Reflexology Entire Course in PDF

Reflexology 401
Introduction to
Reflexology: Guide
When mankind went barefoot,
walking on sand or uneven
ground was a partial reflexology
treatment.
India, China, Egypt, etc.,
practiced reflexology for
thousands of years ago.
When we put on shoes we lost
direct contact with the earth and
were no longer grounded to it.
We lost the natural exchange
between the body's electrical
currents and those of the earth.
Introduction to the Course

Welcome to the Herbn
Home Online Reflexology
Course! I have taught this
same course for the past
four years to many people
including mothers, teachers,
alternative practitioners,
doctors and nurses. The
response has been so
overwhelming that many of
my students asked me to
put this same course online
so they could share it with
their friends. My goal in doing this is twofold to make the information itself
available to you but also to make myself available to you as well. I have been
practicing Reflexology professionally for the past three years and have been involved
in natural healing for many years. I have found over the years that practitioners have
their own unique experience and wisdom and I hope to share what I have learned with
you as well as all the book information.
I have been involved in natural healing for more than 12 years, however, I originally
used my reflexology training on my family only. I was too busy interviewing my
clients, doing iridology readings and helping them chose the right herbs and diet.
When they needed body-work I would often refer them to a massage therapist or
Reiki healing.
However, in my own family I used it to stop asthma attacks, to heal nerve
dysfunction, to clear colds and flus out of the system and to halt pain in its tracks. It
was only recently that I was implored to use it on my clients as well when one could
find no other relief from their pain. One client with fibromyalgia had tried doctors,
herbs and even some aromatherapy but nothing seemed to work. I suggested sending
her to the massage therapist but she didnt want to deal with yet another practitioner.
I like you, she said. Isnt there anything you can do for me?
Although I was quite busy at the time I said to her, Lets do a reflexology treatment
for you. That is what I would use for my own family. An hour later she said that she
felt better than she had in her entire life. Over the course of that first year I integrated
reflexology more and more into my practice and now I use it as a standard part of my
first visit with a client. For a full session I give clients 45 minutes one hour of
reflexology. During their first meeting with me I give them 15 minutes 30 minutes
of reflexology. I also started teaching some clients how to use this technique so they
could manage their pain. The response was so overwhelming I cannot even imagine
NOT using reflexology now in my consulting!
Reflexology has become an integral part of my healing practice and I know it can
become an integral part of your life too. It is a superb way to deal with pain and to
create a catalyst reaction in the body, which will help everything to work faster (herbs
and aromatherapy) and heal better.
The following is an outline of the course. The teaching method I use in my online
course is to send the student the course one chapter at a time. When they are finished
with that chapter they write to me to request the quiz and I send it to them. As you
finish each quiz please send it back and I will send you the next chapter. I find that
this encourages interaction between the students and myself. It also creates more of a
live atmosphere for the student. Included in this e-mail is the first chapter.
Working Online: Challenges and Joys
It is such a joy to work online! Vast amounts of information can be sent for free
without postage, having to purchase books or even go to the post office to ship a
package! In addition, students can work on their own time and at their own pace. It is
also very easy to update a course and provide links for students that are constantly
being updated. Last, but not least, the Internet can connect students with courses that
they would never be able to attend otherwise. However, there are also challenges to
working on the Internet and one must be aware of those too.
From your end: Please follow general safety rules when doing the course. When you
download materials always scan the attachments first. In addition, when you do the
quiz, it is a good idea to save your work frequently so you do not lose it. It is also a
good idea to save all messages you send to me so that if one gets lost you can re-send
it easily.
From my end: Keep in mind that part of the year I am overseas and thus my time zone
is about 9 hours ahead of the USA time zone. Additionally, I am sometimes away
from my computer for two-three days at a time to attend seminars or to give courses.
This means that in a normal week it may take me up to three days to answer your email. This is usually not an issue for most students but if you DO have an urgent
request please call me at 011-966-3-878-2903.
General Internet: I have also found, with my many years of Internet experience that
delayed and deleted mail is sometimes a problem due to sender, receiver or even
Internet provider error. One time I received a Yahoo message in my box that was
dated a month before. It arrived a month later as if nothing strange had ever
happened! Keeping this in mindConsider that if I do not respond to you within a
week you should assume I might never have received your message. Please re-send it.
Outline of the Course

Chapter One: History and Theory in Reflexology
History of Reflexology
How Reflexology Works
What Reflexology Accomplishes
How to Prepare a Workspace
How to Prepare the Client
How to Prepare the Feet
Reflexology Charts
Chapter Two: Evaluation of the Foot
The Initial Evaluation of the Foot
Signs on the Foot
Chapter Three: Interviewing the Client and Planning the Session
Asking Questions
Planning the Session
Short Course in Anatomy
Chapter Four: Applying Techinque
Applying Technique
The First Session
Following a Pattern in the Session
Recording Comments, Observations
Finishing the Session, Asking Client About
Chapter Five: Using the Foot Charts
The Map of the Foot (Western)
Traditional Western Reflexology Points/ Methods
The First Pass
The Second Pass
The Solar Plexis Press
Chapter Six: Su-Jok and Other Techniques
The Map of the Foot (Oriental)
Su-Jok Techniques and Methods
Finding the Right Point
Stimulating the Points
Chapter One: History & Theory of Reflexology

What is Reflexology?
Controlled Studies in Reflexology
How to Prepare a Workspace
Reflexology Charts
A BRIEF HISTORY OF REFLEXOLOGY to share with your clients
The practice of reflexology may have a long history stemming from the distant past. It seems in most
ancient cultures there is a tradition of working on the feet to help the body balance itself. Generally
ancient cultures have an oral tradition. However, some evidence of reflexology may be found in
artwork. For instance, in Egypt, in the physician's tomb (2300 B.C.) there can be found a pictograph,
which may be evidence of reflexology being applied. In Asia, several examples also have been cited.
Modern Reflexology is based on the work of two American physicians, Dr. William Fitzgerald and Dr.
Joe Shelby Riley of the 1920's and on that of physiotherapist Eunice D. Ingham who developed
Fitzgerald and Riley's knowledge into a usable therapy, calling it Foot Reflexology and took it to the
public in the late 1930's through the early 70's.
The scientific basis to Reflexology begins in the last century. In the 1890's knighted research scientist
and medical doctor, Sir Henry Head demonstrated the neurological relationship that exists between the
skin and the internal organs. Nobel prize winner, Sir Charles Sherrington proved that the whole
nervous system and body adjusts to a stimulus when it is applied to any part of the body. Around the
same time in Germany, Dr. Alfons Cornelius observed pressure to certain spots triggered muscle
contractions, changes in Blood pressure, variation in warmth and moisture in the body as well as
directly affecting the 'physic processes', or mental state of the patient. The Russians, beginning with
Drs Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekhterev, have also been exploring reflex responses in the body for
nearly a century.
In the last 30 years, because of Eunice Inghams traveling around the country teaching groups of people
her method of reflexology (the Ingham Method) a grassroots following of reflexology emerged in the
US. In that time practicing reflexologists have emerged, more than 30 reflexology books have been
published, and the number of magazine articles published has risen by 500 percent since 1982.
Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988.
Today recent research studies have been conducted around the world, including in the US, which are
validating the effectiveness of Reflexology on a wide variety of conditions. Chronic conditions seem to
respond especially well to Reflexology. In China, where reflexology is accepted by the central
government as a means of preventing and curing diseases and preserving health, over 300 research
studies have shown reflexology provided some improvement to 95% of the over 18,000 cases covering
64 illnesses studied. In Japan and Denmark, reflexology has been incorporated into the employee
health programs of several large corporations saving each company thousands of dollars annually in
paid out sick leave benefits.
Many of our health problems can be linked to stress. It is an acknowledged fact by the medical
community that a body trying to function while under the influence of prolonged stress is less capable
of organizing its defenses against illnesses and repair damage caused by injury. Stress can be either
mentally, emotionally, physically, or environmentally induced. Reflexology is primarily a relaxation
technique. Reflexology can negate the effects of stress while it helps the body relax. Through the
relaxation process the body is more capable of dealing with the stresses placed on it by daily living and
those associated with illness. Reflexology gently nudges the body towards better functioning by
improving lymphatic drainage and venous circulation, simulation to the nerve pathways, and muscle
relaxation.While historically Reflexology has anecdotally been found to have a positive affect on the
body suffering from a wide variety of chronic problems, it is not a panacea for all ills. Reflexology is
not a substitute for medical treatment, but can be used as a complement to any type of medical
approach or therapy. Reflexology can also be incorporated into an overall healthy lifestyle, which
includes attention to diet, moderate exercise, and different forms of stress reduction and relaxation.
A More Detailed History of Reflexology

Footwork practices have existed throughout the history of humankind. Remnants of footwork practices
span time and place from the Physician's Tomb in Egypt of 2300 B.C. to the Physicians Temple in
Nara, Japan, of 690 A.D. The authors have labeled this pattern as a form of archetype or archestructure.
Archetypes are "symbolic image(s)...without known origin and they reproduce themselves in any time
or in another part of the world--even when transmission by direct descent or 'cross fertilization' through
migration must be ruled out" Jung, C.G., Man and His Symbols, Dell Publishing Co., 1968, p. 58). "An
archestructure can now be defined as a felt or perceived function or structural feature of the nervous
system, projected or unconsciously acted out in the lifestyle or the beliefs, customs, and social
structures of the individuals concerned or of whole communities" (Gooch, S.F., Total Man, Ballantine
Books, 1972 p. 299).
The modern history of reflexology is rooted in research about the reflex in Europe and Russia 125
years ago. The idea that a stimulus applied to the body produces a response was utilized as a
therapeutic tool by British physicians and researchers who applied heat, cold, plasters, and herbal
poultices to one part of the body to influence another. While such uses did not take root in the medical
communities in the United States and Great Britain, the furthering of such ideas for therapeutic use
continued in Germany and Russia throughout this century.
Russian physicians of the early 1900's followed the reflex research of Nobel Prize winner Ivan Pavlov
to create reflex therapy. Their basic idea, to influence reflexes and thus brain-organ dynamics, survives
as a medical practice today. to physician- researchers, such as Vladimir Bekterev who coined the word
"reflexology" in 1917, an organ experiences illness because it receives the wrong operating instructions
from the brain. By interrupting the body's misguided instructions, the reflex therapist prompts the body
to behave in a better manner. Conditioning of better behavior is achieved by the application of a series
of such interruptions.
American physiotherapist Eunice Ingham kept alive a specific practice, that of foot reflexology. She
accomplished this by traveling around the country teaching groups of people, perpetuating a grassroots
enthusiasm for the subject in the United States. A community of reflexology users emerged. Legal
questions were raised about the practice of medicine without a license. Ms. Ingham's book of 1945
ascribed the workings of reflexology to the nervous system. The revised work published in 1954,
deleted any such mention. the explanation of the workings of reflexology took on metaphorical terms
that were to color the practice for decades to come.
The term reflexology itself was considered illegal until a legal skirmish over the publication of Mildred
Carter's book Helping Yourself with Foot Reflexology in 1970. The U.S. postal Service asked that the
publisher cease and desist publication of the book on the grounds that it consisted of the practice of
medicine without a license. The publisher's attorneys successfully defended the publication of the book
Subsequently the word could be used to describe one's practice; it was also used in the titles of books.
The idea became widely disseminated as Mrs. Carter's book sold one million copies and became one of
the best-selling titles ever for the publisher.
In the following quarter century, the idea gained informal sanctioning in the United States on a
community level. Since then, practicing reflexologists have emerged, some 30 reflexology books have
been published, and the number of magazine articles published has climbed by 500 percent since 1982.
Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988
The practice of Reflexology may have a long history stemming from the distant
past. It seems in most ancient cultures there is a tradition of working on the
feet to help the body balance itself. Generally ancient cultures have an oral
tradition. However, some evidence of Reflexology may be found in artwork. For
instance, in Egypt, in the physician's tomb (2300 B.C.) there can be found a pictograph which may be
evidence of Reflexology being applied. In Asia, several examples also have been cited. Modern
Reflexology is based on the work of two American physicians, Dr. William Fitzgerald and Dr. Joe
Shelby Riley of the 1920's and on that of physiotherapist Eunice D. Ingham who developed Fitzgerald
and Riley's knowledge into a usable therapy, calling it Foot Reflexology and took it to the public in the
late 1930's through the early 70's.
The scientific basis to Reflexology begins in the last century. In the 1890's knighted research scientist
and medical doctor, Sir Henry Head demonstrated the neurological relationship that exists between the
skin and the internal organs. Nobel prize winner, Sir Charles Sherrington proved that the whole
nervous system and body adjusts to a stimulus when it is applied to any part of the body. Around the
same time in Germany, Dr. Alfons Cornelius observed pressure to certain spots triggered muscle
contractions, changes in Blood pressure, variation in warmth and moisture in the body as well as
directly affecting the 'physic processes', or mental state of the patient. The Russians, beginning with
Drs Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekhterev, have also been exploring reflex responses in the body for
nearly a century.
In the last 30 years, because of Eunice Inghams traveling around the country teaching groups of people
her method of Reflexology (the Ingham Method) a grassroots following of Reflexology emerged in the
US. In that time practicing reflexologists have emerged, more than 30 Reflexology books have been
published, and the number of magazine articles published has risen by 500 percent since 1982.
Television appearances by reflexologists have increased by 500 percent since 1988.
Today recent research studies have been conducted around the world, including in the US, which are
validating the effectiveness of Reflexology on a wide variety of conditions. Chronic conditions seem to
respond especially well to Reflexology. In China, where Reflexology is accepted by the central
government as a means of preventing and curing diseases and preserving health, over 300 research
studies have shown Reflexology provided some improvement to 95% of the over 18,000 cases covering
64 illnesses studied. In Japan and Denmark, Reflexology has been incorporated into the employee
health programs of several large corporations saving each company thousands of dollars annually in
paid out sick leave benefits.
Many of our health problems can be linked to stress. It is an acknowledged fact by the medical
community that a body trying to function while under the influence of prolonged stress is less capable
of organizing its defenses against illnesses and repair damage caused by injury. Stress can be either
mentally, emotionally, physically, or environmentally induced. Reflexology is primarily a relaxation
technique. Reflexology can negate the effects of stress while it helps the body relax. Through the
relaxation process the body is more capable of dealing with the stresses placed on it by daily living and
those associated with illness. Reflexology gently nudges the body towards better functioning by
improving lymphatic drainage and venous circulation, simulation to the nerve pathways, and muscle
relaxation.
While historically Reflexology has anecdotally been found to have a positive affect on the body
suffering from a wide variety of chronic problems, it is not a panacea for all ills. Reflexology is not a
substitute for medical treatment, but can be used as a complement to any type of medical approach or
therapy. Reflexology can also be incorporated into an overall healthy lifestyle, which includes attention
to diet, moderate exercise, and different forms of stress reduction and relaxation.
Djedkare Isei, 8th Pharaoh, Fifth Dynasty, 2388-2356 B. C.

Ptah-hotep is pictured in carved bas relief displayed in the chapel of his tomb as having his "toes
and fingers manicured."[9] One report states that a bas relief in his tomb shows a servant
"massaging his leg."[10]
The most concrete evidence of the practice of reflexology in ancient culture was the discovery of
the above wall painting depicting the practice of hand and foot reflexology in the tomb of
Ankhmahor (highest official after the Pharaoh) at Saqqara, which is also known as the
physicians tomb. This Egyptian wall painting is dated at the 6th dynasty, about 2330 B.C.. Prior
to this discovery it was widely believed that reflexology had ancient origins and frequent
conjecture was made about its relationship to and development alongside the ancient Oriental
practices of shiatsu and acupuncture. Similarly, North American Indian medicine men are
believed to manipulate and stimulate the feet as a part of their healing practice.
As information is gathered it seems that variations of the modern practice of reflexology existed
in all of the ancient healing cultures. In our western culture one of the earliest books to be
written on reflexology was published in 1582 by two eminent European physicians, Dr. Adamus
and Dr. A'tatis. A second book by a Dr. Bell was published shortly after this in Leipzig.
It was, however, a Dr. William H. Fitzgerald who advanced and developed the initial popular
practice of reflexology in our contemporary Western society. Dr. Fitzgerald studied at the
University of Vermont and graduated in 1895. For two and a half years he practiced medicine in
Boston City Hospital before transferring to the Central London Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital,
England. He also practiced under the famous Professors Politzer and Chiari at an ear, nose and
throat clinic in Vienna.
How Dr. Fitzgerald originated his research in this area remains a mystery. Conjecture has been
made that he discovered his ideas in Europe and brought them to North America. Alternatively,
it is suggested that, in his desire to develop a method of anesthesia and analgesia for minor
surgery, he noted the instinctive tight gripping of a chair arm by patients in their response to
pain, and began to explore that phenomenon. In 1913 he brought his initial findings to the
attention of the medical profession while he was head of the Nose and Throat Department of St.
Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. He had discovered that pressure, when applied to
certain points on the body could relieve pain and improve the functions of certain organs of the
body. In his research Dr. Fitzgerald developed a new system of ten zones running from the top of
the head to the tips of the toes and hands. Dr. Edwin Bowers, medical critic and writer,
investigated Dr. Fitzgerald's claims, appeased his skepticism, and jointly authored with Dr.
Fitzgerald the book "Zone Therapy" - the name by which reflexology was known until the early
1960's.
Eunice Ingham, who initially worked with Dr. Fitzgerald as a physical therapist, gave Dr. Joe S.
Riley, one of a number of doctors and dentists who practiced Zone Therapy and helped develop
it, credit for teaching her. Eunice Ingham is generally recognized for her untiring devotion to
and promotion of Zone Therapy. She toured North American cities annually giving Zone
Therapy seminars, published charts and her two books: "Stories The Feet Can Tell" (1938) and
"Stories The Feet Have Told" (1951), and established the "National Institute of Reflexology".
Most authors of books and teachers of foot reflexology have acquired their basic knowledge
directly or indirectly from Eunice Ingham's teaching. Eunice Ingham's nephew, Dwight Byers
and his family have continued where Eunice Ingham left off with her death in 1974.
Early in the 1960's, Ed Johnstone, Ena Campbell and Laura Kennedy (plus a few others)
attended Eunice Ingham's seminar in Seattle, WA. and brought the practice of foot reflexology to
Vancouver and British Columbia.
In 1961 the profession of physiotherapists objected to the word "Therapy" in the name "Zone
Therapy". Hence, the name 'reflexology' was adopted. Other names adopted by other people for
the practices of foot reflexology are: Pressure Point Massage, Compression Massage, Pointed
Pressure Massage and Vita-Flex.
In Europe and some other parts of the world the names Zone Therapy, Reflex Zone Therapy,
Reflexotherapy and other variations of these are used.
Practitioners of the Metamorphic Technique acknowledge that it has its original roots in the
practice of reflexology. It, however, has a very different orientation to working with the feet.

Reflexology helps the body maintain homeostasis, helps the body to relax and to detoxify.
Homeostasis is really just a biochemical balancing act played every day of our lives by our
endocrine glands. Some of the functions controlled by homeostatic mechanisms are
Heartbeat
Blood production
Blood pressure
Body temperature
Salt balance
Breathing
Glandular secretion
The glands all work together just like a smooth-running corporation. When one of the glands
are not up to par, the whole corporation suffers. This usually means extra work for the other
glands as they try to make up the work left over by the slacker!
By using the reflex points on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, we can stimulate
those glands that are not keeping up and help the body become balanced again. For instance,
symptoms of a sluggish thyroid gland could include unexplainable weight gain, lethargy, dry
skin and erratic sleeping patterns. These symptoms are signs that the body is out of balance.
Most imbalances occur because of malnourishment, overuse or abuse, or too many toxins in
the body causing irritations and sluggishness in certain areas. Detoxifying the body means
doing some internal house cleaning. Believe it or not, our internal bodies get dusty and dirty
and need to be cleansed periodically, just as our homes need a good spring-cleaning.
The body has four main eliminative channels that serve as exit routes for waste products.
These include:
1.
The bowel
2.
The urinary system (kidneys and bladder)
3.
The respiratory system (lungs and sinuses)
4.
The skin
When the body, or a particular organ, is sluggish due to a build up of waste products and then
we stimulate that organ to "get back to work," it will probably eliminate some toxins right
away. This is called detoxification. When a body system is stimulated and stronger, it has the
energy and ability to kick out toxins settling in it. You will know when your body is
detoxifying because of the symptoms you experience.
Usually a full reflexology treatment will stimulate all the organs and therefore stir up a bunch
of waste materials in the body. This is good, but you will need to know what to expect when
this happens to you!
The Process of Elimination
One of the most common symptoms of detoxifying the body will be a loosening of the bowels.
Many necessary, quick trips to the bathroom will prove to you that you needed cleansing. This
form of detoxifying after a reflexology treatment usually lasts no longer than a day. It is also a
positive sign. You should not try to stop this cleansing process by taking any medications that
would constipate you. Let the cleansing begin!
The urinary system will carry out waste products in the form of urine. The urine may be
stronger smelling, and you may have to visit the bathroom more often for a day. This should
also be encouraged. Drink plenty of pure water to help flush out the toxins.
Reflexology promotes the production of endorphins in the body. Endorphins are the feel-good
hormones made by the pituitary gland in the brain. The flow of endorphins in the body acts on
the nervous system to help reduce pain. The effects they cause on the body are similar to the
effects of morphine.
I have found that, on occasion, the first reflexology treatment is not as effective as subsequent
treatments. Sometimes this is because the person needs to get to know you a little better before
they can relax totally and benefit from the stress-relieving effects.
For some, the first time you try reflexology you may just be breaking up some surface
congestion, so you will not really notice any difference. If this is so, I suggest you try it again
within a week. You may be surprised at what happens.
Since every body is different, each person will respond to reflexology in a different way.
Sometimes the effect is more emotional than physical. I have had clients burst into tears
minutes after I began working on them! This is also part of a cleansing process. When your
intent as a reflexologist is to help the person you are working on heal, you will get results,
however they may manifest. Do not stress yourself by attaching expectations to your
reflexology results. Your body will heal itself on its own time despite your egos personal
goals!
Frequency of Treatments
A typical series of sessions is given once a week for six weeks. However, for an acute
problem you can use mini-sessions more frequently. Also, some clients will heal in fewer than
6 sessions and some may take up to ten sessions to heal.
Hering's Law of Cure
Another good thing to remember in all natural therapies is Hering's Law of Cure. Hering's
Law states: "All healing starts from the head down, from the inside out, and in reverse order
as the symptoms have first been acquired." In other words, in true healing, your insides will
begin healing first. The outward manifestations of healing will come last so you may not even
notice you're healing right away. Also the symptoms that you experienced most recently will
be the last ones to go away.
The body always takes care of the more chronic ailments or imbalances first. You may not be
aware that your pancreas or spleen is healing but continued effort will eventually bring the
outward signs of true health. Therefore, although reflexology may work instantly to alleviate
symptoms of imbalance, it will take time and continued use of reflexology to experience true
healing so be patient and enjoy the ride!
All in all, reflexology is an excellent, safe, efficient therapy that can be used on almost
anyone, any time, anywhere. Being so simple and safe, it can be integrated into anyone's
lifestyle and serve as either a healing therapy or a preventative maintenance tool for health. It
can even detect imbalances before you experience any symptoms. It can help the body to heal
itself by detoxifying, relaxing and balancing it, and to top it off, it makes you feel good.
Summary
Reflexology is a complementary, biological, integrative health science, through which an overall health
enhancement exercise pressure is applied to reflex areas, formed by 7,200 nerve endings in each hand
and each foot, ENCOURAGING improved instruction to each and every gland, organ and part of the
body, thus persuading the body to biologically correct, strengthen and reinforce itself.
Reflexology is not a belief; instead, reflexology is considered a serious integrative science, focused as a
highly specialized body of knowledge. Indeed, highly acknowledged as a safely non-invasive
complementary health practice, without ANY contraindications. This is a safe, effective, reliable
process, a no risk persuasive therapy, not an invasive therapy. A four-step program which will:
1.
Stop further deterioration.
2.
Persuade the body to biologically correct itself.
3.
Strengthen and reinforce all systems in the body.
4.
Encourage reflexology maintenance program (good health).
The goals are to achieve specific, highly specialized relaxation, in effect to improve nerve, blood, and
lymphatic supply. The focus is to re-educate, re-pattern and re-condition nerve instruction via. the
reflex, neural/electrical system of the body, thus persuading the body to biologically self-correct. [The
nerves instruct the body, so essentially the concept of reflexology is, when the nerves that instruct the
body improve... the instruction has to improve...so the body has to improve.] The body is super, highly
intelligent and does have a remarkable, reliable, built-in, self-correcting system, which supports
reflexology as a health field that is grounded in common sense.
The valuable cold-pack therapy, pioneered by Professor Lorraina J. Telepo, requires cold-packs
positioned on specific reflex areas pertaining to the identical distressed area of the body, i.e. right
shoulder reflex area for right shoulder. (Based on the law of the understood - your body has a built-in
self-correcting system, and the law of similars, whatever is occurring within the body is identical and
similar at the reflex area of the nerves of the hands and feet. The law of evidence is what conventional
medicine relies on and deals with the scientifically proven, that which is measurable). This makes
reflexology the top expert facilitator of the body.
Reflexology is a master body of knowledge onto itself. It is not even remotely fielded with massage
therapy. A reflexologist never prescribes or diagnoses, but provides their services in addition to a
medical practitioner.

(Excerpt from Reflexology an Illustrated Guide)
Our bodies use different forms of energy for different functions. The nervous system uses both
electrical energy and chemical energy to send its signals from the sensory receptors at the body surface
along the nerve fibers to the spinal cord or brain and back down other nerve fibers to the muscles or
end organs such as digestive and endocrine glands. Information travels by electrical means along a
nerve cell.
Stimulation of the reflex points on the skin sends messages from these cells through nerve pathways to
the control centers inside the body, which send other messages back to the muscles or internal organs.
In a reflex pathway, the message follows a relatively simple circuit, in which the spinal and lower,
primitive brain centers receive the message and send out a directive for the response required straight
back to the muscles or internal organ. The higher conscious control centers in the brain are not always
involved.
The medical profession often uses these reflex responses to diagnose. One well-known test a doctor
may use is the knee-jerk test.
Unconscious reflex reactions are extremely important and are used continually by the body in everyday
actions that do not require conscious decisions. For example, they regulate the stomach to digest food,
the lungs to inhale and the muscles to flex and unflex.
It is a nice, sunny day...you are taking a nice walk in the park. Suddenly, an angry bear appears in your
path. Do you stay and fight OR do you turn and run away? These are "Fight or Flight" responses. In
these types of situations, your sympathetic nervous system is called into action - it uses energy - your
blood pressure increases, your heart beats faster, and digestion slows down.
Notice in the picture that the sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord. Specifically, the
cell bodies of the first neuron (the preganglionic neuron) are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal
cord. Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ganglia located near the spinal cord. In most
cases, this neuron makes a synapse with another neuron (post-ganglionic neuron) in the ganglion. A
few preganglionic neurons go to other ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain and synapse there. The
post-ganglionic neuron then projects to the "target" - either a muscle or a gland.
Two more facts about the sympathetic nervous system: the synapse in the sympathetic ganglion uses
acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter; the synapse of the post-ganglionic neuron with the target organ
uses the neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. (Of course, there is one exception: the sympathetic
post-ganglionic neuron that terminates on the sweat glands uses acetylcholine.)
It is a nice, sunny day...you are taking a nice walk in the park. This time, however, you decide to relax
in comfortable chair that you have brought along. This calls for "Rest and Digest" responses. Now is
the time for the parasympathetic nervous to work to save energy - your blood pressure decreases, your
heart beats slower, and digestion can start.
The cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the spinal cord (sacral region) and
in the medulla. In the medulla, the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X form the preganglionic
parasympathetic fibers. The preganglionic fiber from the medulla or spinal cord projects to ganglia
very close to the target organ and makes a synapse. This synapse uses the neurotransmitter called
acetylcholine. From this ganglion, the post-ganglionic neuron projects to the target organ and uses
acetylcholine again at its terminal.
Here is a summary of some of the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Notice that
effects are generally in opposition to each other.
Western Foot & Hand Reflexology works on

the "Zone Theory" which works on the
principle that there are 10 zones in the body.
The reflexes in the foot travel through these
zones the way electricity travels through
wiring in a house.
There are 10 zones down the body
corresponding to the fingers and toes. Imagine
dividing the body into 10 equal sections with
each toe being the center line. You would then
see the zones.
So, when you work the middle section, you'll
be working reflexively with every organ and
gland layered in that zone.
I say layered because that's exactly what it is-just as your organs and glands are layered one
on top of the other. For instance, behind ribs
you will find lungs, heart, esophagus and
many muscles, ligaments, nerves, arteries and
veins. Get the picture? We are exceedingly
complex beings.
So, whatever reflex you work on the foot or
hand, it will also stimulate every other organ
and gland in that zone. For instance, if you work the zone 1 for the bladder, you would also be
indirectly stimulating the reproductive organs, all the way up to lungs, esophagus and into the brain
itself.
There are numerous theories of how reflexology works in the body, among them:
I.
Psychological--This theory proposes that the power of suggestion is the primary
factor, and includes the claim that it is a placebo.
II.
Lymph--Since the lymphatic system removes toxic or malignant products and
includes the immune system, it is assumed that reflexology enhances its function and restores
proper chemical balance in the body.
III.
Electrical Potential--It is believed that a difference in electrical potential in various
parts of the body constitutes a corresponding malfunction in another part of the body.
Reflexology remedies this difference.
IV.
Ki Energy--It is believed that foot reflexology works in the same way as acupuncture
and shiatsu: by bringing balance to the flow of energy along the body's meridians.
V.
Counter Irritation--The human body speeds up repair when it receives an insult to its
equilibrium. Reflexology provides this insult.
VI.
Nerve Endings/Crystals--It is believed that nerve endings are unable to transmit their
impulses because of crystalline deposits that build up and block their pathway.
A variation of this theory is that the crystalline deposits impede the grounding connection of
the foot with the earth. Reflexology is believed to clear these crystalline deposits.
VII.
Proprioception--A foot reflexology session with its exertion of pressure, stimulation
of muscles and re-angulation of joints, sends false reports of position and sensation to the
brain. The brain responds to reposition the body that results in a relaxation of the muscles.
Definitions of Reflexology
Definitions are listed randomly and are compiled from form registration responses and
other sources (i.e. dictionaries, advertising pamphlets, books, etc.)
Russian psychologist V.M. Bekterev (1857-1927) used the term objective psychology to
designate his work at first, and then coined the name reflexology 1917.Edwin Boring, A
History of Experimental Psychology. 1950.
Reflexology is a science l. which deals with the principle that there are reflexes in the feet that
are relative to every gland organ and part of the body...International Institute of Reflexology
Bobbi and Muff Warren, Tom and Ron Wilbanks banks, Robert and Sonia Gana
Reflexology is the method of using the thumb and finger to apply pressure on the reflexes that
correspond to an organ or gland and parts of the body as found in the feet and hands...George
Parnell
Reflexology is a powerful natural health science that studies the relationship of the reflex
areas in the feet, hands and ears to the rest of the body so that these areas can be worked on
with your fingers and thumbs ii) a manner that will lead to improved health and the
maintenance of good health...Bill Flocco
Reflexology is a therapy of stimulating the feet with pressure and relaxation techniques, which
provide a relaxing and energizing effect to every part of the body...David Allan
Reflexology is a natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet
and hands, which correspond to every part of the body. Through application of pressure on
particular areas of the hands or feet, reflexology serves to relax tension, improve circulation
and promote the natural function of the related area in the body...Reflexology Association of
Canada
Reflexology is the pressure massage of certain reflex nerve endings located in one or both feet
that correspond to specific body organs and parts. When you stimulate these nerve endings, it
stimulates circulation in these areas and aids the body's very own healing process...Clement T.
Wittman
Reflexology is the physical act of applying pressure to the feet with specific thumb, finger and
hand techniques which do not use oil, lotion or cream. The application of this pressure is
assessed on the basis of ten longitudinal zones and areas reiterated on the feet in the body's
image linking foot to body, with a premise that such work effects a physiological change in
the body...Barbara and Kevin Kunz, Reflexions, Nov-Dec 1983.
Reflexology is a therapy using the pressure points of the hands and feet, which gives a reflex
action through the nervous system of the body. It is an entirely natural treatment whose aim is
to normalize and harmonize the functions of the body...Bob Dalamore
Reflexology refers to a method of treatment whereby reflex points in the feet are massaged in
a particular way to bring about an effect in areas of the body quite distant from the
feet...Nicola Hall, Reflexology.
Reflexology is based on the premise that our organs have corresponding reflex points on other
parts of the body, some of the sensitive points being those on the feet. When a reflex point is
stimulated, it works to balance and normalize not just the corresponding organ itself but also
all functional relationships of that organ...Devaki Berkson, The Foot Book
Reflexology is a scientific technique of massage, that has a definite effect on the normal
functioning of all parts of the body...Mildred Carter, Helping Yourself with Foot Reflexology
Manual therapies, most frequently in connection with neurological reflexes. In the context of
reflex zones to the feet, the word 'reflex' is not used in the strict medical sense, but in its twin
meanings: 1. As reflecting the entire organism (head, neck and trunk) on a small screen (the
feet), rather like a reflex camera. 2. In particular, in characteristic sections of the feet, which
have been shown empirically to have a direct energy relationship with the internal
organs...Hanne Marquardt, Reflex Zone Therapy Of The Feet
Reflexology: 1. The analysis of motor behavior in terms of component simple and complex
reflexes. 2. The study of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of reflexes in
general...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986.
Reflexotherapy: Therapeutic effect achieved by stimulation or irritation at a distance from the
area treated...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986.
Reflexologist: 1. One who interprets behavior as consisting of reflexes. 2. A practitioner of
manipulative reflexology...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary, 1986.
Reflexology: 1. The study and interpretation of behavior in terms of simple and complex
reflexes. 2. Any of various systems of questionable effectiveness that are held by their
promoters to restore or promote health by manipulating parts of the body and especially the
hands or feet...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary 1986.
Reflexotherapy: Treatment by manipulation, anesthetizing, or cauterizing an area distant from
seat word 'reflex' is not used in the strict medical sense, but in its twin meanings: 1. As
reflecting the entire organism (head, neck and trunk) on a small screen (the feet), rather like a
reflex camera. 2. In particular, in characteristic sections of the feet, which have been shown
empirically to have a direct energy relationship with the internal organs...Hanne Marquardt,
Reflex Zone Therapy Of The Feet
Reflexology: 1. The analysis of motor behavior in terms of component simple and complex
reflexes. 2. The study of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of reflexes in
general...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986.
Reflexotherapy: Therapeutic effect achieved by stimulation or irritation at a distance from the
area treated...International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, 1986.
Reflexologist: 1. One who interprets behavior as consisting of reflexes. 2. A practitioner of
manipulative reflexology...Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary, 1986.
Reflexology: 1. The study and interpretation of behavior in terms of simple and complex
reflexes. 2. Any of various systems of questionable effectiveness that are held by their
promoters to restore or promote health by of the disorder...Taber's Cyclopedic Medical
Dictionary. 1981.
Reflexology: 1. A system of massaging specific areas of the foot or sometimes the hand in
order to promote healing, relieve stress, etc., in other parts of the body. 2. Medically, the study
of reflex movements and processes...Random House Dictionary, 1987.
Reflexology: the science or study of reflexes...Stedmans Medical Dictionary 1930.
Reflexology is the physical act of applying pressure to the feet and hands with specific thumb,
finger, and hand techniques without using implements, oil, lotion or creams. The
physiological changes achieved with the application of pressure are based on the neurologic~l
relationship that exists between the skin and the nervous system; specifically that a therapeutic
effect can be achieved by stimulation at a distance from the area where the pressure is applied.
Reflexology believes the body is reiterated, or mirrored, on the feet and hands and works
within a zonal system...Sacramento Valley Reflexology Association.
Some areas to be considered in a definition of Reflexology. Caution should be taken to not
limit the definition of reflexology. Discussions made now can confine or leave vistas open in
the future should legislation with resultant advantages and disadvantages result.
Reflexology is a scientifically delineated System of control points in the feet that reflects our
whole being almost as a mirror, recording disorder and disharmonies, often caused by stress
and tension. Through this system unlimited healing forces within can be released...Margarete
"Oma" Teuwen.
Reflexology is a scientific system of health car; and health maintenance 'and utilizes the connection
between nerve endings in the feet and hands with every body part; reflexology promotes balance and
normalization of the body through the application of pressure to specific areas of the feet and hands
with specific thumb and finger techniques...Karen Potts
Controlled Studies in Reflexology

By Barbara & Kevin Kunz
From "Medical Applications of Reflexology, Safety. Efficacy, Mechanism of Action and Cost
Effectiveness of Reflexology".
1. Alzheimmer's "Old age converts to the New Age," Daily Mail, September 14, 1995
2. Amenorrhea Xiu-hua, Xu, "Analysis of 50 Cases of Amenorrhea Treated by Foot Reflex Therapy,"
(19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association
and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 36
3. Cardio-vascular system Frankel, B. S. M., "The effect of reflexology on baroreceptor reflex
sensitivity, blood pressure and sinus arrhythmia," Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Churchill,
London, 1997, Vol. 5, pp. 80-84
4. Cerebral palsy Rong-zhi, Wang, "An Approach to Treatment of Cerebral Palsy of Children by Foot
Massage," A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference
(Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing,
1996, p. 26
5. Cervical spondylosis Shouqing, Gui; Changlong, Zhang and Desheng, Luo, "A Controlled Clinical
Observation on Foot Reflexology Treatment for Cervical Spondylopathy,"1996 China Reflexology
Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 99-103
6. Children, mentally retarded, Feng, Gu; Zhao, Lingyun; Yuru, Yang; Jiamo, Hao; Shuwen, Cao and
Xiulan, Zhang, "Comparative Study of Abnormal Signs in the Feet of Feebleminded Children,
1998China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 9 - 13
7. Children, mentally retarded Lingyun, Yuru, Zhao; Yang Yuru, Feng gu; Jiamo, Hao; Shuwen, Cao
and Xiulan, Zhang, "Observation on Improvement of Feeble-Minded Children's Social Abilities by
Foot Reflexo-Therapy," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association,
Beijing, pp. 24 - 28
8. Constipation Yuru, Yang; Lingyun, Chao; Guangling, Meng; Scuwe, Cao; Jia-Mo, Hao and Suhui,
Zhang, "Exploring the Application of Foot Reflexology to the Preventions and Treatment of Functional
Constipation," 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing,
p. 62
9. Coronary heart disease Zhongzheng, Li and Yuchun, Liu, "Clinical observation on Treatment of
Coronary Heart Disease with Foot Reflexotherapy, 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China
Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 38 - 41
10. Diabetes Wang, X. M., "Type II diabetes mellitus with foot reflexotherapy," Chuang Koh Chuang
Hsi I Chief Ho Teas Chi, Beijing, Vol. 13, Sept. 1993, pp 536-538
11. Zhi-qin, Duan et. al., "Foot Reflexology Therapy Applied On Patients with NIDDM (non-insulin
dependent diabetic mellitus)," 1993 China Reflexology Symposium, p. 24
12. King, Ma, "Clinical Observation on Influence upon Arterial Blood Flow in the Lower Limbs of 20
Cases with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Foot Reflexology," 1998China Reflexology
Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 97 - 99
13. Dyspepsia Zhi-wen, Gong and Wei-song, Xin, "Foot Reflexology in the Treatment of Functional
Dyspepsia: A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference
(Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing,
1996, p. 37
14. Free radicals Shouqing, Gui; Changlong, Zhang; Jixai, Dong and Desheng, Luoof, "A Preliminary
Study on the Mechanisms of Foot Reflexo-Massage -- Its Effect on Free Radicals," 1996 China
Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, pp. 128-135
15. Headaches Brendstrup, Eva and Launs, Laila, "Headache and Reflexological Treatment," The
Council Concerning Alternative Treatment, The National Board of Health, Denmark, 1997
16. Hyperlipimia Shou-qing, Gui; Xian-qing, Xiao; Yuna-zhong, Li; and Wan-yan, Fu, "Impact of the
Massotherapy Applied to Foot Reflexes on Blood Fat of Human Body," 1996 China Reflexology
Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 21
17. Infantile Pneumonia Liang-cai, Pei, "Observation of 58 Infantile Pneumonia by Combined Method
of Medication with Foot Massage," A Clinical Analysis of 132 Cases," (19)96 Beijing International
Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of
Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 34
18. Kidney and Ureter Stones Xiaojian, Ying, "Foot Reflexology as an Accessory Treatment after
External Lithotrity a Clinical Observation of 46 Cases, 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report,
China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 58 - 59
19. Leukopenia (A pathological level of white blood cell count) Ya-zhen, Xu, "Treatment of
Leukopenia with Reflexotherapy," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology
Association, Beijing, pp. 32-37
20. Pain of kidney and ureter stones Eriksen, Leila, "Clinical Trials of Acute Uretic Colic and
Reflexology," Reflexology: Research and Effect Evaluation in Denmark, Danish Reflexologists
Association, Kolding, Denmark, 1993, p. 10
21. Milk secretion in new mothers Siu-lan, Li, "Galactagogue Effect of Foot Reflexology in 217
Parturient Women," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive
Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996 p. 14
22. Neurodermatitis Zhi-ming, Liu and Song, Fang, "Treatment of Neurodermatitis by Foot Reflex
Area Massage (with a test group of 15 and a control group of 15)," (19)96 Beijing International
Reflexology Conference (Report), China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of
Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 16
23. Post surgical pain "Foot Rubs Easing Pain," Third Age. com, December 4, 1998
24. Pre-menstrual syndrome Oleson, Terry and Flocco, William, "Randomized Controlled Study of
Premenstrual Symptoms Treated with Ear, Hand, and Foot Reflexology," Obstetrics and Gynecology,
1993;82(6): 906-11
25. (Hyperplasia of the) Prostate Xiao-li, Chen, "Hyperplasia of Prostate Gland Treated by Foot Reflex
Area Health Promoting Method (with a group of 90 study participants)," 1996 China Reflexology
Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, October 1996, pp. 32 - 33
26. (Male) Sexual dysfunction Jianhua, Sun, "The Comparison of Curative Effects Between Foot
Reflexology and Chinese Traditional Medicine in Treating 37 Cases with Male's Sexual Dysfunction,"
"Foot Reflexology as an Accessory Treatment after External Lithotrity a Clinical Observation of 46
Cases, 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, p. 75
27. Toothache Xue-xiang, Wang, "Relieve (150 Cases of) Toothache with Foot Reflexotherapy," 1994
China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology Association, Beijing, October 1994, p. 132
- 135
28. Urinary tract stonesYue-jin, Zhang; Jing-Fang, Chung and Bao-rong, Ju, "Observation of the Effect
of Foot Reflex Area Massage on 34 Cases of Calouli of Urinary Tract," (19)96 Beijing International
Reflexology Conference (Report), 1996, China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese
Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 46
29. Urinary tract infection Yu-lian, Zao, "Clinical Observation on Treatment of Infection of Urinary
Tract by Foot Massage," (19)96 Beijing International Reflexology Conference (Report), 1996, China
Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Society of Reflexology, Beijing, 1996, p. 17
30. Uroschesis (retention of urine) Cailian, Lin, "Clinical Observation on Treatment of 40 Cases of
Uroschesis with Reflexology," 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, China Reflexology
Association, Beijing, pp. 52 - 53
31. Employee sick days Eriksen, Leila, Reflexology: Research and Effect Evaluation in Denmark,
Danish Reflexologists Association, Denmark, August 1995, pp. 15 - 16
Other
32. Teruo, Nakamura, "Using Technical Measuring Machine," RWO-SHR Health '90 Worldwide
Conference Tokyo, Best Care, Tokyo, pp. 45 - 54
33. Cho, Z. H., Chung, S. C., Jones, J. P., Park, J. B., Park, H. J., Lee, H. J., Wong, E. K., and Min, B.
I., "New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using
functional MRI," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 95, pp. 2670-2673,
March 1998, Physiology
34. Oz, Mehmet C., Whitworth, Gerard C., and Liu, Eric C., "Complementary Medicine in the Surgical
Wards (at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City)," Journal of the American Medical
Association, Vol. 279, pp. 710-711, March 4, 1998
Buddha's up turned foot from the ancient temple at Nara in Japan. Interestingly enough the temple is
called the medical teaching temple. 700 AD
History talks about Marc Anthony works on Cleopatra's feet during dinner
parties in roughly 700 AD. This pictograph dates back to 2500 BC. Some form of
footwork had existed for 3000 years in Egyptian history. The hieroglyphics say,
"Do not let it be painful." The reply is "I do as you wish."
How to Prepare the Workspace
When preparing for a reflexology treatment your main concerns are:
1.
Comfort : Make sure your client will be comfortable. You can use a massage table, a
Lazy-boy chair or even a regular chair and a footrest. Make sure that the chair the client is
sitting in is the right height for the footrest so that when they are seated they feel relaxed. Also
make sure the temperature of the room is comfortable and that there is adequate privacy.
2.
Cleanliness: Check that the area you are working in is clean, the chair and footrest
are clean and the towel you are using is clean. I often drape a clean towel over the footrest to
provide an always-clean surface to work on. Check your finger nails and make sure they are
cut & clean. Make sure you are bathed and clean and your hands are clean.
3.
Complete: Make sure you have everything you need before you start so you do not
have to get up and down. You need to stay in one place during the entire treatment and not
stop-and-go as you are giving the treatment. Some things you may want to have by your side
are reflexology tools such as wooden rollers, a reflexology chart, a notebook to take notes in,
patient data chart, a CD player with gentle music in the background.

The practitioner must always prepare the client by asking them as many questions as they can about
their health, lifestyle and medical conditions. This step is especially important for beginners but is also
important for professionals. Asking questions helps the practitioner access:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Are there contraindications to this treatment?

In some cases one should not give reflexology treatments. If a client is pregnant or
has cancer one should not give a treatment.
Is someone weak or elderly or has a degenerative condition such as diabetes? Then
one must work on them gently and not longer than 20 minutes.
Is someone going to have surgery or taking medical drugs? You should consult with
their practitioner to see if reflexology is appropriate for them at this time.
If one has a tendency toward kidney stones, caution should be used when working
over the kidney area. A kidney stone attack could be triggered.
If a client has had a gall bladder attack or even if there is a weakness in their family
history of gall bladder problems, go easy when working over the gall bladder reflex.
A Gall bladder attack could be triggered.
If it is possible that a woman is pregnant, be aware that a miscarriage could be
triggered by over stimulation in the uterus area.
When a person is very toxic i.e. has consumed many drugs, lives in an extremely
polluted atmosphere, has been over-indulging in salt, sugar, alcohol, nicotine, has too
many amalgam fillings in their teeth causing mercury toxicity, works in an exhaustfilled atmosphere or other toxic atmospheres, be careful when working on them as a
long treatment may be too intense for them. Shorter & frequent sessions may be in
order.
2.
What is the persons diet and lifestyle like?
a.
b.
All clients need to be reminded that while reflexology is a good tool for acute and
chronic problems, that the root cause of the trouble must also be stopped. For
instance, if someone drinks ten cups of coffee a day then they must reduce their
coffee intake along with getting reflexology treatments.
Does the person exercise a lot? Some foot pain may be reflexive and other foot pain
has a more direct reason.
3.
a.
What medical conditions does the person suffer from?

This will give the practitioner an idea of what areas of the feet to pay special
attention to in treatment as well as in accessing the feel of the foot.

Many clients will feel self conscious about their feet. You can put them at ease by providing them a
basket with nail clippers, polish, washcloth and pumice stone and a bathroom to use them in. Most
clients, however, will have already done these things before they come. In such cases they are usually
most concerned about foot cleanliness or odor. I put them at ease by having them soak their feet in a
plastic tub filled with warm water and some essential oils. The oils detoxify and sterilize the foot and
the water relaxes it. I speak to the client while their foot is soaking for about 15 minutes. You can use
15-30 drops of essential oil in the tub. I usually use bergamot or geranium as they are the two most
welcoming, cheering and relaxing oils and have many purposes. However, you can also choose your oil
according to your client. In some cases I will use other oils. Last week a client came with asthma so I
used Thyme oil in the footbath to help open up the bronchials.
Reflexology Charts
Different people find different charts useful. For this reason I have provided the student with a number
of charts to chose from. To use these charts you can cut and paste them to another program and then
enlarge them. The outline chart for coloring-in is especially good to use for filling in client information.
Side View and More Charts at:

http://www.katking.com/Wisdom/App_ReflexCharts.html
End Notes
Want to know more about the nervous system? Read this selection from Grays Anatomy:
Henry Gray (18211865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
IX. Neurology
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various
systems which make up the human body. It is the mechanism concerned with the
correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments
of the organism to its environment. In addition the cerebral cortex is concerned with
conscious life. It may be divided into two parts, central and peripheral.
The central nervous system consists of the encephalon or brain, contained within the
cranium, and the medulla spinalis or spinal cord, lodged in the vertebral canal; the two
portions are continuous with one another at the level of the upper border of the atlas
vertebra.
The peripheral nervous system consists of a series of nerves by which the central
nervous system is connected with the various tissues of the body. For descriptive
purposes these nerves may be arranged in two groups, cerebrospinal and sympathetic,
the arrangement, however, being an arbitrary one, since the two groups are intimately
connected and closely intermingled. Both the cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerves have
nuclei of origin (the somatic efferent and sympathetic efferent) as well as nuclei of
termination (somatic afferent and sympathetic afferent) in the central nervous system.
The cerebrospinal nerves are forty-three in number on either sidetwelve cranial,
attached to the brain, and thirty-one spinal, to the medulla spinalis. They are associated
with the functions of the special and general senses and with the voluntary movements of
the body. The sympathetic nerves transmit the impulses which regulate the movements of
the viscera, determine the caliber of the bloodvessels, and control the phenomena of
secretion. In relation with them are two rows of central ganglia, situated one on either
side of the middle line in front of the vertebral column; these ganglia are intimately
connected with the medulla spinalis and the spinal nerves, and are also joined to each
other by vertical strands of nerve fibers so as to constitute a pair of knotted cords, the
sympathetic trunks, which reach from the base of the skull to the coccyx. The
sympathetic nerves issuing from the ganglia form three great prevertebral plexuses which
supply the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera; in relation to the walls of these viscera
intricate nerve plexuses and numerous peripheral ganglia are found.
1. Structure of the Nervous System

The nervous tissues are composed of nerve cells and their various processes, together
with a supporting tissue called neuroglia, which, however, is found only in the brain and
medulla spinalis. Certain long processes of the nerve cells are of special importance, and
it is convenient to consider them apart from the cells; they are known as nerve fibers.
To the naked eye a difference is obvious between certain portions of the brain and
medulla spinalis, viz., the gray substance and the white substance. The gray substance
is largely composed of nerve cells, while the white substance contains only their long
processes, the nerve fibers. It is in the former that nervous impressions are received,
stored, and transformed into efferent impulses, and by the latter that they are conducted.
Hence the gray substance forms the essential constituent of all the ganglionic centers,
both those in the isolated ganglia and those aggregated in the brain and medulla spinalis;
while the white substance forms the bulk of the commissural portions of the nerve centers
and the peripheral nerves.
Neuroglia.Neuroglia, the peculiar ground substance in which are imbedded the true
nervous constituents of the brain and medulla spinalis, consists of cells and fibers. Some
of the cells are stellate in shape, with ill-defined cell body, and their fine processes
become neuroglia fibers, which extend radially and unbranched (Fig. 623, B) among the
nerve cells and fibers which they aid in supporting. Other cells give off fibers which
branch repeatedly (Fig. 623, A). Some of the fibers start from the epithelial cells lining
the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the medulla spinalis, and pass through the
nervous tissue, branching repeatedly to end in slight enlargements on the pia mater. Thus,
neuroglia is evidently a connective tissue in function but is not so in development; it is
ectodermal in origin, whereas all connective tissues are mesodermal.
http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus623.html
FIG. 623 Neuroglia cells of brain shown by Golgis method. A. Cell with branched
processes. B. Spider cell with unbranched processes. (After Andriezen.) (See enlarged
image)
Nerve Cells (Fig. 624).Nerve cells are largely aggregated in the gray substance of the
brain and medulla spinalis, but smaller collections of these cells also form the swellings,
called ganglia, seen on many nerves. These latter are found chiefly upon the spinal and
cranial nerve roots and in connection with the sympathetic nerves.
The nerve cells vary in shape and size, and have one or more processes. They may be
divided for purposes of description into three groups, according to the number of
processes which they possess: (1) Unipolar cells, which are found in the spinal ganglia;
the single process, after a short course, divides in a T-shaped manner (Fig. 624, E). (2)
Bipolar cells, also found in the spinal ganglia (Fig. 625), when the cells are in an
embryonic condition. They are best demonstrated in the spinal ganglia of fish. Sometimes
the processes come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle
shape; in other cells both processes emerge at the same point. In some cases where two
fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an
adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or,
again, it may be coiled spirally around the nerve process which is issuing from the cell.
(3) Multipolar cells, which are pyramidal or stellate in shape, and characterized by their
large size and by the numerous processes which issue from them. The processes are of
two kinds: one of them is termed the axis-cylinder process or axon because it becomes
the axis-cylinder of a nerve fiber (Figs. 626, 627, 628). The others are termed the
protoplasmic processes or dendrons; they begin to divide and subdivide soon after they
emerge from the cell, and finally end in minute twigs and become lost among the other
elements of the nervous tissue.
FIG. 624 Various
forms of nerve cells. A. Pyramidal cell. B. Small multipolar cell, in

which the axon quickly divides into numerous branches. C. Small fusiform cell. D and E.
Ganglion cells (E shows T-shaped division of axon). ax. Axon. c. Capsule. (See enlarged
image)
FIG. 625 Bipolar
nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike. (After Klliker.) (See
enlarged image)
FIG. 626 Motor
nerve cell from ventral horn of medulla spinalis of rabbit. The angular and
spindle-shaped Nissl bodies are well shown. (After Nissl.) (See enlarged image)
The body of the nerve cell, known as the cyton, consists of a finely fibrillated
protoplasmic material, of a reddish or yellowishbrown color, which occasionally presents
patches of a deeper tint, caused by the aggregation of pigment granules at one side of the
nucleus, as in the substantia nigra and locus cruleus of the brain. The protoplasm also
contains peculiar angular granules, which stain deeply with basic dyes, such as methylene
blue; these are known as Nissls granules (Fig. 626). They extend into the dendritic
processes but not into the axis-cylinder; the small clear area at the point of exit of the
axon in some cell types is termed the cone of origin. These granules disappear
(chromatolysis) during fatigue or after prolonged stimulation of the nerve fibers
connected with the cells. They are supposed to represent a store of nervous energy, and in
various mental diseases are deficient or absent. The nucleus is, as a rule, a large, welldefined, spherical body, often presenting an intranuclear network, and containing a wellmarked nucleolus.
FIG. 627 Pyramidal
cell from the cerebral cortex of a mouse. (After Ramn y Cajal.) (See
enlarged image)
FIG. 628 Cell
of Purkinje from the cerebellum. Golgi method. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b.

Collateral. c and d. Dendrons. (See enlarged image)
In addition to the protoplasmic network described above, each nerve cell may be shown
to have delicate neurofibrils running through its substance (Fig. 629); these fibrils are
continuous with the fibrils of the axon, and are believed to convey nerve impulses. Golgi
has also described an extracellular network, which is probably a supporting structure.
10
Nerve Fibers.Nerve fibers are found universally in the peripheral nerves and in the
white substance of the brain and medulla spinalis. They are of two kindsviz.,
medullated or white fibers, and non-medullated or gray fibers.
The medullated fibers form the white part of the brain and medulla spinalis, and also
the greater part of every cranial and spinal nerve, and give to these structures their
opaque, white aspect. When perfectly fresh they appear to be homogeneous; but soon
after removal from the body each fiber presents, when examined by transmitted light, a
double outline or contour, as if consisting of two parts (Fig. 630). The central portion is
named the axis-cylinder; around this is a sheath of fatty material, staining black with
osmic acid, named the white substance of Schwann or medullary sheath, which gives
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12
to the fiber its double contour, and the whole is enclosed in a delicate membrane, the
neurolemma, primitive sheath, or nucleated sheath of Schwann (Fig. 633)
FIG. 629 Nerve
cells of kitten, showing neurofibrils. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b. Cyton. c.

Nucleus. d. Neurofibrils. (See enlarged image)
The axis-cylinder is the essential part of the nerve fiber, and is always present; the
medullary sheath and the neurolemma are occasionally absent, expecially at the origin
and termination of the nerve fiber. The axis-cylinder undergoes no interruption from its
origin in the nerve center to its peripheral termination, and must be regarded as a direct
prolongation of a nerve cell. It constitutes about one-half or one-third of the nerve fiber,
being greater in proportion in the fibers of the central organs than in those of the nerves.
It is quite transparent, and is therefore indistinguishable in a perfectly fresh and natural
state of the nerve. It is made up of exceedingly fine fibrils, which stain darkly with gold
chloride (Fig. 632), and at its termination may be seen to break up into these fibrill. The
fibrill have been termed the primitive fibrill of Schultze. The axis-cylinder is said by
some to be enveloped in a special reticular sheath, which separates it from the medullary
sheath, and is composed of a substance called neurokeratin. The more common opinion
is that this network or reticulum is contained in the white matter of Schwann, and by
some it is believed to be produced by the action of the reagents employed to show it.
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FIG. 630 Medullated
nerve fibers. X 350. (See enlarged image)
FIG. 631 Diagram
of longitudinal sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See

enlarged image)
FIG. 632 Transverse
sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See enlarged image)
FIG. 633 Diagram
of medullated nerve fibers stained with osmic acid. X 425. (Schfer.) R.

Nodes of Ranvier. a. Neurolemma. c. Nucleus. (See enlarged image)
The medullary sheath, or white matter of Schwann (Fig. 631), is regarded as being a
fatty matter in a fluid state, which insulates and protects the essential part of the nerve
the axis-cylinder. It varies in thickness, in some forming a layer of extreme thinness, so as
to be scarcely distinguishable, in others forming about one-half the nerve fiber. The
variation in diameter of the nerve fibers (from 2 to 16) depends mainly upon the amount
of the white substance, though the axis cylinder also varies within certain limits. The
14
medullary sheath undergoes interruptions in its continuity at regular intervals, giving to

the fiber the appearance of constriction at these points: these are known as the nodes of
Ranvier (Figs. 631 and 633). The portion of nerve fiber between two nodes is called an
internodal segment. The neurolemma or primitive sheath is not interrupted at the nodes,
but passes over them as a continuous membrane. If the fiber be treated with silver nitrate
the reagent penetrates the neurolemma at the nodes, and on exposure to light reduction
takes place, giving rise to the appearance of black crosses, Ranviers crosses,
\fs24softlineon the axis-cylinder. There may also be seen transverse lines beyond the
nodes termed Frommanns lines (Fig. 634); the significance of these is not understood.
In addition to these interruptions oblique clefts may be seen in the medullary sheath,
subdividing it into irregular portions, which are termed medullary segments, or
segments of Lantermann (Fig. 631); there is reason to believe that these clefts are
artificially produced in the preparation of the specimens. Medullated nerve fibers, when
examined in the fresh condition, frequently present a beaded or varicose appearance: this
is due to manipulation and pressure causing the oily matter to collect into drops, and in
consequence of the extreme delicacy of the primitive sheath, even slight pressure will
cause the transudation of the fatty matter, which collects as drops of oil outside the
membrane.
FIG. 634 Medullated
nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate. (See enlarged image)
FIG. 635 A
small nervous branch from the sympathetic of a mammal. a. Two medullated

nerve fibers among a number of gray nerve fibers, b. (See enlarged image)
The neurolemma or primitive sheath presents the appearance of a delicate,

structureless membrane. Here and there beneath it, and situated in depressions in the
white matter of Schwann, are nuclei surrounded by a small amount of protoplasm. The
nuclei are oval and somewhat flattened, and bear a definite relation to the nodes of
Ranvier, one nucleus generally lying in the center of each internode. The primitive sheath
is not present in all medullated nerve fibers, being absent in those fibers which are found
in the brain and medulla spinalis.
15
Wallerian Degeneration.When nerve fibers are cut across, the central ends of the
fibers degenerate as far as the first node of Ranvier; but the peripheral ends degenerate
simultaneously throughout their whole length. The axons break up into fragments and
become surrounded by drops of fatty substance which are formed from the breaking down
of the medullary sheath. The nuclei of the primitive sheath proliferate, and finally
absorption of the axons and fatty substance occurs. If the cut ends of the nerve be sutured
together regeneration of the nerve fibers takes place by the downgrowth of axons from
the central end of the nerve. At one time it was believed that the regeneration was
peripheral in origin, but this has been disproved, the proliferated nuclei in the peripheral
portions taking part merely in the formation of the so-called scaffolding along which the
new axons pass.
16
Non-medullated Fibers.Most of the fibers of the sympathetic system, and some of the
gray gelatinous nerve fibers
17
cerebrospinal, consist of the gray or gelatinous nerve fibers (fibers of Remak) (Fig.
635). Each of these consists of an axis-cylinder to which nuclei are applied at intervals.
These nuclei are believed to be in connection with a delicate sheath corresponding with
the neurolemma of the medullated nerve fiber. In external appearance the non-medullated
nerve fibers are semitransparent and gray or yellowish gray. The individual fibers vary in
size, generally averaging about half the size of the medullated fibers.
Structure of the Peripheral Nerves and Ganglia.The cerebrospinal nerves consist
of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths (Fig.
636). A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the
nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi
are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a
common membranous investment. In structure the common membranous investment, or
sheath of the whole nerve (epineurium), as well as the septa given off from it to separate
the fasciculi, consist of connective tissue, composed of white and yellow elastic fibers,
the latter existing in great abundance. The tubular sheath of the funiculi (perineurium) is
a fine, smooth, transparent membrane, which may be easily separated, in the form of a
tube, from the fibers it encloses; in structure it is made up of connective tissue, which has
a distinctly lamellar arrangement. The nerve fibers are held together and supported within
the funiculus by delicate connective tissue, called the endoneurium. It is continuous with
septa which pass inward from the innermost layer of the perineurium, and shows a ground
substance in which are imbedded fine bundles of fibrous connective tissue running for the
most part longitudinally. It serves to support capillary vessels, arranged so as to form a
net-work with elongated meshes. The cerebrospinal nerves consist almost exclusively of
medullated nerve fibers, only a very small proportion of non-medullated being present.
The bloodvessels supplying a nerve end in a minute capillary plexus, the vessels
composing which pierce the perineurium, and run, for the most part, parallel with the
fibers; they are connected together by short, transverse vessels, forming narrow, oblong
meshes, similar to the capillary system of muscle. Fine non-medullated nerve fibers,
vasomotor fibers, accompany these capillary vessels, and break up into elementary
fibrils, which form a network around the vessels. Horsley has demonstrated certain
medullated fibers running in the epineurium and terminating in small spheroidal tactile
corpuscles or end bulbs of Krause. These nerve fibers, which Marshall believes to be
sensory, and which he has termed nervi nervorum, are considered by him to have an
important bearing upon certain neuralgic pains.
The nerve fibers, so far as is at present known, do not coalesce, but pursue an
uninterrupted course from the center to the periphery. In separating a nerve, however, into
its component funiculi, it may be seen that these do not pursue a perfectly insulated
course, but occasionally join at a very acute angle with other funiculi proceeding in the
same direction; from this, branches are given off, to joint again in like manner with other
funiculi. It must be distinctly understood, however, that in these communications the
individual nerve fibers do not coalesce, but merely pass into the sheath of the adjacent
nerve, become intermixed with its nerve fibers, and again pass on to intermingle with the
nerve fibers in some adjoining funiculus.
Nerves, in their course, subdivide into branches, and these frequently communicate with
branches of a neighboring nerve. The communications which thus take place form what is
called a plexus. Sometimes a plexus is formed by the primary branches of the trunks of
the nervesas the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexusesand occasionally by
the terminal funiculi, as in the plexuses formed at the periphery of the body. In the
formation of a plexus, the component nerves divide, then join, and again subdivide in
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21
such a complex manner that the individual funiculi become interlaced most intricatey; so
that each branch leaving a plexus may contain filaments from all the primary nervous
trunks which form the plexus. In the formation also of smaller plexuses at the periphery
of the body there is a free interchange of the funiculi and primitive fibers. In each case,
however, the individual fibers remain separate and distinct.
It is probable that through this interchange of fibers, every branch passing off from a
plexus has a more extensive connection with the spinal cord than if it had proceeded to its
distribution without forming connections with other nerves. Consequently the parts
supplied by these nerves have more extended relations with the nervous centers; by this
means, also, groups of muscles may be associated for combined action.
22
FIG. 636 Transverse
section of human tibial nerve. (See enlarged image)
The sympathetic nerves are constructed in the same manner as the cerebrospinal
nerves, but consist mainly of non-medullated fibers, collected in funiculi and enclosed in
sheaths of connective tissue. There is, however, in these nerves a certain admixture of
medullated fibers. The number of the latter varies in different nerves, and may be
estimated by the color of the nerve. Those branches of the sympathetic, which present a
well-marked gray color, are composed chiefly of non-medullated nerve fibers, intermixed
with a few medullated fibers; while those of a white color contain many of the latter
fibers, and few of the former.
The cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerve fibers convey various impressions. The
sensory nerves, called also centripetal or afferent nerves, transmit to the nervous
centers impressions made upon the peripheral extremities of the nerves, and in this way
the mind, through the medium of the brain, becomes conscious of external objects. The
centrifugal or efferent nerves transmit impressions from the nervous centers to the parts
to which the nerves are distributed, these impressions either exciting muscular contraction
or influencing the processes of nutrition, growth, and secretion.
23
Origins and Terminations of Nerves.By the expression the terminations of nerve

fibers is signified their connections with the nerve centers and with the parts they supply.
The former are sometimes called their origins or central terminations; the latter their
peripheral terminations.
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Origins of Nerves.The origin in some cases is singlethat is to say, the whole nerve
emerges from the nervous center by a single root; in other instances the nerve arises by
two or more roots which come off from different parts of the nerve center, sometimes
widely apart from each other, and it often happens, when a nerve arises in this way by
two roots, that the functions of these two roots are different; as, for example, in the spinal
nerves, each of which arises by two roots, the anterior of which is motor, and the
posterior sensory. The point where the nerve root or roots emerge from the surface of the
nervous center is named the superficial or apparent origin, but the fibers of the nerve
can be traced for a certain distance into the substance of the nervous center to some
portion of the gray matter, which constitutes the deep or real origin of the nerve. The
centrifugal or efferent nerve fibers originate in the nerve cells of the gray substance, the
axis-cylinder processes of these cells being prolonged to form the fibers. In the case of
the centripetal or afferent nerves the fibers grow inward either from nerve cells in the
organs of special sense, e. g., the retina, or from nerve cells in the ganglia. Having entered
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24
the nerve center they branch and send their ultimate twigs among the cells, without,
however, uniting with them.
Peripheral Terminations of Nerves.Nerve fibers terminate peripherally in various
ways, and these may be conveniently studied in the sensory and motor nerves
respectively. The terminations of the sensory nerves are dealt with in the section on Sense
Organs.
Motor nerves can be traced into either unstriped or striped muscular fibers. In the
unstriped or involuntary muscles the nerves are derived from the sympathetic, and are
composed mainly of non-medullated fibers. Near their terminations they divide into
numerous branches, which communicate and form intimate plexuses. At the junction of
the branches small triangular nuclear bodies (ganglion cells) are situated. From these
plexuses minute branches are given off which divide and break up into the ultimate
fibrill of which the nerves are composed. These fibrill course between the involuntary
muscle cells, and, according to Elischer, terminate on the surfaces of the cells, opposite
the nuclei, in minute swellings.
In the striped or voluntary muscle the nerves supplying the muscular fibers are derived
from the cerebrospinal nerves, and are composed mainly of medullated fibers. The nerve,
after entering the sheath of the muscle, breaks up into fibers or bundles of fibers, which
form plexuses, and gradually divide until, as a rule, a single nerve fiber enters a single
muscular fiber. Sometimes, however, if the muscular fiber be long, more than one nerve
fiber enters it. Within the muscular fiber the nerve terminates in a special expansion,
called by Khne, who first accurately described it, a motor end-plate (Fig. 637). The
nerve fiber, on approaching the muscular fiber, suddenly loses its medullary sheath, the
neurolemma becomes continuous with the sarcolemma of the muscle, and only the axiscylinder enters the muscular fiber. There it at once spreads out, ramifying like the roots of
a tree, immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and becomes imbedded in a layer of
granular matter, containing a number of clear, oblong nuclei, the whole constituting an
end-plate from which the contractile wave of the muscular fiber is said to start.
Ganglia are small aggregations of nerve cells. They are found on the posterior roots of
the spinal nerves; on the sensory roots of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and
vagus nerves, and on the acoustic nerves. They are also found in connection with the
sympathetic nerves. On section they are seen to consist of a reddish-gray substance,
traversed by numerous white nerve fibers; they vary considerably in form and size; the
largest are found in the cavity of the abdomen; the smallest, not visible to the naked eye,
exist in considerable numbers upon the nerves distributed to the different viscera. Each
ganglion is invested by a smooth and firm, closely adhering, membranous envelope,
consisting of dense areolar tissue; this sheath is continuous with the perineurium of the
nerves, and sends numerous processes into the interior to support the bloodvessels
supplying the substance of the ganglion.
FIG. 637 Muscular
fibers of Lacerta viridis with the terminations of nerves. a. Seen in

profile. P, P. The nerve end-plates. S, S. The base of the plate, consisting of a granular
mass with nuclei. b. The same as seen in looking at a perfectly fresh fiber, the nervous
ends being probably still excitable. (The forms of the variously divided plate can hardly
be represented in a woodcut by sufficiently delicate and pale contours to reproduce
correctly what is seen in nature.) c. The same as seen two hours after death from
poisoning by curare. (See enlarged image)
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28
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30
FIG. 638 Transverse
section of spinal ganglion of rabbit. A. Ganglion. X 30. a. Large clear

nerve cell. b. Small deeply staining nerve cell. c. Nuclei of capsule. X 250. The lines in
the center point to the corresponding cells in the ganglion. (See enlarged image)
In structure all ganglia are essentially similar, consisting of the same structural
elementsviz., nerve cells and nerve fibers. Each nerve cell has a nucleated sheath which
is continuous with the neurolemma of the nerve fiber with which the cell is connected.
The nerve cells in the ganglia of the spinal nerves (Fig. 638) are pyriform in shape, and
have each a single process. A short distance from the cell and while still within the
ganglion this process divides in a T-shaped manner, one limb of the cross-bar turning into
the medulla spinalis, the other limb passing outward to the periphery. In the sympathetic
ganglia (Fig. 639) the nerve cells are multipolar and each has one axis-cylinder process
and several dendrons; the axon emerges from the ganglion as a non-medullated nerve
fiber. Similar cells are found in the ganglia connected with the trigeminal nerve, and these
ganglia are therefore regarded as the cranial portions of the sympathetic system. The
sympathetic nervous system includes those portions of the nervous mechanism in which a
medullated nerve fiber from the central system passes to a ganglion, sympathetic or
peripheral, from which fibers, usually non-medullated, are distributed to such structures,
e. g., bloodvessels, as are not under voluntary control. The spinal and sympathetic ganglia
differ somewhat in the size and disposition of the cells and in the number of nerve fibers
entering and leaving them. In the spinal ganglia (Fig. 638) the nerve cells are much larger
and for the most part collected in groups near the periphery, while the fibers, which are
mostly medullated, traverse the central portion of the ganglion; whereas in the
sympathetic ganglia (Fig. 639) the cells are smaller and distributed in irregular groups
throughout the whole ganglion; the fibers also are irregularly scattered; some of the
entering ones are medullated, while many of those leaving the ganglion are nonmedullated.
31
FIG. 639 Transverse
section of sympathetic ganglion of cat. A. Ganglion. X 50. a. A nerve

cell. X 250. (See enlarged image)
Neuron Theory.The nerve cell and its processes collectively constitute what is termed
a neuron, and Waldeyer formulated the theory that the nervous system is built up of
numerous neurons, anatomically and genetically independent of one another.
According to this theory (neuron theory) the processes of one neuron only come into
contact, and are never in direct continuity, with those of other neurons; while impulses
are transmitted from one nerve cell to another through these points of contact, the
synapses. The synapse or synaptic membrane seems to allow nervous impulses to pass
in one direction only, namely, from the terminals of the axis-cylinder to the dendrons.
This theory is based on the following facts, viz.: (1) embryonic nerve cells or neuroblasts
are entirely distinct from one another; (2) when nervous tissues are stained by the Golgi
method no continuity is seen even between neighboring neurons; and (3) when
degenerative changes occur in nervous tissue, either as the result of disease or
32
experiment, they never spread from one neuron to another, but are limited to the
individual neurons, or groups of neurons, primarily affected. It must, however, be added
that within the past few years the validity of the neuron theory has been called in question
by certain eminent histologists, who maintain that by the employment of more delicate
histological methods, minute fibrils can be followed from one nerve cell into another.
Their existence, however, in the living is open to question. Mott and Marinesco made
careful examinations of living cells, using even the ultramicroscope and agree that neither
Nissl bodies nor neurofibrils are present in the living state.
For the present we may look upon the neurons as the units or structural elements of the
nervous system. All the neurons are present at birth which are present in the adult, their
division ceases before birth; they are not all functionally active at birth, but gradually
assume functional activity. There is no indication of any regeneration after the destruction
of the cell-body of any individual neuron.
Fasciculi, tracts or fiber systems are groups of axons having homologous origin and
homologous distribution (as regards their collaterals, subdivisions and terminals) and are
often named in accordance with their origin and termination, the name of the nucleus or
the location of the cell body from which the axon or fiber arises preceding that of the
nucleus or location of its termination. A given topographical area seldom represents a
pure tract, as in most cases fibers of different systems are mixed.
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34
Chapter Two: Evaluation of the Foot

The Initial Evaluation of the Foot
Signs on the Foot
When looking at the foot of the client you dont initially start with the treatment. You
need to prepare the foot first, ask the client some questions and also observe the foot.
As you are working on the foot you will get signs a client may say an area is
tender or it hurts and you may also feel puffiness or grains under the skin.
However, even before you start to work on the foot you can observe some signs on
the foot. These signs can be divided into visual and feature cues.
Visual Cues are puffiness, thickness, callusing, and color. Puffy areas of the feet
indicate stress or perhaps even exhaustion. Thickness of the foot indicates long-term
adaptation to stress and the thickness of the area indicates the time the person has
been adapting to this stress. For instance, if the area is thick, they have been under a
long-term physical and/or mental stress. This condition is usually recurring. Callusing
would indicate the final and most chronic condition of stress in that area of the body
that is indicated by the callous on the foot. The thickness, once again indicates the
length of time this chronic condition has existed. For instance, a callous over the liver
area can indicate long-term chronic liver trouble.
When you apply pressure to these various areas mentioned above you should keep in
mind that the thicker the area, the more pressure you need to apply. However, if the
client complains of extreme pain, back down to a medium pressure or even a light
pressure if needed.
A discoloration on the foot can indicate a stress condition in that corresponding organ
that is occasional. However, the deeper the discoloration, the longer the stress
condition has existed.
Foot Features are bunions, bumps or bulges, corns, and crooked or curled toes.
Bunions on an area of the foot indicate regular stress related conditions in the area
corresponding. For instance, the client may complain of neck, upper back and lower
back tension problems. Bumps or bulges in the feet also indicate stress on that area of
the body. For instance if there is a bump below the big toe, the client may complain of
fatigue. If there is a bump below the second toe the client may complain of kidney
problems, if there are bulges below the fourth and fifth toe the client may complain of
digestive problems. Corns may indicate headaches or neck tension. Deformity of the
toes can indicate sinus trouble, neck tension problems, headaches, upper back or
shoulder tension problems.
Other Foot Features include arch, tailors bunions, toenail problems, and wear spots.
A high foot arch can indicate high tension and high energy levels in an individual. It
can also indicate back trouble, leg or knee problems, and/or chronic swings of high
and low energy. A low arch, on the other hand can indicate low energy, and digestive
and/or lower back problems. A tailors bunion could indicate shoulder or chest
tension. Wear spots can indicate headaches, neck and upper back problems. The
toenails are also a great indicator of bodily health. Nail analysis is a completely
different field of healing, however, it is helpful to be aware of some of the nail cues
you can observe in people.
Condition
Liver Diseases
Kidney Diseases
Heart Conditions
Lung Diseases
Anemia
Diabetes
Nail Appearance
White Nails
Half of nail is pink, half is white
Nail bed is red
Yellowing and thickening of the nail, slowed
growth rate
Pale nail beds
Yellowish nails, with a slight blush at the base
In more detail here are some more toenail conditions and signs:
White Spots - White spots on the nails are very common and usually recur. These small,
semi-circular spots result from injury to the base (matrix) of the nail, where nail cells are
produced. They are not a cause for concern, and will eventually grow out.
Splinter Hemorrhages - A disruption of blood vessels in the nail bed can cause fine, splinterlike vertical lines to appear under the nail plate. Splinter hemorrhages are caused by injury to
the nail or by certain drugs and diseases. However, trauma is the most common cause.
Splinter hemorrhages resolve spontaneously.
Ingrown Nails - Ingrown toenails are a common nail problem. The great toenails are
particularly vulnerable. Improper nail trimming, tight shoes, or poor posture can cause a
corner of the nail to curve downward into the skin. Ingrown nails can be painful and
sometimes even lead to infection. Seek treatment for the condition rather than attempting to
cut away the nail yourself, as infection may result.
Fungal Infections - Fungal infections make up approximately 50 percent of all nail disorders
and can be difficult to treat. More common in toenails than fingernails, they often cause the
end of the nail to separate from the nail bed. Additionally, debris (white, green, yellow, or
black) may build up under the nail plate and discolor the nail bed. The top of the nail or the
skin at the base of the nail can also be affected. Toenails are more susceptible to fungal
infections because they are confined in a warm, moist, weight-bearing environment. Candida
or yeast infections are common in fingernails especially if the hands are always in water or if
the patient is diabetic.
Bacterial Infections - Redness, swelling, and pain of the nail skin folds often indicate a
bacterial infection. The most common cause is trauma to the nail or surrounding skin, or
frequent exposure to water and chemicals.
Tumors and Warts - Tumors and warts can be found near any portion of the nail unit.
However, the nail plate can change shape or be destroyed as a result of the tumor or wart
growth. Tumors of the nail unit are classified as cancerous or non-cancerous (benign). The
most common non-cancerous tumors are warts. Warts are viral infections that affect the skin
surrounding or underneath the nail. They are painful and can sometimes cause limited use of
the affected finger or toe. Treatment of warts usually involves freezing or chemical application
for removal. If the wart or tumor extends into the nail folds or is located under the nail plate
itself, dermatologic surgery may be necessary to remove it.
Psoriasis - Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by red, scaly patches.
Approximately 10 to 50 percent of people with psoriasis, and 80 percent of people who suffer
from inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, also have nail problems. The most
common nail problems include pitting, rippling, or discoloration of the nail, reddish-brown
discoloration of the skin under the nail, separation of the nail from the nail bed, splinter
hemorrhages, crumbling and/or splitting of the nail, as well as swelling and redness of the
skin surrounding the base of the nail. The signs of psoriatic nail are usually most noticeable
on the fingernails.
A Hard Habit To Break
Nail biting is a common problem, especially among young children. While the habit typically
disappears with age, it has been linked to anxiety with older children and adults. Not only
does nail biting ruin the look of the nails, it is also a good way to transfer infectious organisms
from the fingers to the mouth and vice versa. Nail biting can also damage the skin
surrounding the nails, allowing infections to enter and spread. How can one break the habit?
Many people are cured by applying bad tasting nail polishes or liquids to the nail.
Beau's lines Indentations that run across your nail. This can appear when
growth at the nail root (matrix) is interrupted by severe illness such as a heart
attack, measles, pneumonia, or by fever.
Clubbing Your fingertips widen and become round. Nails curve around your
fingertips. This can be caused by enlargement in the connective tissue as
compensation for a chronic lack of oxygen. Lung disease is present in 80 percent
of people who have clubbed fingers. Also may appear in heart disease or cancer.
Half-and-Half (Lindsay's nails) Look for an arc of brownish discoloration.
May appear in a small percentage of people who have kidney failure.
Mee's lines White lines that run across your nail, following the shape of the
nail "moon." Arsenic poisoning is the cause.
Onycholysis (ON-i-ko-LY-sis) The nail separates from the nail bed. Most of
the time, this problem is associated with physical injury (trauma), psoriasis, drug
reactions, fungal disease or contact dermatitis from using nail hardeners.
Sometimes onycholysis is related to an over- or under-active thyroid gland, iron
deficiency anemia or syphilis.
Pitting Small pits or depressions. Most common nail problem seen in 25
percent to 50 percent of people with psoriasis.
Spoon nails Soft nails that look scooped out. Depression is usually large
enough to hold a drop of liquid. Often indicates iron deficiency anemia. Your nail
looks opaque and white, but the nail tip has a dark pink to brown band. May
accompany cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, adult-onset diabetes, cancer or
aging.
Vertical ridges Narrow ridges that run the length of your nails. May appear in
adulthood and become more obvious as you age. Also may accompany kidney
failure.
Yellow nail syndrome One or more nails turn yellow or green. Nails grow
more slowly, and the cuticle and "moon" disappear. May be associated with
swelling of the hands and feet, or a variety of respiratory diseases such as
chronic bronchitis.
Discolored nails: Diabetes, stress, allergies and simple illness can cause your
nails to appear discolored. A greenish nail color, however, can be a sign of
infection, either in the nail bed or in your system.
Bluish nail beds: can be a sign of lung trouble, such as emphysema or even
asthma. A simple dark blue line in the nail can be a sign of skin cancer. Tiny black
streaks can indicate a heart problem, while reddish-brown spots can indicate a
deficiency of folic acid, protein or vitamin C.
Nail Shapes: Nails that tend to curl under at thei tips can signify respiratory or
heart problems, while nails that are raised at the base can also signal respiratory
trouble. Square, wide nails can be a result of a hormonal disorder while flat, thin
nails can be from insufficient vitamin B12.
Other Nail Textures: Vertical ridges that appear on the nail can indicate
disorders as simple as iron deficiency, poor absorption of vitamins and nutrients,
overall poor health or they could indicate something as serious as kidney trouble.
(So, you see why consulting your physician is so important.) These vertical
ridges, as well as bumpy nails, can also suggest that one is prone to developing
arthritis. Ridges running horizontally across the nail can indicate physical or
mental stress.
At this point you should have out your foot chart. I usually photocopy a bunch of
black and white charts and start filling in notes right away. You should leave an area
at the bottom of the chart for notes about the toenail or other general foot appearance.
However, try to keep as much of the information on the foot chart as you can. Use the
following chart to note some of the observations above. I usually use colored pencils
or shading as a code to what I see. A heavy condition such as thickness or call lousing
can be indicated with red or heavy shading. A more moderate condition of
discoloration or slight puffiness can be shown with the color green or light shading.
Use the chart on the next page to do an initial evaluation on four feet of people you
know.
Assignment: Type up the results of your initial observations of the four people.
Indicate what visual signs you saw on each of them.
1. What toenail observations have you made?

A. Color of nails ________________________________
B. Texture of nails ______________________________
C. Other nail observations ________________________
After you have made your visual observations you are ready to start making some
physical-touch observations. By touching the foot you can more closely observe
puffiness, thickness, hard tonus, callusing, and sensitivity.
If the client has sharp sensitivity to your touch with puffiness this can indicate current
stress of the area. Puffiness over a general area can indicate general body stress.
Thickness of the foot indicates ongoing adaptation to stress over time. A hard area
under the skin can indicate a recurring problem or a past injury or condition which has
since healed. Callusing can indicate long-term problems.
Sensitativity in an area can also be indicative of stress in that area. The most common
example of this is when a client mentions to me that they have noticed a certain area
of their foot is sore lately. Not surprisingly, this area usually corresponds to their
current health condition. For instance one lady came in complaining of soreness in the
web of her hand as well as her thumbs. She also complained of headaches.
Sensitivity of the toes could indicate neck tension, or a head or neck injury.
Sensitivity to the ball of the foot could indicate upper back tension or perhaps even
whiplash. Sensitivity in the mid-foot area could indicate energy problems, digestive
problems, kidney problems or even lower back problems. Sensitivity on the heel
indicates hip, sciatic nerve, lower back and/or digestive problems. Sensitivity on the
edge of the heel indicates perhaps a tailbone injury. Hemorrhoids, or reproductive
problems.
Now go back to the same four people and add this new information to your chart. Did
touching the foot give you better information and add to the quality of your
observation or was just looking at the foot good enough?
Chapter Three: Interviewing the Client and Planning the Session

Asking Questions
Asking Questions
Many people think that reflexology is a magic art that allows the practitioner to read a person without
any more information. Sometimes a practitioner can sense something happening in the heel of the foot
and may suggest, Do you have any bowel problems? This may seem magical to the client and they
may exclaim, How did you know? But notice the KEY word in the practitioners question:
DO YOU HAVE.?
The practitioner did not say, You have bowel problems. They said, Do you have bowel problems?
Always remember that reflexology is a guide for you and not the key to a persons health. Even
medical doctors combine questions with blood tests and then re-check the results with an ultrasound. It
is unprofessional to rely on only one method of gaining information.
So far I have spoken about how to gain information from fingernails and toenails, how to gain
information from appearance of the foot and also how to gain information from the feel of the foot.
Already you are relying on three methods of gaining information. However, the fourth method asking
questions is the most important method of all. Questions can help you in many ways. By asking
questions at the beginning of the session you can learn about where you might focus your search on
this persons foot. By using questions at the end or during the session you can delve deeper into the
clients problems and start to find a reason for their complaint.
To give an example:
If you feel hardness on the heel of the foot and the person complains of a little pain there when you
touch the area you may want to ask more about this area. Since this area is related to the bowl area of
the body you want to know more. But start slowly. You dont want to suggest things to the client or
emphasize problems that are not there.
I would start by asking, How are your bowel movements? Do you have one every day?
If they say yes, I may then ask another questions, Do you ever have pain in this area of your body?
If they answer no and I still have not found out what is the problem I may then ask some more
questions like Do you have diarrhea or constipation? I may also ask about the foods they eat. Only as
a last resort will I ask them directly I feel something in your bowl area. Do you have any known
problem there?
I have a set list of questions I ask everyone. It is very comprehensive because it was the list I learned
interviewing from. Now, when I am with a client I no longer keep the list in front of me but I still use it
for online consulting. You can also use the following form as a guide:
INTERVIEW FOR
GENERAL CLIENT INFORMATION
This section gives me a general idea of your complaints and helps me to pinpoint body systems that may need
strengthening, and physical problems you may or may not be aware of. This section also gives insight into what
may have caused those problems in your lifestyle, nutrition, relationships or environment.
Name?______________________________________
Age?____________________Birthday?_____________
Who referred you to us?__________________________
Why are you visiting?_____________________________

E-mail address?_________________________________
Female or Male?_________________________________
Do you live in the city, suburbs or country?______________
Do you live in a house, apartment or other?______________
How many rooms are in your dwelling?________________
Is your dwelling sunny or dark?______________________
Who do you live with?_____________________________
Do you have pets? Which kind?______________________
What kind of water do you drink?____________________
Do you bathe in filtered water?_______________________
following is a list of neighborhood annoyances. Circle any of the following you have: Loud dogs, airport nearby,
loud neighbor(s), high voltage power lines, factory nearby, highway nearby, heavy traffic nearby, near a farm that
uses chemicals, other.
Height?_______________Weight?____________________
Known Allergies?__________________________________
The following is a list of some common food items. Please list the ones that are included in your DAILY or
USUAL diet (do not include those you have only on special occasions or very rarely): Red meat, fish, poultry,
fruits, vegetables, raw foods, grains, nuts, seeds, fermented foods, butter, milk, cheese, yogurt, sugar, honey, baked
goods, desserts, coffee, black tea, herbal tea, alcohol, vitamins, protein supplements, food supplements, cigarettes,
white flour, canned foods, frozen foods, whole wheat flour, pasta, white rice, brown rice
Which items do you consume most often?_____________________________________
Do you follow any special or restricted diet at this time? _____________________
What would you like to change about your eating habits?_____________________
Do you eat out often?__________________________________________
Which restaurants?____________________________________________
What times do you eat?_________________________________________
Are your meals relaxed or stressful times?____________________________
Who cooks at your home? _______________________
Do you like to cook?____________________________
Occupation?___________________________________
Married?______________________________________
How many children do you have?____________________
What music do you listen to?_______________________
What is your favorite color?_______________________
Are you pregnant or trying to get pregnant__________________________
Are you seeing a physician or health care practitioner for any reason?
Why_______________________________________________________
How many times do you urinate in one day?__________________________

How many times do you urinate at night?_____________________________
How many bowel movements do you have each 24 hour period?___________
Are your bowel movements hard, dry, soft, runny or constipated?___________
Have you ever used tampons?___________
Following is a list of health problems. Please circle any which apply to you: high or low blood pressure, pain in the
heart, poor circulation, swelling ankles, previous stroke or heart murmur, backache, broken bones, mobility
restrictions, arthritis, bursitis, asthma, earaches, eye pains, dry or wet eyes, failing vision, hay fever, sinus
congestion, sore throat, tonsils, hearing loss, excessive urination, water retention, burning urine, kidney stones,
lower back pain, dark circles under eyes, itchy ears or eyes, emotional insecurity, boils, bruises, dryness, itching,
varicose veins, skin eruptions, chest pain, difficulty breathing, cough, tuberculosis, congestion, belching, colitis,
constipation, abdominal pain, liver problems, gallstones, ulcers, indigestion.
From the list above, which problems do you have NOW?
________________________________________________________________________
Are you allergic to any medications? Which ones?______________________________
Which medications are you taking now?_________________________________
What vitamins/supplements do you take now?____________________________
Have you had any major operations? Accidents?___________________________
Have you had any hospitalizations? For what reason?________________________
If you are female the following is a list of health problems commonly experienced by females. Please circle any
which you are experiencing NOW: Fibroids, Uterine Cysts, Endometriosis, cervical dysplasia, pelvic pain, painful
intercourse, swelling of hands, feet or ankles, vaginal infections, breast pain, breast lump, vaginal itching,
difficulty in conceiving, general fatigue, anemia, headaches, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, genital
herpes, shortness of breath, irregular menstrual cycles, heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding between cycles,
absence of a menstrual cycle, dramatic mood swings around your menstrual cycle, hot flashes, dry vaginal lining,
osteoporosis, break-though bleeding, ERT therapy
The following is a list of some common physical activities. Which do you participate in? Sitting at a desk, sitting
in a car, jogging/running, calisthenics, aerobics, swimming, weight lifting, walking, standing, yoga, tai chi, hiking,
bike riding, horseback riding, tennis, bending/lifting, gardening, skiing, other.
Which do you do and for approximately how long each week?

__________________________________________________________
Have you used birth control? For how long?________________________
How many pregnancies have you had? (List any miscarriages or abortions as
well)?______________________________________________________
The following is a list of health problems. Circle any that are in your family: Diabetes, cancer, disease, mental
illness, asthma, heart disease, tuberculosis, gout, epilepsy, thyroid problems, obesity, other.
Are you able to express your feelings and emotions?_____________________
Are you happy with your job?______________________________________
Children: Are you happy at school?________In your family?_______________
Are you happy in your marriage?____________________________________
Are you lonely?_________________________________________________
What is the one thing you could change in your life now if you could change
anything?______________________________________________________
Are you a nervous person? What makes you nervous?_____________________

Do you sleep well?__________________________________________
Which of the following feelings is predominating in your life? Circle which apply: Joy, happiness, anger, sadness,
fear, sympathy, worry, depression, negative feelings, positive feelings, other.
The following is a list of experiences. Please circle which ones you have experienced in the past seven years and
when: divorce, loss of a loved one, loss of a job, change of residence, injury, violation of property or self, death of
a close relative, death of close friend, death of acquaintance or distant relative, other.
Indicate type and date of each experience:
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Are you happy with your current finances? ______________________
1.
First you must prepare your workplace. Wash your hands and check your fingernails. Make
sure they are clean and not too long. Make sure your client has a comfortable chair to sit in
and a footstool to place their feet. It does not have to be a recliner or a special massage chair.
It just has to be comfortable.
2. Place a towel on the footrest before they place their feet on it. This insures that the footrest
remains clean.
3. Prepare a plastic tub with warm water and a few drops of aromatherapy oil. Have the client
soak their feet in this tub for ten minutes before treatment. This helps to relax the client and
prepare the feet and insure cleanliness. Clean your tub after every use with disinfectant.
4. After your client has soaked their bare feet in the tub then invite them to put their feet up on
the stool. You should be sitting with their feet at your face level or at another comfortable
level for you. I usually sit on the ground with a yoga cushion under my seat between my seat
and my legs. You may also have their feet higher off the ground and sit on a chair. Sometimes
I sit on the plain floor.
5. Look over the entire foot for anything to be avoided. Have they been injured? Are there cuts
or bunions or areas that you should avoid? Take note of these and avoid them in your session.
6. As you begin the treatment make conversation with the client to warm them up. Ask if they
have ever done reflexology before or any other natural therapy. As why they decided to use
reflexology. Ask them about their healing goals.
7. Start the treatment with a series of what is called deserts or warm-ups (These will
be explained later)
8. Consider what level of touch is needed for your client. A sensitive, elderly, or very young
person will need a lighter touch. A heavy foot might require a strong touch.
9. Apply general technique to the entire foot area (This will be shown later). Do one or two
passes on the entire foot.
10. During the session keep at least one hand on the persons foot and vary your technique to keep
from getting sore hands. The first session you do you might be sore but you actually do build
up the muscles in your fingers and it becomes easier!
11. Follow a pattern in the session so you do not forget which areas you did and so the session
proceeds in a regular manner, which can be repeated regularly.
12. As you are working the foot continue to evaluate it. As you are a beginner you can keep a
photocopied chart near you and make notes as you go along. As you become more
experienced try to keep a mental memory so as not to interrupt the flow of the session.
13. Work through the foot a SECOND time with emphasis to the areas, which need extra
attention.
14. Before you do the second foot as the client to get up and walk around to give you feedback
and compare how the done foot feels compared to the foot you have yet to do.
15. Work through the other foot using the same procedure.
16. End the session by pressing on the pituitary gland and asking the client to breath in deep as
you press. When you let up they should breath out. Do this three times.
17. Ask the client more questions or finish your questions at this point. Some people prefer to do
the session first then ask questions later. Anyway, at this point, the client should sit for some
time so this is a good time to ask questions.
18. Take note in the clients file how quickly they did or did not respond. Did their pain or
problem disappear or just subside? Ask for feedback so you know when the problem returned
later that day or week (if at all).
19. Based on the information above, plan a long-term session plan for your client. This plan
should be a series of sessions. You should perform 1-6 more sessions on them to get the
desired result. Depending on their response to your first treatment, the answers to your
questions, the intensity of their problem, etcyou plan their program.
Sessions should be 30 to 35 minutes for adults and 15

minutes for children.
The only problem with procuring information in reflexology is that it is really useless to you unless you
have a basic understanding of how the body works, what the function of each organ is and how these
organs and body functions relate to each other.
There are four levels of understanding anatomy. The first level is a basic understanding of what each
body part does. I have included a short summary below. The second level of understanding is to
understand how each of these areas function together. This information can be found in the first section
as well as the last section below. The third level of understanding is metaphysical. One must
understand what organs relate to which emotions so you can tie the emotional and spiritual world to
that of the physical realm. The last part of understanding anatomy is to understand the body from a
chemical point of view. This is usually how the medical profession views the body. Natural healers
usually use a combination of the first three. However, I have included information about this fourth
type of understanding because there is at least a partial truth and help in this view as well as the others.
I feel the true understanding of the body is still out of our reach but a combination of the four.
understandings will bring us closer that just using one alone.
LEVEL ONE: Understanding What Each Body Part Does

The Endocrine System
The Pituitary
The tissues in the anterior lobe consist of extensive vascular areas interspersed among glandular cells
that secrete at least six different hormones. It was formerly believed that a master molecule was
stimulated by various enzymes to produce these hormones, but present evidence indicates that each is
individually synthesized, probably by a specific type of glandular cell. Three such types of cells exist in
the anterior pituitary gland: acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes. The growth hormone , thought to
be synthesized by certain acidophils, stimulates all the tissues in the body to grow by effecting protein
formation.
The Adrenals
The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisone that are important
in controlling your stress and immunity. The twist posture is a powerful stimulant to the adrenal glands,
causing them to release extra energy to boost your vitality level.
Thyroid
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located at the back of the neck below the
Adam's apple. The thyroid consists of two lobes. The lobes are wrapped around the windpipe. The
thyroid produces thyroid hormones that control the metabolism.
The thyroid produces hormones that influence every organ, tissue and cell in the body. The hormones
also control heart rate, body weight, body temperature, energy level, muscle strength and menstrual
regularity.
When the thyroid becomes faulty or malfunctions, metabolic disorders occur. There are two main types
of thyroid malfunctions.
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too little amounts of thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism causes the body to function at a lower rate.
Hypothyroidism can contribute to heart disease. It can contribute to heart disease because one of the
side effects is an increased amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol circulating in the blood.
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone. Hyperthyroidism
increases the rate at which each cell functions, increasing all the reactions that occur in the body. Some
of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are: nervousness decreased menstrual flow, weight loss, and
irregular heartbeat.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes (internal secretions) and hormones
(external secretions). In humans, the pancreas is a yellowish organ about 7 inches (17.8 cm) long and
1.5 inches. (3.8 cm) wide.
The pancreas lies beneath the stomach and is connected to the small intestine at the duodenum.
The pancreas contains enzyme-producing cells that secrete two hormones. The two hormones are
insulin and glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and together,
they regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin lowers the blood sugar level and increases the
amount of glycogen (stored carbohydrate) in the liver. Glucagon slowly increases the blood sugar level
if it falls too low. If the insulin secreting cells do not work properly, diabetes occurs.
The pancreas is also helps neutralize chyme and helps break down proteins, fats and starch. Chyme is a
thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum. If the
pancreas is not working properly to neutralize chyme and break down proteins, fats and starch,
starvation may occur.
The Ovaries
The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of
the uterus. The ovaries are connected to each other by the Fallopian tubes. Each ovary is about the size
and shape of an almond. The ovaries have two functions: they produce eggs (also called ova) and
female hormones. The size of each ovary is about 1.5 inches long.
Each month, during the menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one ovary. The egg travels from the
ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus.
The ovaries are the main source of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). These hormones
control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair.
They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Estrogen is a group of female sex hormones that stimulate the appearance of secondary female sex
characteristics in girls at puberty. Estrogen controls controls the growth of the lining of the uterus
during the first part of the menstrual cycle, cause breast development in pregnancy and regulates
various metabolic processes.
The Digestive System

Liver
The liver is the largest glandular organ of the body. It weighs about 3 lb (1.36 kg). It is reddish brown
in color and is divided into four lobes of unequal size and shape. The liver lies on the right side of the
abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. Blood is carried to the liver via two large vessels called the
hepatic artery and the portal vein. The heptic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta (a major
vessel in the heart). The portal vein carries blood containing digested food from the small intestine.
These blood vessels subdivide in the liver repeatedly, terminating in very small capillaries. Each
capillary leads to a lobule. Liver tissue is composed of thousands of lobules, and each lobule is made
up of hepatic cells, the basic metabolic cells of the liver.

The liver has many functions. Some of the functions are: to produce substances that break down fats,
convert glucose to glycogen, produce urea (the main substance of urine), make certain amino acids (the
building blocks of proteins), filter harmful substances from the blood (such as alcohol), storage of
vitamins and minerals (vitamins A, D, K and B12) and maintain a proper level or glucose in the blood.
The liver is also responsible fore producing cholesterol. It produces about 80% of the cholesterol in
your body.
The Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile. It is connected to the
liver (which produces the bile) by the hepatic duct. It is approximately 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm)
long and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide.
The function of the gallbladder is to store bile and concentrate. Bile is a digestive liquid continually
secreted by the liver. The bile emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids in partly digested food. A muscular
valve in the common bile duct opens, and the bile flows from the gallbladder into the cystic duct, along
the common bile duct, and into the duodenum (part of the small intestine).
The Colon
If stretched out to their full length, the large and small intestines together would measure 25 feet long.
Second, the total surface area in the intestines (made larger by myriad folds) capable of absorbing
nutrients is the size of a tennis court. Third, the intestines can store a vast amount of partially digested,
putrefying matter (as well as drugs and other toxic chemicals)for decades even. Some intestines,
when autopsied, have weighed up to 40 pounds and were distended to a diameter of 12 inches with
only a pencil-thin channel through which the feces could move. That 40 pounds was due to caked
layers of encrusted mucus mixed with fecal matter, bizarrely resembling hardened blackish-green truck
tire rubber or an old piece of dried rawhide. I call this mucoid plaque. This mucoid plaque, when it is
removed during an intensive colon cleanse, often shows ropelike twists, striations, overlaps, folds,
creasesthe shape and texture of the intestinal wall. Mucoid plaque may vary considerably, depending
on the chemical conditions in a persons intestines. It may be hard and brittle; it may be firm and thick;
tough, wet, and rubbery; soft, thick, and mucoid; or soft, transparent, and thin; it can range in color
from light brown, black, or greenish-black to yellow or gray, and sometimes emits an intensely foul
odor.
Urinary System
The Kidney
The water element organs are the kidneys and bladder. In Chinese physiology, these organs govern
water metabolism and control the bladder. In addition the kidneys are seen as the root and foundation
of the body. They rule the lower part including the sexual organs and their reproductive functions.
They also provide energy and warmth. The concept of kidneys goes beyond the Western physiology.
To explain why these additional functions can reasonably be part of kidney function, adrenal gland
activity is generally assigned to the Chinese concept of kidney. The adrenals contribute to the energy,
warmth, sexuality and other attributes of the body. The kidney-adrenal connection is clear since the
adrenals are located directly on top of the kidneys and produce secretion that make kidney activities
possible. The water element emotion is fear. Like the kidneys, fear is deeply rooted, and we are often
not consciously aware of even major areas of fear and insecurity. A little healthy fear protects us, but
unhealthy fear can injure the kidneys. On the other hand, weak kidneys can induce fear, which can
block loving experiences. Stress-ridden, fear-ridden kidneys fail to remove the excess water in the
system, which in turn extinguish the fire element (the heart) and its normal expressions of love and
joy. Many people receive psychotherapy in an attempt to identify and dismantle deep insecurities.
Often there is little success because the kidney-adrenal complex has not been renewed. By restoring the
kidneys to any significant degree, one typically feels a tremendous amount of elation as the dark cloud
of fear lifts. The kidney supports the reproductive organs, the reproductive material and reproduction
activity (libido, ejaculation, gestation, etc..). When the kidney is functioning at optimum levels, the
sexual and reproductive life is vigorous and lasting. The kidney also supports the structural elements of
the body and regulates growth of the spinal cord, brain, hair, and teeth. The kidney also determines our
ability to store calcium in our bones. On a strictly functional level, the kidneys filter the blood of waste.
The kidneys also nourish the inner ear and so a weak kidney will cause trouble with ear infections,
ringing in the ears, etc..
The Circulatory System

The Heart
The human heart is a pear-shaped structure about the size of a fist. The heart is an amazing organ. It is
responsible for supplying the body with oxygenated blood. Each time the heart beats, it exerts a
pressure on the veins and arteries called blood pressure. Blood pressure is extremely important and
must be controlled if it is too high or low. Blood pressure can be controlled by medication prescribed
by your doctor, proper exercise and a diet filled with plants and vegetables.
The heart is made of a special kind of muscle called myocardium, and is enclosed in a double-layered,
membranous sac called a pericardium.
The heart lies in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is composed of four chambers, many large
arteries and many veins. The four chambers are called atrium and ventricles. A wall of muscle divides
the heart into two cavities: the left cavity pumps blood throughout the body, while the right cavity
pumps blood only through the lungs. Two chambers of the heart lie in the left cavity and two chambers
lie in the right cavity.
The two upper chambers are called atrium, the bottom chambers are called ventricles. The right side of
the heart receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body except for the lungs. The left side of
the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. An adult heart
beats approximately 100,000 times a day, pumping about 2,000 gallons of blood. It has been estimated
that the heart will beat about 3 billion times during a 70-year lifetime.
Your heart pumps nearly five quarts of blood through your body every 60 seconds.
Given the heart's arduous task of supplying the body with blood every day, it must be well taken care
of. A heart that is improperly cared for may develop heart disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of
death among Americans.
The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a network of thin walled vessels found in all parts of the body except the
central nervous system. These vessels contain lymph fluid, which bathe the bodys cells and feed them
with nutrients removed from the small intestines. The fluid is filtered through balls of cells called
nodes.
The Spleen
The spleens function is to filter old and damaged red blood cells, filter bacteria and blood debris,
produce anti-bodies, and produce lymph and plasma cells and to store (about 1/3rd of a quart) of blood
in case of hemorrhage. The spleen depends on the lymphatic system to function properly.
Thymus
The thymus is the lymph gland located behind the upper part of the breastbone.
The Respiratory System

Lungs
The lungs and bronchioles function to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood,
which exchanges these substances at a cellular level. Oxygen, of course, is necessary for cell
metabolism and carbon monoxide is one of the MAIN waste products of cell metabolism. The
respiratory system is one of the MAIN channels of elimination in the body (along with the colon and
the skin, etc..) . Many people do not realize that the respiratory system has this function. So if your
body is laden with toxins some people get it stuck in their lungs instead of their intestines or skin.
The Central Nervous System

The Brain
The brain is the portion of the central nervous system in vertebrates (animals with bones) that lies
within the skull. In humans, the brain weighs about 3 pounds. Differences in weight and size do not
correlate with differences in mental ability.

The brain is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and virtually every other vital
activity necessary to survive.
The brain is a pinkish-gray mass that is composed of about 10 billion nerve cells. The nerve cells are
linked to each other and together are responsible for the control of all mental functions. Nerve fibers in
the brain are covered in a near-white substance called myelin and form the white matter of the brain.
Nerve cell bodies, which are not covered by myelin sheaths, form the gray matter.
The entire brain is enveloped in three protective sheets known as the meninges, continuations of the
membranes that wrap the spinal cord. The two inner sheets enclose a shock-absorbing cushion of
cerebrospinal fluid. Nerve fibers in the brain are covered in a near-white substance called myelin and
form the white matter of the brain. Nerve cell bodies, which are not covered by myelin sheaths, form
the gray matter.
The brain is divided into three major parts, the hindbrain (including the cerebellum and the brain stem),
the midbrain, and the forebrain (including the diencephalon and the cerebrum).
Each area of the brain has an associated function, although many functions may involve a number of
different areas.
The cerebellum is the hind part of the brain. It is made up of gray, unmyelinated cells on the exterior
and white, myelinated cells in the interior. The cerebellum coordinates muscular movements and, along
with the midbrain, monitors posture. It is essential to the control of movement of the human body in
space. The brain stem, which incorporates the medulla and the pons, monitors involuntary activities
such as breathing and vomiting.
The thalamus, which forms the major part of the diencephalon, receives incoming sensory impulses
and routes them to the appropriate higher centers. The hypothalamus, occupying the rest of the
diencephalon, regulates heartbeat, body temperature, and fluid balance. Above the thalamus extends
the corpus callosum, a neuron-rich membrane connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The cerebrum occupies the topmost portion of the skull. It is by far the largest part of the brain. It
makes up about 85% of the brain's weight. The cerebrum is split vertically into left and right
hemispheres, it appears deeply fissured and grooved. Its upper surface, the cerebral cortex, contains
most of the master controls of the body. In the cerebral cortex ultimate analysis of sensory data occurs,
and motor impulses originate that initiate, reinforce, or inhibit the entire spectrum of muscle and gland
activity. The left half of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body; the right half controls the left
side. (This explains why if a stroke occurs in the left half of the brain, the right side of the body is
affected)
Other important parts of the brain are the pituitary gland, the basal ganglia, and the reticular activating
system (RAS). The pituitary participates in growth regulation. The basal ganglia, located just above the
diencephalon in each cerebral hemisphere, handle coordination and habitual but acquired skills like
chewing and playing the piano. The RAS forms a special system of nerve cells linking the medulla,
pons, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. The RAS functions as a sentry. In a noisy crowd, for example, the
RAS alerts a person when a friend speaks and enables that person to ignore other sounds.
Medulla (Brain Stem)

The medulla is a vital brain center containing the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers. It controls
venous circulation, respiration and heart activity Disturbances here can effect the entire nervous system
and sense system as well as cause weakness in the heart and lung (which you have in the lungs and to a
small extent in the heart). This weakness could also instigate panic attacks, insomnia and nervous
disorders. This area controls the physicalness (amativeness) and physical motive (will exaggeration) of
a person. The medulla controls the positive forces of respiration, vasomotor health, swallowing, and
breathing. Defects here can cause ragged respiration, abnormal heart rate, hiccoughing, sneezing,
vomiting, coughing and salivating. The best tea for the medulla is Sage tea.
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a continuation of the brain below the skull. It is a column of nerve tissue enclosed in
the spinal canal, a tunnel behind the backbone. The nerves originating here are the central area for
conveying information to and from various parts of the body.
Muscular System
Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body. It accounts for 2/5ths of the bodys weight.
Skeletal System
The bones of the body not only keep the body together but they also store the bodys supply of
calcium.
The Skin
The skin is our largest eliminative organ and we typically eliminate two pounds of waste materials
(perspiration) every day, mostly through the feet.
The skin is one of the most important and most neglected of the eliminative organs. Adults have a skin
area estimated from 2-3,000square inches, which eliminates about 2 pounds of waste material per day.
The skin has two main layers, called the epidermis or outer layer and dermis, the thick, underlying
later. The epidermis of the palms of the hands and feet have five layers while the rest of the body has
four. Sweat glands, approximately 3,000 per square inch of the body, help control electrolyte fluid
balance in the body and assist in regulating body temperature. The scurf rim around the perimeter of
the iris provides information about the condition of the skin and the blood vessels just beneath it. The
presence of a rim shows an accumulation of toxic materials due to poor elimination from the skin.
Among those with the poorest skin elimination, the scurf rim becomes almost black. Where the scurf
rim is the darkest or thickest can also show which organs are being affected the most. To keep the skin
functioning properly brush is with a natural bristle brush or loufa. Skin also needs sunlight and fresh air
and exercise for the glands to function properly. Foods good for the skin are silicon, iron, potassium
and vitamins A, B, niacin and PABA. Supplements such as rice bran syrup, alfalfa sprouts and oat
straw tea are good for the skin.
LEVEL TWO: How the Body Functions as a Unit

You can understand the body as a unit on a few levels. The medical level views the body as a unit of
systems. You can see how the body is a series of systems by going to point four below and seeing
how I have divided the body into the various systems: circulatory, urinary, etc
You can also understand the body as a unit on another level. The bodily organs all function together as
one unit and among each other in smaller units BUT the body as a whole is more than just the physical
body. The health of a person is affected by different aspects other than their physical body. Some
healers refer to these as other bodies or layers surrounding our bodies. One of the main complaints
natural healers have is that modern medicine ignores these other layers. Some people photograph them,
others say they can see or sense them. We all know they are there but many people dont realize
the effect these other layers have on their physical health.
These other layers include (but do not end with) the mental and the spiritual body. How we think,
what others think of us, how we pray and how we are connected to the spiritual realmall of this
shows in the layers outside our physical skin as healthy or unhealthy and they should be healed or
balanced along with the physical body.
LEVEL THREE: The Metaphysical Body
Metaphysical Signs
Short List
The following is a list of organs and diseases that people can have. Under the name of the
organ/disease is the metaphysical reason behind it. Knowing these reasons can help you to guide the
person to a deeper healing through the channels of not only the physical realm but also the mental and
spiritual realm.
Acne
Something you are afraid of trying to come to the surface
Abscess
Inner conflict unable to find release - erupts through the skin
Burns
Pent up anger, fear of someone else's anger, afraid you'll get your fingers burnt
Boils
Anger coming to the boil
Cuts
Leaking life's joys
Colds
Leave me alone! Confusion, suppressing something, take time out to rest. Could also indicate a
cleansing.
Circulatory System
Symbolizes the emotions and the capacity to love. The circulation distributes the vital energy
throughout the body.
Constipation
Fear of letting go. Holding on to old emotions that are no longer of any use
Diarrhea
Letting go of new impressions without processing them, fear of the new.
Diabetes
Lacking the sweet things in life. Living in the past. Unforgiving
Digestive
Stands for the reception and digestion of impressions. This requires openness, acceptance and devotion.
The stomach will live out our emotions if we ban the capacity to feel from our conscious life. Also the
fear of not getting our share keeps us from letting go.
Eczema
Wanting to break out of the barriers you have set yourself
Eyes
What don't you want to look at? Long sighted - Can't see in the now
Short sighted - Always looking to the future.
Ears
Don't want to hear or listen to your inner voice?
Feet
Fear of moving forward
Flu
believing in mass thought
Hepatitis
Resistance to change, fear, anger
Headaches
Excessive tension, hardheadedness or perpetual worrying. Placing too much weight on rational thought.
Hurry, worry, strong will. Blocking out intuition.
Hands
What are you holding on to? Left hand - receiving Right hand - giving
Thumb
Under the thumb
Index Finger
Authority - the pointer
Middle Finger
Universal symbol
Ring Finger
Partnerships
Little Finger
Sex and communication
Itching
Something getting on your nerves
Jaundice
Internal and external prejudice, unbalanced reasoning
Kidney Problems
Projecting ones deficiencies and problems onto a partner or other people. Very sensitive and often
disappointed and frustrated. Hanging on to emotions. Release them. Elimination Don't poison yourself
in projecting your problems onto others. Look at them - solve them.
Knees
Pride, stubbornness, egotism or unconscious fears preventing you from submitting or yielding.
Humility without self-lack.
Liver
Chronic complaining, justifying, faultfinding to deceive yourself.
Legs
Fear of the future. Afraid of going forward. Where's my support?
Larynx
Repressed speech. Afraid to speak up for oneself! Lack of self-expression
Migraine
Strong willed. Bad attitude to opposite sex. Resisting flow of life.
Mouth
Cannot take in new ideas or impressions. Become flexible. Communicate
Rashes
Striking back at yourself
Respiratory System
The taking in and letting out. What don't you want to come in contact with? In what respect don't you
feel free?
Sinuses
Someone close to you is irritating you. Sharing. What you are presenting to the outside world does not
compute with your inner feelings.
Teeth & Gums
Lack of confidence in self. Difficulty in making decisions. Wanting to please everybody.
Throat
Not wanting or not able to swallow down something
Ulcers
Feeling judged or an injustice is being done. Acid thoughts and feelings. Fear eating away at you
Deeper Meanings
The Head Area
Headaches; Pain always indicates a separation of some sort from something. Usually we say separation
from what is the Truth. The greater the pain the more important that something is. Depending on which
part of the head is afflicted the meaning changes. Louise Haye suggests that Headaches indicate
invalidating the Self out of Fear. In Chinese Medicine there are several different kinds of headaches
according to the quality of the pain and the location on the head. Read on.
Vertex; The top of the head is associated with our connection to the Universe or God. Pain here is
associated with separation from that higher power. It is also associated with the Kidneys and the
emotion is Fear. Both the Gallbladder and Urinary Bladder channels traverse the top of the head. The
Gallbladder is associated with Courage, and the Urinary Bladder through its associate with the Kidneys
is associated with Fear.
Forehead; The forehead is associated with introspection and illumination of your own Inner Being.
Pain here is associated with separation from your own Inner Being.
Temporal; The sides of the head are associated with courage, especially courage to face your world.
Migraine Headaches, usually located in the front quadrants, right or left, indicates a separation from
your world. The involvement of the eyes in Migraines indicate not only an unwillingness to look
without, but to look within. Most Migraine sufferers report, not only severe pain behind the eye, but
also acute sensitivity to light.
Occipital; The back of the head represents your past. Some say also this is an area of spirituality. Pain
here represents something in your past that is not complete and remains unforgiving. The back of the
head is traversed by the Gallbladder Channel and the Urinary Bladder Channels indicating Anger born
of Fear. The Back of the Head is thought to be the seat of Spiritual Experiences. The only way to see
them is through inner sight. Pain in the back of the head represents an unwillingness to look deep
within for the source of Light & Truth.
The Back Area
Spine; The Spine Represents the support you think you have in Life and your alignment with those
supportive forces. Curved spine, or Scoliosis represents a misalignment with Life. Spasms represent an
unwillingness to accept the support that is there.
Shoulders; Shoulders represent burdens and responsibilities. Frozen Shoulder for example represents a
complete unwillingness to shoulder your responsibilities in Life, especially your own Life. Pain and
dysfunction to varying degrees represents varying degrees of unwillingness to be responsible. Moving
forward in Life sometimes requires that you 'put your shoulder to the wheel' to overcome inertia. the
Gallbladder channel traverses the shoulders and indicates Courage ( or lack of...).
The back, is considered to be the active, aggressive, lighted side. The back also represents that which is
behind you. Very often we do not see clearly that which is behind us. Back problems generally
represent conflict between the urge to move forward and the inertia of an unforgiving past that holds us
back. This tension very often separates us from both and pain is the result. Louse Haye suggests that
backs generally represent support.
Midback; The midback is the link between the shoulder and the lower back. It can be a weak link. As
we firm up our shoulders and become willing to take on the responsibilities of Life, and we have
gathered around us the financial and emotional support we need (lower back), something sneaks up and
stabs us in the back.
The Spleen represents Worry or Overthinking and the Liver represents Anger or base emotions. Both
of these can sabotage even the best-laid plans. Louse Haye suggests that the mid-back represents Guilt
and stuck in past stuff.
Lower Back; The Lower Back represents support; financial support, emotional support of family and
friends, and support of God or the Universe. The Kidneys are located in this area and Kidney
dysfunction results in Fear/Fright/Phobias. A sore lower back may indicate that we have taken on more
than we think we can handle. This is a dysfunction, only if it is not the Truth. If we have indeed taken
on too much, that would be indicated by a physical trauma to the back and all we need to do is lighten
the load. Chronic low backache, though, not associated with any trauma is the one with the
Metaphysical application, and the one related to Kidney depletion.
Coccyx; The Coccyx/Sacrum is the seat of Self-pity. There is a fear of asking for help. One would
rather sit and feel sorry for one's self than get of one's ass and do something.
The Hips and Down

Hips; Hips represent decisions in Life, especially decisions about moving foreword. Pain in the hips is
a sign of being 'stuck', unable to make a decision, or see clearly what is needed to be done next. The
process of walking requires that we first thrust the hip forward and the leg etc. follows. This is actually,
an act of faith on our part, since we are quite literally initiating a fall to the ground and trusting that our
legs will save us.
Upper Thighs; Thighs at the link between the Hips & decisions, and the Knees & pride. Very often,
when we have made a decision and take the next step, Pride gets in the way. "What if I look stupid?
What if its not right? What if it doesn't work out?" Our knees lock up or turn to Jell-O, and we are
prevented from moving forward. The pain that begins in the Hips and shoots down the Thigh (Sciatic
Nerve), is the separation from our desire and decision to move forward and our Fear of falling flat on
our ass. Louse Haye suggests that Upper Thigh problems represent retaining childhood trauma.
Knees; Knees represent Pride. In spiritual practice it is suggested that one must go down before one can
rise up. Pride or Ego keeps us from surrendering to the Will of God or the Universe. In practice, every
time we move forward in Life or approach change, we approach the unknown. We may feel vulnerable
or unsure. We may stand still, stiff kneed resisting the winds of change. It is interesting to note that
stiff, sore knees are a symptom of Kidney deficiency, whose emotion is Fear. Rather than admit our
fear, we resist it until it overwhelms us. While knees represent Pride, and it is said that 'Pride goes
before the fall', knees can also represent Humility, which is the wisdom to be yielding in the face of
change.
Briefly, Knee problems may be said to indicate being stuck in the Ego, too proud to bend. Louise Haye
also suggests that Knees represent Pride and the Ego.
Shins; The Shins represent another weak link. Although the Shins are mostly bone, the hardest
substance in the body, the Shins are actually quite sensitive and brittle. A slight whack on the Shins is
not only painful, it weakens the entire body and stops it cold. When we have organized ourselves to
move forward, to take the next step towards the goal we have set, and are in the process of taking it,
something comes along and sends you tumbling. It is something we trip over because we don't see it,
even though it is right there in front of us. In ancient times the shin pads that worriers wore were called
greaves. Very often what trips us up is something, the loss of which we haven't properly grieved.
Ankles; Ankles represent flexibility, which is important as one navigates the twists and turns of Life.
Stiff, painful ankles means that change is difficult for you. Maybe you are one who digs in your heels
and resists moving forward. The more Life forces change upon you, the deeper you dig in. A broken
ankle is a good sign to develop some flexibility in your Life. Louise Hay suggests that ankles represent
mobility and direction.
Feet; Our feet represent our connection with Mother Earth. Sore, swollen, numb or painful feet
represent the state of our relation with our Mother. Mother Earth, and our base energies. While it is legs
that carry us forward into Life, it is the feet that actually make contact with the ground and can stop any
advance, or at least make it difficult. In modern society with its asphalt, concrete and High Rises, we
lose touch with the Earth and its energies. This may be reflected in our relationship to the one who
gave birth to us. Separation can cause real pain.
Throat; The Throat represents our Will, and our ability to communicate, both with others and with
ourselves. Sore throats, lumps in the throat, tumors all represent difficulties in saying what we want to
say. Lumps, both physical tumors and those that are non-manifest (Hystericus Globus) are our willful
attempts to block free expression of emotion and of our identity. The Throat is another one of those
weak links that can seduce or sabotage you from your path. The Throat is the channel between the
Head and the Heart.
Thyroid problems indicate difficulty in analyzing, digesting and assimilating the communication
between the Head and the Heart.
Louise Hay suggest also that the breasts represent mothering and nurturing. Cysts, lumps etc.
represents over mothering.
Solar Plexus; is said to the be the seat of the Ego and Individuation. Some call this the Negative Ego. In
general this area represents the conflicts in your life. Pain or discomfort in the Diaphragm area
represents unresolved conflicts. In Chinese Medicine, pain in this area indicates Liver Qi Stagnation,
usually associated with Anger.
Stomach; The stomach represents digestion, not only of food and physical nutrients, but of new ideas,
new ways of doing things, and accepting change of any kind. The Stomach is nothing more than a big
flexible bag of muscle whose job it is to ripen and rot whatever is put into it. That is, its job is to break
down what is put into it into a form that the body can deal with. This it does by adding Hydrochloric
Acid, Hormones, Enzymes and Bile which reduces every sold morsel into an undifferentiated mass
called Chyme. Simultaneously it rocks back and forth swishing and swilling this mess until it is
liquefied and able to pass through the small Pyloric Valve into the Small Intestine where the actual
absorption of nutrients mostly takes place. Metaphysically, when we come upon a new idea or a new
way of doing things, the process is similar. First we must swallow the idea, either whole or in handy
bite sized morsels, break it down into a form we can handle and finally absorb that which we need to
nourish ourselves. In the same way that a bad diet poisons the body, toxic ideas, suppressed emotions
and resistance to change can have a poisoning effect.
LEVEL FOUR: A Chemical View of the Body

The following description is an example from Grays Anatomy and provide you with
an idea of how the chemical view of the body is put forth. Please link to Grays
Anatomy site to learn more about the various organs.
The link to the complete FREE book is:
http://www.bartleby.com/107/
ADRENALS
Anatomy and Physiology
_blankThe adrenals are two small glands, one on top of each
kidney, with a total weight of about 1/3 of an ounce. Each has a
medulla, which is related to our sympathetic nervous system. The
medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (commonly
known as adrenaline). The adrenals also each have a cortex which
secretes three different classes of hormones: mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids, and androgenic hormones.
The adrenal medulla has many nerves (preganglionic) from the
sympathetic nervous system go to it, and end on special cells that
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine whenever stimulated by
the nerves. These hormones then travel through our circulatory
system to all parts of our body. Some of the most important
functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine include:
1) Speeding up the rate of metabolism of cells as much as 100%
2) Increasing blood pressure
3) Dilating the blood vessels to the heart and skeleton while
constricting most other vessels
4) Increasing blood flow to the muscles while decreasing blood flow
to organs not in use at the time
5) Causing the liver to release glucose and thus increasing blood
glucose levels
6) Decreasing kidney function (resorption, etc.) and increasing
urine output
7) Dilating pupils
8) Increasing muscle strength and mental activity (partially due to
increased glucose levels)
9) Dilation of bronchials (this is why epinephrine injections are
given during asthmatic attacks)
10) Breaking down glucose in muscles

The two most important hormones released by the adrenal cortex
are cortisol and aldosterone. Aldosterone is the chief
mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion by the kidneys. If we had no aldosterone we
would die within two weeks. Our sodium and chloride ions would
decrease, and the potassium level in the fluid surrounding our cells
would increase. The lack of sodium and chloride would lead to
decreased fluid and blood volume and our heart would weaken and
eventually we would go into shock. The increased potassium level
would also poison the heart.
On the other hand, too much aldosterone leads to increased
sodium levels in the extracellular fluids (as a result we become
thirsty to dilute the concentration), as well as increased potassium
excretion. Over long periods of time this sodium/potassium
imbalance would cause high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
Another effect of excessive aldosterone is that the body conserves
excess hydrogen ions and they combine with buffer ions and our
body becomes overalkaline.
The major glucocorticoids are cortisol (also known as
hydrocortisone), corticosterone and cortisone. Since they all have
similar effects on the system we will limit our discussion to cortisol
(the major glucocorticoid).
Cortisol's main functions include the following:
1) Gluconeogenesis (Dont let long words scare you. Gluco means
glucose, neo - new, genesis - beginning). Cortisol thus is
responsible for the body transporting amino acids (the building
blocks of protein) to the liver where they will be converted into
"new" sugar.
2) It decreases the rate that cells use glucose, and decreases the
rate of bringing glucose to the cells.
3) Cortisol increases blood glucose levels, and chronic excessive
cortisol production or intake (cortisone pills and injections) can lead
to a type of adrenal induced diabetes.
4) It causes increased breakdown of protein and slows the
formation of new protein. Except for the liver and plasma all other
protein stored in the cells is decreased.
5) Cortisol causes fatty tissue to be broken down and transported
into the blood, helping the body to burn fat instead of sugar.
6) Excessive cortisol can depress the function of your immune
system by shrinking thymus and lymph tissues and decreasing
formation of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes which are
necessary to fight disease.
Adrenal hormone secretion is under control of the pituitary gland
(see pituitary chapter for more details).
Almost any type of stress to the body will cause the anterior
pituitary to signal the adrenals (via ACTH) to produce more cortisol.
These can include:
1) Moderate to severe physical pain
2) Extremes in temperature
3) Surgery
4) Traumatic accidents (auto accidents, on the job injuries, etc.)
5) Taking epinephrine or norepinephrine (these are often used in
asthma, and in the pain killers you get during your visit to the
dentist)
6) Intense anxiety or emotional trauma (problems at work or
home, divorce, death in family, etc.)
7) Overwork - mental or physical

8) Lack of proper sleep
9) Chronic diseases that wear down the body
10) Pollutants in our air, water, cleansers, deodorants, hair sprays,
etc.
11) Pesticide and herbicide exposure
12) Refined foods especially carbohydrates
13) Exposure to substances you are allergic to
The adrenals also produce male and female sex hormones in small amounts and
these can influence your secondary sex characteristics, severity of menstruation
etc. The estrogen and progesterone are very important in women approaching
menopause. If the adrenals are functioning properly there is evidence that they
will slightly step up production of these at menopause. This will slowly transition
the body and make menopause fairly symptom free. In the multitudes of women
that suffer varying degrees from functional hypoadrenia, the menopause will be
more severe with hot flashes, sweats, etc. (see chapter on ovaries for more
information on menopause). Most adrenocortical hormones are synthesized from
cholesterol, therefore, when these hormones are called for by the body,
cholesterol must be formed by the liver. This is one reason why stress increases
serum cholesterol.
End Note: If you would like a good overview but in laymans language you can
check out this superb anatomy site at:
http://www.mythos.com/webmd/Content.aspx?P=MUSCB1
This site has detailed information similar to the Grays Anatomy, but in
shorthand, laymans language.
Assignment for Unit Three

1. Chose two organs of the body and compare and contrast the ways of viewing
them. Describe them in terms of Grays anatomy and then also describe their
function in laymans terms as well as in metaphysical terms.
2. Chose three people to be your practice subjects. You can chose from the
same people you used in the first assignment or you can use different people.
3. Ask each of these people the questions above. Make a summary statement at
the end of each questionnaire. I do not need to see the questionnaire. I only
want to see a two paragraph summary including: what the main issues are with
the person and what two organs are involved the most.
4. Prepare your work area so you can do your first session in the next unit.
Practice preparing yourself and the area you will work in. Get ready for your
client!
Chapter 4:Your Reflexology Session

There's more to reflexology than pulling off your socks and pulling on your toes.
"It's not just a foot massage," says St. Petersburg, Florida, reflexologist Dwight Byers, author of Better
Health with Foot Reflexology. "It's a complex, thorough system. And you won't get the benefit if you just
rub your feet all over."
Fortunately, you can pick up the basics pretty quickly. With a few thumb and finger techniques and a
guide map, you can start working on your own feet, or your partner's, right away. These techniques also
work for hand reflexology, where you touch reflex points on the hand instead of the foot.
The thumb walk is the most common technique. You use the outside edge of your thumb to take small
"bites" of the hand or foot, applying gentle, steady pressure as you go. The finger walk is similar to
thumb walking, except that you use the edge of your index finger to take the bites on the hand or foot.
The hook and back up technique puts steady pressure on a single point. You place your thumb on the
reflex point, then pull back slightly to "grab" the point. Rotation on a point also puts pressure on a single
point and is better to use when you encounter a tender area. And the single finger grip lets you apply
pressure to small points on your hand. You can also use a golf ball to apply pressure to reflex points on
the hand, according to Kevin and Barbara Kunz, reflexology researchers in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and
authors of Hand and Foot Reflexology.
You'll find instructions and illustrations for all of these techniques, as well as charts that list which
techniques can be used for a specific reflex point, beginning on page 582.
The key to reflexology is pressure, say the Kunzes. Which technique you need depends not only on how
large the area is but also on how much pressure you need to "hurt good" in the area you are working.
The Kunzes suggest that you think of reflexology as exercise and make it part of your daily routine. You
can work your hands or feet while you watch your favorite television program or while you are paying the
bills. The Kunzes recommend 10 to 15 minutes daily, but even 5 minutes done every day can be
beneficial. If you are using reflexology to deal with a specific problem, you can increase the total time of
your session to up to 30 minutes to pay special attention to the areas of concern. If the problem is
recurrent or chronic, you can add a longer session to your daily routine once or twice a week.
Start your session with a few minutes of relaxation techniques, such as pressing between the toes,
across the soles and over the tops of the feet. On your hands, press between the fingers and cross the
palms. Do anything you like that loosens up your hands and feet.
Then starting at the top of your left foot, work down the foot, applying pressure to the entire foot. Then
work your foot a second time, applying pressure to tender spots and to the specific areas described in
the remedies in Part II of the book. Press each area at least four or five times before moving on to the
next area. You should also work adjoining points before moving on. Repeat on the right foot. Use the
same general patterns for your hands: Start at the top and work down, work the areas of special
concern a second time and then repeat on your other hand. Finish up with a few more minutes of
relaxation.
Press until you "hurt good." If an area feels as though it's bruised or injured when you press it, you are
pressing too hard. How hard you press will depend on the area you are working. For example, you
would press more lightly on the bony area on the top of your hand than you would on the fleshy,
callused sole of the foot. The amount of pressure depends on how sensitive your hands and feet are.
The Basic Hand Session:

http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0316314668/ref=sib_vae_pg_79/102-79166878568969?%5Fencoding=UTF8&keywords=session&p=S02L&twc=21&checkSum=R
xyhJYEjfhyfQWt6M6Wunnptzr1TppmeVqVPh5QlMBE%3D#reader-link
Then:
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0316314668/ref=sib_rdr_next1_82/102-79166878568969?%5Fencoding=UTF8&keywords=working%20the%20hip&p=S02O&twc=7
&checkSum=MQ0GmzwxirHyTR7CqdeQk74qagZtOqvs8ZOeKCb5PEI%3D#reader
-page
The Basic Foot Session:

http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0316314668/ref=sib_vae_pg_67/102-79166878568969?%5Fencoding=UTF8&keywords=foot%20session&p=S029&twc=10&chec
kSum=7B2bPnP0NA7674U374uqjtbRewZQGRo1TnfUZMa0yZ0%3D#reader-link
Chapter Five: Charts

Where to apply essential oils:
From: http://members.ozemail.com.au/~sharonc/fchart.htm
1. Top of Head
2. Sinuses
27. Waist
28. Ureters
2. Sinuses
3. Pituitary Gland
4. Temporal Area
5. Neck, Cervical
6. Upper Lymph Area
7. Parathyroid Gland
8. Ears
9. Eyes
10. Thyroid Glands
11. Shoulder
12. Lungs and Bronchi
13. Heart Area
14. Heart
15. Spine, Vertebra
16. Pancreas
17. Solar Plexus
18. Stomach & Duodenum
19. Liver20. Spleen
21. Spleenic Fixture
22. Gall Bladder
23. Adrenal Glands
24. Hepatic Flexure
25. Kidneys
26. Transverse Colon
28. Ureters
29. Ascending Colon
30. Descending Colon
31. Lumbar
32. Small Intestines
33. Sacral
34. Bladder
35. Ileo-Caecal Valve
36. Appendix
37. Sigmoid Flexure
38. Hip & Lower Back
39. Coccyx
40. Sciatic Area
41. Rectum
42. Uterus
43. Prostate
44. Breast
45. Lymph Drainage46.
Fallopian Tubes
47. Lymph Nodes (Arm Pit)
48. Sacro Iliac Joint
49. Ovary or Testicle
50. Lymph Nodes (Groin)
51. Maxilla/Submaxilla (Jaw)
52. Tonsils
Tells you what to press for diseases:

http://healing.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofesite.
com%2Fhealth%2Freflex%2Fchart%2F
http://healing.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysticg
ateway.org%2Fpages%2Frefzone.html
http://healing.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysticg
ateway.org%2Fpages%2Frefzone.html
Chapter Six: SuJok and Other

To get specific instructions for specific diseases you can order from:
http://www.myreflexologist.com/ebooks.htm
Su Jok Therapy
WHAT IS IT?
Su Jok Therapy is a brilliant discovery by a Korean scientist called Prof. Park,
Jae Woo, who after many years of careful observation and clinical experience
developed a new system of therapy using only the hands and feet to effect
the same results as body acupuncture. He found a complete correspondence
system representing the whole body, on the hands and the feet. In Korean,
Su means "Hand," and Jok means "Feet." The advantage of this system is its
simplicity, safety and efficiency. It is easy to learn, and the speed of response
is often dramatic. It employs no forbidden or dangerous points, and is
therefore suitable for use by paramedics and laypersons for self-treatment.
In addition to serving their normal function as appendages of the four limbs,
the hands and feet themselves represent a small mirror image of the human
body as a whole. Hands and feet are endowed with a "remote control"
function, which can be employed to cure diseases throughout the entire
body.
SIMILARITIES ARE POWERFUL HEALING ENERGIES
There are many similarities of the hands and feet to the body, namely in the
number of protruding parts, their direction, the number of joints and
segments of the protruding parts, likeness of the thumb to the head and
others. This similarity or "homo" characteristic is commonly found in nature
and natural therapies, and is a powerful prerequisite for therapy. The thumb
correlates with the head, the forefinger and little finger with the arms, the
third and fourth fingers with the foot, and the palm corresponds to the trunk.
There are innumerable controlling pressure points on our body.
By finding the "pressure-pain" points on the hand and foot that correspond to
the pain in the body, it is possible to stimulate these points of correspondence
using a variety of techniques to cure the pain or health problem in question.
Since the hand is Yang and the foot is Yin, using hand and foot makes it
possible to treat in harmony with Yin and Yang. We have four clinics on our
bodies - 2 hands and 2 feet that can help to cure over 90% of our health
problems, if we understand their topography and use it accordingly. This
correspondence system opens new understandings and methods to care for
human health in general as well as to prevent and cure specific diseases.
Knowledge of the principles of this "remote control system" and their health
implementation through hand and foot therapy provides an impressive vehicle
for health care.
FAST PAIN RELIEF
When the precise correspondence points are found and stimulated, there is
almost always an immediate response of the patient within seconds to a few
minutes. The relief of pain is incredibly fast, no matter what the aetiology
may be. There is no other natural method of treatment known today that has
such a dramatic and efficient effect on pain conditions.
The identified correspondence points can be stimulated in various ways: small
micro-needles, natural seeds (good for children and infants), grains, natural
stones, artificial stimulators such as metal and magnet stars of various
shapes that have been specially designed for Su Jok treatments, rubber
bands for hemorrhaging and ball bearings or Tsu balls. Moxa (heat treatment)
can also be used for weakened patients, as well as light impulse devices,
solar therapy using the sun's rays or simple plant twigs or other parts of a
plant. The therapist can also use metal rollers for more general stimulation of
many points and Cayenne plasters to deal with coldness conditions. There are
numerous combinations, which can be given to the patient to do as part of
the home treatment programme.
EMERGENCY SU JOK THERAPY
There is a whole system of Su Jok Therapy that has been formulated, and can
be used in emergency cases such as heart attacks, external and internal
bleeding, and others. The hand is literally a complete hospital with many
departments that are on standby to deal with any situation as it arises.
Knowing the exact correspondence points on the hands will enable any
practitioner to quickly and effectively stimulate these points using a simple
probe, which can be carried easily in your pocket. The beauty of Su Jok
Therapy is that it can be practiced without any equipment or remedies
anywhere, anytime with anyone. Indeed, in India where there are many Su
Jok Therapists, each doctor can see and treat up to 300 patients per day with
minimal cost! There are no limitations to the combinations of techniques that
can be used effectively - the only restriction will be the creativity of the
practitioner.
In emergencies Su Jok Therapy is very fast and effective, and where the
therapist does not have a probe they can use keys, branches of trees, nails,
stones - I have even used chop sticks and a pencil effectively. For example,
with cardiac cases, a simple massage of the correspondence area of the heart
will alleviate pain in minutes. After the initial massage, if there are blood
vessel contractions, moxa can be used to effectively relax the blood vessels.
With internal hemorrhage, the therapist can use a rubber band around the
correspondence area, as well as stimulating this area using a probe. When
there are skin burns it is possible to find and stimulate the correspondent
points until the pain decreases, as well as use black seeds to reduce heat,
followed by green seeds to help repair the skin. In acute appendicitis, simply
find the correspondence points and stimulate them. With kidney stones and
colic the therapist can use moxa on the kidney correspondence area, as well
as using red kidney beans (the more similar, the more powerful the therapy).
Acute coughing can be stopped in minutes by stimulating the "coughing area"
of the fingers.
CLINICAL EXAMPLES OF OTHER SU JOK THERAPISTS
Practitioner's name: Dr. George J Georgiou
The Problem: Chronic haemorrhoids which needed surgical intervention
Patient: Dr. George J Georgiou
"My very first experience using Su Jok Therapy was when I was attending my
very first Su Jok lecture a few years ago in Paphos, Cyprus. I knew nothing
about Su Jok or the topography of the hand or foot. A friend who knew I was
also a sexologist came up while the Prof. was talking and jokingly asked me if
I wanted to know where the penis point was on the hand. He proceeded to
take a needle and place it in between his 3nd and 4rd finger. He then offered
me a needle and I also placed it in the position that I thought was the
genitalia. Inadvertently, however, I placed the needle on the other side of the
hand - the Yang side as opposed to the Yin side. This was the position of the
anus, not the penis.

I left the needle in position for about 15 minutes. When I got home that night
and sat on the W.C., something felt "different" during wiping. A few days
passed and I noticed that the haemorrhoids were now gone - no more pain,
no extrusions and no blood on wiping. I could not believe that one needle had
actually repaired so much damage in such a short period of time, but it was
true. Even now as I speak there is no sign of any more haemorrhoids! I have
had other experiences with Su Juk Therapy when I healed my chronic
stomach problems, again with only one treatment (by the Prof.) etc. This is
why I have decided to embrace this truly powerful treatment modality and
share it with other like-minded practitioners."
Practitioner's name: Mr. Na, Min Su
The Problem: - A toothache
Patient: 81 year-old lady
"This woman had continuous teeth problems that were age-related. She often
took pain killers and received dental treatment. One night she was unable to
sleep due to acute pain and did not want to take further pain killers. I found a
pressure-pain point on the teeth corresponding area of her thumb and
inserted a couple of Su Jok needles. The pain disappeared after 10 minutes
and did not return again even after the following few days. I was astounded
by the rapid results of the treatment. This made me more confident in
treating simple diseases using Su Jok Therapy. I am going to commit myself
and study even more thoroughly the principles of Su Jok Therapy."
Practitioner's name: Dr. Lee Joo Dong
The Problem: Neck injury
Patient: Mr. Pyo, a 54-year old
"When the patient was 27 years old, he hurt his neck during a parachute
jumping exercise. Since this, he has stayed in hospital and has received
numerous treatments from other doctors; none of which led to a full
recovery. A chronic pain in the neck caused it to be stiff and tilted. I found a
pressure-pain point on the neck corresponding area of the big toe and applied
moxibustion twice using a small dose of moxa. As a result the neck became
instantly softer and the pain disappeared, and he was able to straighten his
neck. The patient and I were struck with astonishment that it was possible to
obtain an instant and full recovery from the painwhich had bothered him for
25 years, simply by using a Su Jok correspondence point and applying
moxibustion."
Practitioner's name: Dr. Ju Dong Lee, Korea
The Problem: Painful periods
Patient: Mrs. Park, 30-years old
"The woman came to see me with complaints of severe pains during her
periods. On arrival, she had acute pain in the lower abdomen. I applied seeds
to all points on the hands and feet that corresponded to the lower abdomen,
and gradually the pains diminished. I have tried using Su Jok Seed Therapy
with other similar cases with astounding success. My clinical experience
suggests that quicker results can be obtained when the seeds are stimulated
by frequent pressure every now and then."
Practitioner's name: Dr. Ki Seng An, Korea
The Problem: Pains in the knees and elbow joints
Patient: Mrs. Jong, 54-years old
"The patient said that her polyarthritis had been treated by every known
method bu she got no better. As I remember it, her condition started to
improve on the very first day after the seeds had been applied to the areas
corresponding to the joints. Ten days afterwards, her condition improved to
the point that she no longer had problems with movement."
Practitioner's name: Dr. S. yoffe, M.D., Belarus
The Problem: Lumbrosacral radiculitis
Patient: 53-year old female
"A 53-year old female had been under a hospital treatment for lumbosacral
radiculitis for four preceding months. Despite continuous medication the pain
persisted and extended to the leg. The pain became worse as she moved to
lie or sit down or to get up from a seated position. I located several painful
correspondence points of the standard correspondence system and placed
magnetic stars onto them. For some three to five minutes I was pressing over
these points as I went on talking to the patient. Five minutes later I asked
her to rise up. She did, and felt no pain at all. She went on bending, sitting
down and standing and could not believe that she had no pains and that she
had seen a complete recovery in 5 minutes!
Practitioner's name: Dr. I. Klevitskaya, M.D., Belarus
The Problem: Pains in umbilical area
The Patient: 10-year old boy
"A 10-year old boy had pains in the umbilical region and unpleasant
sensations in the mouth. The mother thought he had food poisoning. Using a
diagnostic stick I located sensitive correspondence points in the palm and
massaged them clockwise. As I was doing this, the boy felt shivers in the
painful region. After 15 seconds of massage of both palms the pain went
away and never recurred again."
Practitioner's name: Dr. T. Timoschuk, M.D., Russia
The Problem: Burn on right palm area upon touching a hot iron
The Patient: 32-year old female
"A 32-year old female presented with a burn of the right palm on touching a
hot iron. She had a pain, burning sensation, hyperemia and a 3 x 2 cm
edema of the right hand skin. I treated her through the standard
correspondence system and massaged the painful points with a diagnostic
stick. Within a minute the pain went away while hyperemia and edema were
subsiding under my eyes. After I placed metallic magnetic stars on the
corresponding points and left them for 2 hours - all symptoms disappeared
completely!"
Practitioner's name: Isabel Corral Perez, Spain
The Problem: Renal stones
The Patient: 52-year old female
Patient B., a 52-year old female, presented with a diagnosis of renal stones,
with a history of renal colic, related to the passing of stones. The patient was
offered to undergo an operation. Before the operation she asked me to treat
her by the method of Su Jok. Stimulation was provided in the points
corresponding to the kidneys in the "insect" system. After some sessions of
treatment she started passing sand in the urine. Treatment was given once a
week for 3 months. As a result, stones in the kidneys considerably decreased
in size, the pain subsided and there was no need to operate.
Taken from: http://www.naturaltherapycenter.com/su_jok_therapy/

Effectiveness of SuJok Studies:
http://www.sujok.com/research/research.php3?type=3
From: http://www.sujok.nu/index_english.htm
Yin and yang

Su Jok is a modern systematisation of the traditional acupunctur. Su Jok is developed
by professor Park Jae Woo from Korea.
The Korean word Su means hand while the word Jok means foot. At first the new
method was only concerned with a variety of ways to activate the therapeutic hands
and feet correspondence systems. Later on Prof. Park Jae Woo succeeded in working
out the well-balanced system of metaphysical knowledge that represents the base of
the Onnuri medicine. This system embraces the Homo-Hetero law, the Triunity
concept the Eight-Origins and Six-Energies theories. In the books and papers authored
by Prof. Park Jae Woo one can find the in-depth descriptions of the structural pattern
and functional features of the Homo-system of the body and the Unified energy
system of the human being incorporating the Diamond energy system, the chakras and
meridians sytems. The Onnuri medicine will involve the application of the diverse
therapeutic modalities based on the unified Eight-Origins theory. It includes Su Jok
therapy, body Homo-system therapy, energy flowing therapy, method of harmonizing
Six Ki and Eight Ki in the body, emotional and mental treament time-and-space
energies therapy and other methods. The efficiency of Su Jok is proved in clinical
research.
Needles and other tools
There are various ways to stimulate points and areas. except for needles heat from
burning herb (moxa) is used as is magnets, light, pressure, seeds etc.
Hand and foot
The hand clearly reflects the whole body but many times the most effective points for
treatments are found on the foot. In traditional chinese mediine the hand is regarded
as yang while the foot is yin. It is very effective to treat both at the hands and the feet.
Multidimensional treatment
The first dimension in Su Jok is a physical treatment where you stimulate areas on
hands and feet that refllects the inner organs, joint etc. This way of treatment is
similar to reflexology is easy to learn and provides good results. The second
dimension in Su Jok is developed from the traditional acupuncture where you treat
meridians and points. On top of this it is also possible to treat through the chakra
system that was developed in India. Su Jok is used for treating physical, psychological
and mental problems.
Self treatment
Su Jok is used by professional therapeuts but the basic level can also be used for self
treatment. Su Jok can be used both treating diseases and for preventing problems.
Copyright: Bo Engborg
PLEASE NOTE: For pricing and to purchase this book, please contact Dong
Bang USA at phone (800) 926-5686 or email dongbang@acukorea.com.
Acupuncture has been practiced in ancient China, Korea, Sri Lanka, and other
Lung
Large Intestine
Stomach
Asian countries for about 3,000 years as a traditional form of medicine. Its efficacy in
the management of severe chronic pain in all its forms -- including what is called
"intractable pain" -- is well acknowledged. Acupuncture consists of inserting a very
fine needle at specific points in the skin. Recently other means of stimulating these
acupuncture points have evolved, such as laser, electric stimulation, seeds, finger
pressure, and so forth. These points are sited near nerve endings which when
stimulated transmit electrical impulses via the spinal cord and the brain to the
diseased area.
The central nervous system controls most processes in the body. Modern research has also
shown that the stimulation of certain acupuncture points produces the release of chemical
substances from the central nervous and endocrine systems. some of these substances such as
encephacins and endorphins are 5,000 to 50,000 times more powerful than morphine. They
are produced naturally by the human body as a mechanism to control pain.
Spleen
Heart
Small Intestine
Bladder
Kidney
Pericardium
Triple
Energizer
Gall Bladder
Liver
Conception
Governor
Acupuncture enhances these natural physiological tendencies to control pain,

and to do so more effectively. The fact of its widespread use today attests to
its validity as an effective form of treatment in a variety of disorders. It is
taught in many universities throughout the world and practiced widely in
many modern medical centers as an adjunct to western methods of treatment.
It is often used where western medicine meets its limits: in the treatment of
various forms of paralysis and drug-addictions, among others.
The Development of Su Jok Acupuncture
After many years of careful observation and clinical experience, Prof. Dr. Park, Jae Woo of Korea developed a
new system of acupuncture using only the hands and feet to effect the same results as body acupuncture. The
advantage of this system is its simplicity, safety and efficiency. It is easy to learn and the speed of response is
often dramatic. It employs no forbidden or dangerous points, and is therefore suitable for use by paramedics
and lay persons for self-treatment.
In Korean, su jok means "hand and foot." In addition to serving their normal function as appendages
of the four limbs, the hands and feet themselves represent a small mirror image of the anatomy of the
human body as a whole. Hands and feet are endowed with an exquisite "remote control" function
which can be employed to cure diseases throughout the entire body. When the body is in motion, a
natural stimulation of this structure takes place by friction and contact with the ground or other
objects. Su Jok Acupuncture is a general term describing this new system for the treatment of
disease, comprised of stimulating only the hands and feet with various medical instruments, such as
needles, moxa, stimulators, seeds, laser, and finger pressure, in order to effect a cure.
The micro-systems in the hands and feet can be easily used to treat any diseased area or organ in the body. The
correspondence reaction points are the treatment points. Among miniature correspondence treatment systems,
the hand is the most similar part to the whole body in its structural shape. On the other hand, the most powerful
and effective miniature body correspondence system is found in the foot. Since the hand is Yang and the foot is
Yin, using hand and foot makes it possible to treat in harmony with Yin and Yang.
This correspondence system opens new understandings and methods to care for human health in general as well
as to prevent and cure specific diseases. Knowledge of the principles of this "remote control system" and their
implementation through hand and foot acupuncture provides an impressive vehicle for health care.
A Two-Dimensional System of Treatment

Su Jok Acupuncture is a two-dimensional system. The first dimension is physical treatment to give
simple stimuli to the points in the hands or feet corresponding to the affected body parts, thereby
effecting a cure. This type of therapy is popular for its simplicity -- the practitioner need only master
the correspondence system; its ease of application; and its dramatic results in many diseases.
In the hands and feet there exist respective independent structures of body correspondence, each with several
dimensions. The stimulation of the corresponding parts of the hands or feet will clear the affected area of the
body. Su Jok Acupuncture utilizes several correspondence systems. The Primary Correspondence system,
which ascribes the head to the thumb, is considered the major avenue of treatment. The Secondary
Correspondence System or Partial Correspondence System is viewed in a complementary role.
The second dimension of Su Jok Acupuncture treatment draws on classical acupuncture. The
classical 12 Main Meridians, the eight Extra Meridians, and their attendant points are represented on
the hands and feet in Byol Meaks (Meridians) and Byol Points. This form of treatment applies the
experience and theories of classical acupuncture in combination with the new theories of Su Jok
Acupuncture, such as Ten Celestial Stem Constitutions, Six Ki Constitutions, Ten Emotional
Constitutions, Ten Reason Constitutions, and their treatment formulae using the Byol Meaks and
Byol Points.
These two curing systems, when independently used, are effective in treating all varieties of disease. However,
the mixture of the two systems, in accordance with the situation, will produce the most rapid cure.
Response to Treatment
It is very difficult at the outset to predict an exact expected length of treatment. Many cases have responded
with one session, while others have required lengthy daily treatment. As a rule, the longer the duration of the
disease, the longer the treatment will need to achieve satisfactory results. In Su Jok Acupuncture,
response to treatment is usually immediate. Individual sessions are often of short duration and the
overall number of sessions are few. Some chronic disorders will need spaced maintenance treatment
at six to eight week intervals.
Su Jok Acupuncture as Preventive Medicine

This aspect of acupuncture is in many ways more important than the treatment of an already ill patient. Su Jok
Acupuncture has its own merits to meet the purpose of preventive medicine. Stimulating the
corresponding pain points in hands and feet by inserting needles, and also by finger pressure or
stimulators, shows excellent results. Everyone who learns this simple theory of Hand and Foot-Body
correspondence as an independent miniature treatment system can use its principles for the purpose
of preventive medicine. As long as hands and feet are stimulated properly on a regular basis, many
diseases can be prevented. This can be done by oneself.
The Scope of Su Jok Acupuncture

Su Jok Acupuncture is a complete system of medicine with a range of applications as wide as that
of western medicine. A doctor who combines western scientific medicine with acupuncture can
therefore select the most appropriate treatment in any particular case, and will be able to treat a wide
variety of diseases, including many psychological conditions, in the most effective way possible.
Some of the more common disorders frequently treated with acupuncture include: headaches and epilepsy;
disorders of the limbs and musculature, such as fibrositis, rheumatism, lumbago and muscle cramps; digestive
disorders, such as nausea, constipation, diarrhea; hepatitis; cardiovascular disorders; genitourinary and
gynecological disorders, and sexual dysfunction; disorders of the eyes, ears, nose and throat; skin disorders;
nervous system and psychiatric disorders; obesity; addiction to alcohol, nicotine and heroin.
AIDS is currently being managed in many clinics abroad with acupuncture and homeopuncture. In particular,
the Six Ki (Energy ) theory of Su Jok Acupuncture is expected to have an effect on this disease. Su
Jok Acupuncture is also useful in the management of cancer and other malignant disorders,
particularly in treating the pain of all kinds of cancer.
Various forms of psychological upsets, such as anger, fear and worry, are all too familiar, and seem to be
accepted by many as an integral and unavoidable part of daily life. Concern about this situation is often limited
to instances in which emotional disturbances become severe enough to significantly disrupt daily life and cause
noticeable anxiety, depression and psychosis -- that is, when one is unable to "cope" with the strains. The Su
Jok Acupuncture diagnosis and treatment provides a unique approach to emotional and mental
disturbances at many levels of severity. It is especially effective when applied in the early stages of a
disturbance, before the cascade of events becomes overwhelming. This is achieved by applying the
understanding of "The Ten Emotional Constitutions" and its treatment formulae, theories unique to
Su Jok Acupuncture.
Su Jok Acupuncture as Primary Health Care

Due to its safety and efficiency, Su Jok Acupuncture lends itself easily to the field of primary health
care, particularly in remote areas where comprehensive medical services are unavailable.
Nurses or paramedics can easily learn the correspondence system of hand and foot, and apply it without any
risk of side effects. The use of Su Jok Acupuncture in primary community health care can, at the
minimum, provide a form of first aid, and in many instances may be all that is required for patient
care. In developing countries where villagers and poor people are unable to afford treatment with
costly medicines, sophisticated equipment and highly trained medical practitioners, Su Jok
Acupuncture offers one of the best, most affordable and effective solutions.
Text International Su Jok Acupuncture Association. Used by permission.
From: http://www.spanda.com/books/su_jok/index.html
Scope of Su Jok Acupuncture:

Su Jok Acupuncture is a complete system of medicine with a range of applications
as wide as that of western medicine. A doctor who combines western scientific
medicine with Su Jok Acupuncture can, therefore, select the most appropriate
treatment in any particular case, and will be able to treat a variety of diseases,
including many psychological conditions, in the most effective way possible.
AIDS is currently being managed in many clinics abroad with acupuncture and
homeopuncture in particular, the Six Ki (Energy) theory of Su Jok Acupuncture is
expected to have an effect on these diseases. Su Jok Acupuncture is also useful in
the management of cancer and other malignant disorders, particularly in treating
the pain of all kinds of cancer.
Various forms of psychological upsets, such as anger, fear and worry, are all too
familiar, and seem to be accepted by many as an integral and unavoidable part of
daily life. Concern about this situation is often limited to instances in which
emotional disturbances become severe enough to significantly disrupt daily life
and cause noticeable anxiety, depression and psychosis-that is, when one is
unable to "cope" with the strains. The Su Jok Acupuncture diagnosis and
treatment provides a unique approach to emotional and mental disturbances at
many levels of severity. It is especially effective when applied in the early stage
of a disturbance, before the cascade of events becomes overwhelming. Thus Su
Jok Acupuncture is unique treatment for the patient of acute and chronic
DEPRESSION, INSOMNIA and all other psychological and emotional
disorders.
Proved Results:
As here an individual approach is practised taking into account the patient
constitution, his or her emotional and mental status and many other factors
responsible for illness are taken into account. Thus doctor takes in-depth history
of the patient to treat all the problems simultaneously i.e. patient is treated as a
whole. Practical application on this therapy for prevent its effectiveness in
following disorders:
"Pains" of any origin.
Headaches (including Migraine) and epilepsy.
Mental Depression, Insomnia (Sleep disorders).
Disorders of limbs and musculature:

-Multiple and Single joint pain (Osteoarthrities, Gout, Rheumatoid
Arthritis).
-Backache (includes Slip Disc origin).
-Sciatica Pain.
-Muscle's Cramp.
-Neck pain (Cervical Spondylities).
-Pains of any origin.
-Different manifestation of Osteochondrosis.
Digestive Disorders:
- Nausea & Vomiting
- Constipation & diarrhoea
- Acidity
- Disorders affecting Liver & Gall Bladder
Asthma and all other respiratory disorders.
Heart Diseases:
- High and low blood pressure
- Arrhythmia
- Angina and acute emergencies of heart
Gynaecological diseases & sexual dysfunction.
Emergency Disorders (as a First aid)

- Acute Heart Attack
- Acute Respiratory insufficiency
- Acute bleeding disorders
- For unconscious Patient
Urine trouble including prostate enlargement.
Skin disorders.
Hormonal disorders.
Eye Disorders(Retinities Pigmentosa etc.)
Allergic Disorders.
Kidney Disorders(ARF, CRF, Cyst, Stones)
Ear & Nose Disorders.
Bony disorders.
- Neurelgia's of different origin.
- Paralysis.
From: http://www.bhartihealthcareindia.com/sujok/proved-result/
ACUPUNCTURE
- Su-jok -
. Su-Jok .
Open point
Meng
Learn course
Here you can find a universal curing method of non-serious illness without taking any medicines and
without any harm to your organism. This method may be called the first medical aid at urgent sickness.
The method is special for every disease and it doesn't require huge financial expenses or special medical
knowledge. Everyone can use this method at any age with benefits to their health. Many people are
familiar with acupuncture and its varieties such as trigger point massage, influence on biologically active
points by heat, electricity, etc. These methods of healing are used only after a long professional studying
and practice. Healing by using these methods may not only benefit but also harm in hands of amateurs.
Korean doctor Park Jae Woo discovered a unique sanitation method of organism to heal via hands and
feet. His theory about arrangement of organs conformity zones is more informative than other healing
methods.
Look
carefully
at
your
palm:
Pictures
|
1
2
Hands and feet are part of the body that are subject to mechanical and other kinds of irritation during
walking or any other work. Those irritations provide maintenance of health in the organism. We are
obliged to them that we are not sick constantly. Don't we start to rub our hands first when it is cold?
Aren't warm feet a basis of a comfort in cold times? When illness occurs in a specific place in your body,
points and zones of high sensitivity appear in systems of conformity of hands and feet. If we influence
these points there appears an impulse that goes to area of illness and points of pathology in your
organism that in turn heals itself. Each finger on a hand and a foot is similar to a whole persons body.
The finger has 3 parts - phalanxes. The body also has three parts without extremities - a head, a chest
cell, and a belly cavity. These parts are neatly separated from each other on a body and on a finger. It is
so-called
system
of
conformity
of
"insect".
Picture
Hands and feet are projected on each end of phalanxes according to the basic system of conformity.
Hence, they are similar to the whole body. This is a mini-system of conformity.
Picture
The essence of healing can be found in one of the systems of conformity. It is important to find a zone of
conformity in sick body or a place the most painful points and to influence them by one of following
methods: by a needle, mechanical massage, a magnetic field, warming up, influence of electricity, color
etc. These actions at initial stages of diseases can lead to recovery and allow prevention of the
development of chronic illnesses. Giving practical recommendations for treatment, we talk only about
influence on a hand because it is easier to treat your organism via hands by therapy. Active points on
feet are also very effective at treatment. Anyone can find a point of conformity on feet guided by
pictures
of
hands,
because
hands
and
feet
have
identical
structure.
How
can
painful
points
be
found?
By probe (or anything with a rounded end with a diameter of about 2 mm) press on the conformity point
of organs on a palm as much as you can bear the pain. It is necessary to note, that by initial search of
points, pressing should not be strong because it may appear that all points are painful. By searching the
necessary points it is important to increase pressure gradually. Points where the pain, at the same
pressure
becomes
sharp
will
be
points
of
conformity
of
treatment.
Here is a brief description of methods of influence on points of conformity.
Mechanical
method
Press the most painful of the points found up to a tolerant pain by vibrating movement and massage it
for 1-5 minutes. Thus, it is possible to act not only with one or several points but also to massage the
whole zone of conformity by a proper massage roller or a massage ring. To influence points of
conformity mechanically you may use many improvised means such as fine stones, metal or other
material balls, grains, etc. These things are pasted by a sticky plaster on points of conformity and are
massed periodically. If your application is made of fresh grains, it is necessary to change them daily.
Magnetic
method.
It is possible to put magnets on points of conformity fixing them by sticky plaster. The magnet should be
arranged on the most painful point. The magnet has southern and northern poles. Please check up
suitability of polarity to your organism. If your condition becomes worse, change the vector of the
magnet opposite.
Biological
force
of
fresh
seeds.
We all know about the force of sprouting seeds when gentle sprout punches through solid ground. Their
potential energy is used in therapy. Seeds are pasted by a sticky plaster on pathological zone of
conformity. Influence of a seed on points of conformity is applied in two ways - mechanical (the most
effective seeds are those that have sharp sides, for example, seeds of buckwheat) and bio pathological
power influence.
Warming
up
Heat has stimulating influence as extending energy. That is why, warming up of points of conformity
gives positive effect for number of diseases connected to lack of energy or surplus of a cold. Warming up
is performed by special wormwood sticks (moxas) that should be placed directly on skin to warm up a
point of conformity. Warming up points of conformity on hands and feet can be accomplished by
anything
that
generates
heat.
anything
that
generates
heat.
Zones for warming up energetic points. Picture 5
Color
Many diseases especially diseases connected with external manifestations may be healed by color
therapy. If external illness appears only by reddening without swelling and pain, it should be treated by
black color. If illness is shown by swelling, itch, weak passing pains, it should be treated by green or dark
blue colors. If illness is manifested by significant but not constant pains and occurrence of erosion, it
should be treated with red and yellow colors. If illness is indicated by strong constant pains, or the
appearance of ulcers, and the affected area gets a gray-black color, it should be treated by yellow and
red colors. To apply color therapy, it is necessary to paint points of conformity by a marker of definite
color. Treatment by color has a good effect to heal skin diseases.
From: http://www.biopulse.org/su.html
Su Jok Acupuncture
Introduction
Literally, Hand and Foot : (Su means a hand, and Jok means a foot), Su Jok is a form
of acupuncture or acupressure therapy which is highly condensed and focused on the
treatment of diseases and disorders by concentrating only on hands and feet.
Unlike classical acupuncture treatment by Su-Jok is accomplished solely on hand and
foot which reflects the name of this method. According to the Su-Jok acupuncture
system, highly active point's correspondent to all internal organs and parts of body are
available on hand and foot. Stimulation of these points gives normalizing influence to
the function of diseased organs.
The points are composed in a strict anatomical order, reflecting the structure of the
body in a diminished form. This is explained with the fact that the hand and foot
reflecting principles of hologram repeat the physical structure of the body, especially
in comparison with its architectonic.
Sujok (hand & foot) Acupuncture not only to treat hand and feet diseases.
Though Sujok treatment is done only in hands & feet it is for all the diseases affecting
all the systems & whole body.
Origin
The first information on acupuncture date from the period of finding stone needles
(3,000 BC) that are nowadays property of the Korean National Museum and the only
direct proof of the assumption that ancient Korea must have been one of acupuncture
cradles. There is a written record based on these investigations, which is at the same
time the oldest medical book in the world, the book Nei Ching. In translation it means
a stone needle and it originates from east part of China.
Basic principles in Sujok therapy

According to the principles of Onnuri medicine and Oriental Energetic Concepts,
diseases occur in human body and mind are purely due to the imbalances of the forces
acting on them. Sujok achieves cure by bringing on balance and harmony of the
forces in the body and mind.
Stimulation and Treatment

Su Jok contains many methods of treatment. One method we experience every day is
by walking on our feet and working with our hands. This gives us constant, random
stimulation on corresponding points; however, purposeful hand and foot massage
(also known as hand or foot reflexology) is even better. There are many methods of
stimulation besides mechanical pressure, including:
1. Miniature magnets designed both to give both mechanical and magnetic force
stimulation;
2. Moxibustion in the form of: (a) moxa sticks; (b) moxa the size of rice grains held
on the hand or foot by small holders to prevent direct contact; and (c) direct thread
moxa;
3. Massage rollers to stimulate the hands and feet;
4. Soft lasers;
5. Miniature hand needles; and
6. Colored transparent plastic discs placed strategically on charka hand points.
Other methods will be developed based on our technological and biological
advancements in understanding on the physical and quantum levels of human
functioning.
Conditions for use

Some of the more common disorders frequently treated with Su Jok Acupuncture
include:
headaches and epilepsy
disorders of the limbs and musculature, such as:
fibrositis
rheumatism
lumbago
muscle cramps
digestive disorders, such as:
nausea, constipation, diarrhea
hepatitis
cardiovascular disorders
genitourinary disorders
gynecological disorders
sexual dysfunction
disorders of the eyes, ears, nose and throat
skin disorders
nervous system and psychiatric disorders
obesity
addiction to alcohol, nicotine and heroin
Dr Foot recommends that if you wish to receive Su Jok Acupuncture you should visit
a fully qualified acupuncturist.
From: http://www.drfoot.co.uk/su.htm
The 14 invisible channels known as Meridians

Health depends on the flow of vital energy, or Qi, through these
meridians, and illness is related to a blockage of Qi.
Hand Greater Yin Lung Meridian
Hand Sunlight Large Intestine

Meridian
Foot Sunlight Stomach Meridian
Foot Greater Yin Spleen Meridian
Hand Lesser Yin Heart Meridian

Hand Greater Yang Small Intestine
Meridian
Bladder Meridian
Foot Lesser Yin Kidney Meridian
Hand Absolute Yin Pericardium

Meridian
Hand Lesser Yang Triple Energizer

Meridian
Foot Lesser Yang Gall Bladder

Meridian
Foot Absolute Yin Liver Meridian
Conception Meridian
Governor Meridian
Assignments for Reflexology Course

Chapter One: Reflexology 101 History Quiz
1. In what areas of the world have evidence of ancient reflexology
been found? Be specific.
2. Modern reflexology is based on the work of which three people?
3. How did Eunice Ingham spread the popularity of reflexology?
4. How is reflexology viewed in China?
5. Which European country integrates reflexology into their national
health system?
6. Reflexology is primarily a ____________________ technique
7. Which Russian scientist contributed to reflexology development?
8. Who coined the word Reflexology? In what year?
9. The reflex therapist is mainly concerned with prompting the body
to behave ______________________.
10. Can reflexology be a substitute for medical treatment?
11. What picture is shown in the reading of reflexology in ancient
Egypt?
12. By what name was reflexology originally known?
13. Who wrote Stories The Feet Can Tell?
14. Reflexology helps the body maintain a _____________________
15. What is homeostasis? In your own words
16. What are the bodys four main elimination channels?
17. What is one side effect of a reflexology treatment?
18. How might this side-effect exhibit itself?
19. What does reflexology promote the production of in the body?
20. What are endomorphins?
21. What happens typically in the first reflexology treatment?
22. Why would a client cry after a reflexology treatment?
23. How long does a typical series of sessions last?
24. What does Herings Law of Cure state?
25. How many nerve endings are in each foot?
26. How does the stimulation of the reflex points in the foot effect the
nerve pathways?
27. What is the Zone Theory?
28. What does the lymph system have to do with reflexology?
29. What does Ki energy have to do with reflexology?
30. How are crystal deposits related to reflexology?
31. Of all the definitions of reflexology given in the Definitions of
Reflexology section which is your favorite and why?
32. When preparing for a reflexology treatment what are your three
main concerns are what?
33. What are two contraindications for a reflexology treatment?

34. Give five examples of ways in which you could use reflexology to
heal a person. Based on this reading, tell me why reflexology
would work for them.
Assignment for Unit Three
1. Chose two organs of the body and compare and contrast the ways
of viewing them. Describe them in terms of Grays anatomy and
then also describe their function in laymans terms as well as in
metaphysical terms.
2. Chose three people to be your practice subjects. You can chose
from the same people you used in the first assignment or you can
use different people.
3. Ask each of these people the questions above. Make a summary
statement at the end of each questionnaire. I do not need to see the
questionnaire. I only want to see a two paragraph summary
including: what the main issues are with the person and what two
organs are involved the most.
4. Prepare your work area so you can do your first session in the next
unit. Practice preparing yourself and the area you will work in. Get
ready for your client!

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Reflexology 401

Introduction to the Course

Outline of the Course

Chapter One: History & Theory of Reflexology

A More Detailed History of Reflexology

Djedkare Isei, 8th Pharaoh, Fifth Dynasty, 2388-2356 B. C.

What Reflexology Accomplishes

Hering's Law of Cure

How Reflexology Works

Western Foot & Hand Reflexology works on

Controlled Studies in Reflexology

How to Prepare the Client

Are there contraindications to this treatment?

What medical conditions does the person suffer from?

How to Prepare the Feet

Side View and More Charts at:

1. Structure of the Nervous System

forms of nerve cells. A. Pyramidal cell. B. Small multipolar cell, in

FIG. 625 Bipolar

of Purkinje from the cerebellum. Golgi method. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b.

cells of kitten, showing neurofibrils. (Cajal.) a. Axon. b. Cyton. c.

nerve fibers. X 350. (See enlarged image)

of longitudinal sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See

sections of medullated nerve fibers. Osmic acid. (See enlarged image)

of medullated nerve fibers stained with osmic acid. X 425. (Schfer.) R.

medullary sheath undergoes interruptions in its continuity at regular intervals, giving to

nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate. (See enlarged image)

small nervous branch from the sympathetic of a mammal. a. Two medullated

The neurolemma or primitive sheath presents the appearance of a delicate,

section of human tibial nerve. (See enlarged image)

Origins and Terminations of Nerves.By the expression the terminations of nerve

fibers of Lacerta viridis with the terminations of nerves. a. Seen in

section of spinal ganglion of rabbit. A. Ganglion. X 30. a. Large clear

section of sympathetic ganglion of cat. A. Ganglion. X 50. a. A nerve

Chapter Two: Evaluation of the Foot

1. What toenail observations have you made?

Chapter Three: Interviewing the Client and Planning the Session

Why are you visiting?_____________________________

How many times do you urinate in one day?__________________________

Which do you do and for approximately how long each week?

Are you a nervous person? What makes you nervous?_____________________

Are you happy with your current finances? ______________________

Planning the Session

Sessions should be 30 to 35 minutes for adults and 15

Short Course in Anatomy

The Digestive System

up of hepatic cells, the basic metabolic cells of the liver.

The Circulatory System

The Lymphatic System

The Respiratory System

The Central Nervous System

correlate with differences in mental ability.

Medulla (Brain Stem)

LEVEL TWO: How the Body Functions as a Unit

LEVEL THREE: The Metaphysical Body

The Hips and Down

LEVEL FOUR: A Chemical View of the Body

10) Breaking down glucose in muscles

7) Overwork - mental or physical

Assignment for Unit Three

Chapter 4:Your Reflexology Session

The Basic Hand Session:

The Basic Foot Session: