of -

M cells
(microfold)
Act as antigen
presenting cell:
sampling Ag &
transport them to
peyer's patches to
induce an appropriate
immune response
Broad Specialized epi.
Cells found among
intestinal epi. Of
ileum overlying
Peyer's patches
Basal cell membrane
Show deep
invaginations that
form pockets that
occupied by
lymphocytes &
pseudopodia of
macrophages forming
lymphatic
aggregations under
.the epi
Few , short , more
loosely packed than
enterocytes

many digestive enzymes

as disuccharidases &
.dipeptidases

Lateral
surfac
e
Cytopl
asm

Plicated & interdigitated

with neighboring cells,
bound by junctional
complexes to seal the
.lumen from C.T
Under the terminal webs
contains a number of
mitochondria, lysosomes,
lipid droplets, small
Golgi complex, few
arrays of rER, well
developed network of sE
cisternae that has a role
in re-estrification &
absorption of fat

Narrow rim contain

scattered
mitochondria,
cisternae of rER ,
large Golgi, many
intermediate
filaments &
microtubules that
help transport of
secretory granules
from apical
cytoplasm to
secretory surface
Enteroendocrine cells: few in the villi but more abundant in the deep
intestinal crypts

Intest Stem
inal
cells
Gland
s

Few
Goblet
absorptiv cells
e
columnar

Paneth
Cells

Place

Lower 1/2
of
intestinal
crypts

Small n. in
crypts

The base of
intestinal
crypts

basal location in
intestinal crypts
greatest num. & )
variety in
duodenum &
(jejunum

Funct
ion

Usually in
mitosis to
proliferat
e,
migrate
and
differentia
te into

Form & secrete

antibacterial
agents as
lysosomes to
digest bacterial
wall to control
microbial flora

EC: serotonin
GLI: glucagon like
hormone (ileum,
rectum, colon)
D : somatostatin
G : Gastrin( 1st
duodenum)
regulates HCL

Increase in
num. toward
the ileum
Usually in the
upper part of
the gland,
only few seen
in the
lower1/2

Enteroendocrine
zymogen) Cells
(

other
types

H&E

EM

Columnar
with basal
oval
nuclei

secretion in
stomach
S : Secretin peptide
hormone
Similar to
those lining
the villi

Similar to
those lining
the villi

Pyramidal with
ovoid basal
nuclei, has
deep basophilic
cytoplasm near
the cell base &
acidophilic
granules in the
apex
Protein
synthesizing
cell, well
developed
Golgi, basal
rER m apical
secretory
granules,
lysosomes

Belong to diffuse
neuroendocrine
system