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INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation, or clarification, is the process of separation of suspended
particles heavier than water by using the force of gravity.
Suspended materials may be of different types and specific gravities, may or
may not be biodegradable or can be of different shapes and sizes.
The basic principles of sedimentation is applied to design many different units
in a wastewater treatment plant:
a) Grit Removal Facilities
b) Primary Sedimentation or Settling Tanks
RECTANGULAR
PLATE
SLUDGE
SETTLER
THICKENER
OR
LAMELLA
CLARIFIER
D
B
Drag Force
Force of Buoyancy
sVg
4
s ( r 3 ) g
3 3
4 d
3
s ( ) g s ( d ) g
3 8
6
B = Force of Buoyancy
= Weight of displaced water
Vg
4 d3
3
( )g ( d )g
3 8
6
1
CD Av 2
2
W Force of Gravity
D
B
Drag Force
Force of Buoyancy
v
s ( d ) W B D
6
t
3
Mass
Net Forces
Acceleration
W Force of Gravity
The particle accelerates for a short while, until it reaches a
terminal velocity and then it maintains the velocity through out
the time it falls through the liquid media
v
s ( d ) W B D
6
t
3
v
0
t
W BD 0
1
s ( d 3 ) g ( d 3 ) g CD Av 2 0
6
6
2
4 g ( s )d
v
3
C
2
t
4 g ( s )d
vt
3
C
1
2
N Re
vt d vt d
CD
24
N Re
24
3
CD
0.34
N Re
N Re
CD 0.4
In laminar zone,
4
vt
3
2
CD
24
N Re
vt d vt d
N Re
g ( s )d 4 g ( s )d g ( s )d
24
CD 3
18
vt d
N Re
g ( s )d 2
vt
18
Find out the terminal velocity of a sand particle of size 10 m and density of
2.6 g/cc. Consider the dynamic viscosity of water to 10-3 kg/m.s and density to
be 1g/cc.
Assume that it is in the laminar zone
18
X
10
18
v d
Check: Whether in laminar zone
N Re t
8
.
72
X
10
m/ s
3
18
18 X 10
8.72
>1, Not in the laminar zone.
CD
24
3
24
3
0.34
0.34 4.107
N Re
8.72
N Re
8.72
4 g ( s )d
vt
3
C
CD
1/ 2
24
3
24
3
0.34
0.34 1.03
N Re
71
N Re
71
4 g ( s )d
vt
3
C
CD
1/ 2
0.14m / s
140
24
3
24
3
0.34
0.34 0.76
N Re
140
N Re
140
4 g ( s )d
vt
3 CD
CD
0.071m / s
1000kg / m3 X 0.071m / sX 10 3 m
N Re
10 3 kg /( m.s)
1/ 2
0.165m / s
1000kg / m3 X 0.165m / sX 10 3 m
N Re
103 kg /( m.s)
165
24
3
24
3
0.34
0.34 0.72
N Re
165
N Re
165
1/ 2
4 g ( s )d
vt
3
C
0.17m / s
170
71
GRIT CHAMBERS
Grit chambers are designed to remove mostly inorganic solids > 0.2 mm and
specific gravity of about 2.5 to 2.65
Removal is commonly effected using:
Settlement
Separation using a vortex
Settlement in the presence of aeration (to keep the lighter organic particles in
suspension)
Three Types of Grit Chambers:
a) Horizontal constant velocity grit chamber
b) Vortex Type
c) Aerated Grit chamber
Section A-A
A
(b) Parabolic channel section and Parshall flume
Velocity control sections for horizontal grit channels
Vt
The particle will travel vertically from A to B in the same time as it takes to travel
horizontally from A to B
This is the detention time and is given by
Q
AS
Q
vh
BH
H L
td
vt vh
H Q
Q
Q
H
vt vh .
L BH BL AS
L
is known as surface loading rate or overflow rate
Example: Will a grit particle with a diameter of 0.2 mm and a specific gravity of 2.65 be
collected in a horizontal grit chamber that is 13.5 m in the length if the average flow in the
grit chamber is 0.15 cum/sec, the width of the chamber is 0.56 m and the horizontal velocity
is 0.25 m/s. WW temperature is 22 deg C. Viscosity is 0.993 X 10-3 Pa.s at 22 deg C. Density
of water at 22 deg C is 997.77 kg/ m3
Q = 0.15 cum/s; L = 13.5 m; W= 0.56 m; vh=0.25 m/s; d=0.2 mm
g ( s )d 2 9.81(2650 997.77)(0.2 X 10 3 ) 2
3.61X 10 2 m / s
vs
18
18 X 0.000993
4 g ( s )d
vt
0.03m / s
3
C
0
.
6
m
h
1.07 m
Ac = C/S area of the tank =
0.25
0.56
13.5m
1.07
54 s
Time to reach at the bottom =
Detention time =
39 s
0.25m / s
0.0274
24
3
24
3
CD
0.34
0.34 4.76
N Re
7
.
25
N Re
7.2 5
CAPTURED
Volume provided for grit storage depends on cleaning frequency and grit
quantities
0.3
The grit collects in the grit pot as the center cone directs flow away from the base, up
and around the center shaft into the inside of the dip plate. (blue arrow)
The upward flow rotates at a slower velocity than the outer downward flow. The
resulting shear zone scrubs out the finer particles.
The concentrated grit underflow is pumped or gravity fed to a grit classifier for
dewatering. (brown arrow)
3
18
18 X 10
24
3
N Re
N Re
4 g ( s )d
24
3
v
0.34
0.34 4.79 t
3
C
7.2
D
7.2
1/ 2
0.03m / s
STEP 2. SIZING
vt v p
Q
As
40000m3 / d
3600 sec/ hr * 24hr / day
0.0278m / sec
As
As 16.64m2
Depth of a grit tank is generally kept at 1.5 m.
Time of detention required = t d
H
1.5m
54s
vt 0.0278m / s
As 16.64m 2
0.8m
L
21
Vt
The detention time for a primary settling tank usually ranges between 1 to 2 hours.
The settling velocity of the particles with size 0.05mm are in the range of 0.3 mm/s
or 1.2 m/hr . Hence, a detention time of 2 hrs (2.4 m depth) is adequate
The particle will travel vertically from A to B in the same time as it takes to travel
horizontally from A to B
H L
Q
AS
vh
Q
BH
H Q
Q
Q
H
vt vh
L BH BL AS
L
D1
Wastewater is introduced
through the central shaft
and then it spreads
H horizontally. Radial
velocity changes as the
liquid spreads out
towards the periphery.
vr
vs
dh
r
D2
At radius r, vr
vs 2H
dh
0
Q
Q
2rH
R2
rdr
R1
dr
R2
dh vs vs * 2rH
Slope of the curve =
dr
vr
vs 2H
.rdr
Q
vs 2H 1 2
vs H . ( R22 R12 ) vs H . As
2
H
. .( R2 R1 )
Q
2
Q
Q
dh
vs
Q
AS
H vs t d
Item
Value
Range
Typical
1.5 -2.5
2.0
33- 50
80-120
100
125-500
250
- Depth, m
3-4.5
3.6
- Length, m
15-100 m
25-40
- Width, m
3 -24
5-10
0.6-1.2
1.0
- Depth, m
3 4.5
3.6
- Diameter, m
3 60
12-45
65-165
85
Circular
Scour Velocity
8k(Ss 1 )gd
vh
1/ 2
Darcy-Weisbach friction
factor 0.02-0.03
Settling Zone
Outlet Channel
Overflow weir
V1
V2
V1<1 m/s
V2<0.3 m/s
Baffle Type Inlet
OUTLET ARRANGEMENTS OF A
RECTANGULAR SETTLING TANK
Baffle
Weir
Outlet
Channel
LONG-SECTION
SELECTION OF BASIN
Rectangular Basins
Rectangular basins are commonly found in large-scale water treatment
plants. Rectangular tanks are popular as they tend to have:
High tolerance to shock overload
Predictable performance
Cost effectiveness due to lower construction cost
Lower maintenance
Minimal short circuiting
Circular and Square Basins
Circular basins are frequently referred to as clarifiers.
Requires much smaller area.
These basins share some of the performance advantages of the
rectangular basins, but are generally more prone to short circuiting and
particle removal problems. RAT HOLING Problem may occur
For square tanks the design engineer must be certain that some type of
sludge removal equipment for the corners is installed.