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TheEngineer'sCompanion/FastenerDesignManual,PartOne

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FastenerDesignManual,PartOne
RichBarrett
Summary
Thismanualwaswrittenfordesignengineerstoenablethemtochooseappropriatefastenersfortheirdesigns.Subject
matterincludesfastenermaterialselection,plating,lubricants,corrosion,lockingmethods,washers,inserts,thread
typesandclasses,fatigueloading,andfastenertorque.Asectionondesigncriteriacoversthederivationoftorque
formulas,loadsonafastenergroup,combiningsimultaneousshearandtensionloads,pulloutloadfortappedholes,grip
length,headstyles,andfastenerstrengths.Thesecondhalfofthismanualpresentsgeneralguidelinesandselection
criteriaforrivetsandlockbolts.
Introduction
Tothecasualobservertheselectionofbolts,nuts,andrivetsforadesignshouldbeasimpletask.Inrealityitisa
difficulttask,requiringcarefulconsiderationoftemperature,corrosion,vibration,fatigue,initialpreload,andmanyother
factors.Theintentofthismanualistopresentenoughdataonboltandrivetmaterials,finishes,torque,andthread
lubricantstoenableadesignertomakeasensibleselectionforaparticulardesign.Locknuts,washers,lockingmethods,
inserts,rivets,andtappedholesarealsocovered.
GeneralDesignInformation
FastenerMaterials
Boltscanbemadefrommanymaterials,butmostboltsaremadeofcarbonsteel,alloysteel,orstainlesssteel.
Stainlesssteelsincludebothironandnickelbasedchromiumalloys.Titaniumandaluminumboltshavelimitedusage,
primarilyintheaerospaceindustry.
Carbonsteelisthecheapestandmostcommonboltmaterial.Mosthardwarestoressellcarbonsteelbolts,whichare
usuallyzincplatedtoresistcorrosion.Thetypicalultimatestrengthofthisboltmaterialis55ksi.
Analloysteelisahighstrengthcarbonsteelthatcanbeheattreatedupto300ksi.However,itisnotcorrosionresistant
andmustthereforehavesometypeofcoatingtoprotectitfromcorrosion.Aerospacealloysteelfastenersareusually
cadmiumplatedforcorrosionprotection.
Boltsofstainlesssteel(CRES)areavailableinavarietyofalloyswithultimatestrengthrangingfrom70to220ksi.The
majoradvantageofusingCRESisthatitnormallyrequiresnoprotectivecoatingandhasawiderservicetemperature
rangethanplaincarbonoralloysteels.
ApartiallistingofboltmaterialsisgiveninTable1.Thefollowingprecautionsaretobenoted:
1. Theboltplatingmaterialisusuallythelimitingfactoronmaximumservicetemperature.
2. Carbonsteelandalloysteelareunsatisfactory(becomebrittle)attemperaturesbelow65F.
3. Hydrogenembrittlementisaproblemwithmostcommonmethodsofplating,unlessspecialproceduresareused.(This
subjectiscoveredmorefullyinthecorrosionsection.)
4. Series400CREScontainsonly12percentchromiumandthuswillcorrodeinsomeenvironments.
5. Thecontactofdissimilarmaterialscancreategalvaniccorrosion,whichcanbecomeamajorproblem.(Galvanic
corrosioniscoveredlater.)

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PlatingsandCoatings
Mostplatingprocessesareelectrolyticandgeneratehydrogen.Thus,mostplatingprocessesrequirebakingafterplating
atatemperaturewellbelowthedecompositiontemperatureoftheplatingmaterialtopreventhydrogenembrittlement.
However,heatingtheplatingtoitsdecompositiontemperaturecangeneratefreehydrogenagain.Thus,exceedingthe
safeoperatingtemperatureoftheplatingcancauseprematurefastenerfailureduetohydrogenembrittlementaswellas
lossofcorrosionprotection.(AsummaryofplatingandcoatingsisgiveninTable2.)

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CadmiumPlating
Themostcommonaerospacefastenerplatingmaterialiscadmium.Platingisdonebyelectrodepositionandiseasyto
accomplish.However,cadmiumplatedpartsmustbebakedat375Ffor23hours,within2hoursafterplating,toprevent
hydrogenembrittlement.Sincecadmiummeltsat600F,itsusefulservicetemperaturelimitis450F.
ZincPlating
Zincisalsoacommontypeofplating.Thehotdipmethodofzincplatingisknowncommerciallyasgalvanizing.Zinc
canalsobeelectrodeposited.Becausezincplatinghasadullfinish,itislesspleasinginappearancethancadmium.
However,zincisasacrificialmaterial.Itwillmigratetouncoatedareasthathavehadtheirplatingscratchedoff,thus
continuingtoprovidecorrosionresistance.Zincmayalsobeappliedcoldasazincrichpaint.Zincmeltsat785Fbut
hasausefulservicetemperaturelimitof250F.(Itscorrosioninhibitingqualitiesdegradeabove140F.)
PhosphateCoatings
Steelorironisphosphatecoatedbytreatingthematerialsurfacewithadilutedsolutionofphosphoricacid,usuallyby
submergingthepartinaproprietarybath.Thechemicalreactionformsamildlyprotectivelayerofcrystallinephosphate.
Thethreeprincipaltypesofphosphatecoatingsarezinc,iron,andmanganese.Phosphatecoatedpartscanbereadily
painted,ortheycanbedippedinoilorwaxtoimprovetheircorrosionresistance.Fastenersareusuallycoatedwith
eitherzincormanganesephosphate.Hydrogenembrittlementseldomispresentinsuchparts.Phosphatecoatingsstart
deterioratingat225F(forheavyzinc)to400F(forironphosphate).
NickelPlating
Nickelplating,withorwithoutacopperstrike(thinplating),isoneoftheoldestmethodsofpreventingcorrosionand
improvingtheappearanceofsteelandbrass.Nickelplatingwilltarnishunlessfollowedbychromiumplating.Nickel
platingismoreexpensivethancadmiumorzincplating,andalsomustbebakedascadmiumtopreventhydrogen
embrittlement.Nickelplatingisgoodtoanoperatingtemperatureof1100F,butisstillnotfrequentlyusedforplating
fastenersbecauseofitscost.

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IonVaporDepositedAluminumPlating
IonvapordepositedaluminumplatingwasdevelopedbyMcDonnellDouglasforcoatingaircraftparts.Ithassome
advantagesovercadmiumplating:
1. Itcreatesnohydrogenembrittlement.
2. Itinsulatesagainstgalvaniccorrosionofdissimilarmaterials.
3. Thecoatingisacceptableupto925F.
4. Itcanalsobeusedforcoatingtitaniumandaluminum.
5. Theprocessformsnotoxicbyproducts.
Italsohassomedisadvantages:
1. Becausetheprocessmustbedoneinaspeciallydesignedvacuumchamber,itisquiteexpensive.
2. Cadmiumwilloutperformionvapordepositedaluminuminasaltspraytest.
ChromiumPlating
Chromiumplatingiscommonlyusedforautomotiveandappliancedecorativeapplications,butitisnotcommonfor
fasteners.Chromiumplatedfastenerscostapproximatelyasmuchasstainlesssteelfasteners.Goodchromiumplating
requiresbothcopperandnickelplatingpriortochromiumplating.Chromiumplatingalsohashydrogenembrittlement
problems.However,itisacceptableformaximumoperatingtemperaturesof800to1200F.
SermatelWandSermaGard
SermatelWandSermaGardareproprietarycoatingsconsistingofaluminumparticlesinaninorganicbinderwith
chromatesaddedtoinhibitcorrosion.ThecoatingmaterialiscoveredbyAMS3126A,andtheapplicationprocedureby
AMS2506.Thecoatingissprayedordippedonthepartandcuredat650F.(SPSTechnologies2hastestedSermatel
Wcoatedfastenersat900Fwithoutdegradation.)Thiscoatingprocesspreventsbothhydrogenembrittlementand
stresscorrosion,sincethefasteneriscompletelycoated.Sermatelisaboutaseffectiveascadmiumplatinginresisting
corrosionbutcostsabout15percentmorethancadmium.Fastenersarenotpresentlyavailable"offtheshelf"with
SermatelWorSermaGardcoating,butthecompanywilldosmallordersforfastenersormechanicalparts.These
coatingswilltakeupto15disassembliesinathreadedareawithoutseriouscoatingdegradation.
Stalgard
Stalgardisaproprietarycoating3processconsistingoforganiccoatings,inorganicorganiccoatings,orbothfor
corrosionresistance.AccordingtoStalgardtestdatatheircoatingsaresuperiortoeithercadmiumorzincplatinginsalt
sprayandweatheringtests.Stalgardcoatingsalsoprovidegalvaniccorrosionprotection.However,themaximum
operatingtemperatureoftheseorganiccoatingsis475F.
DiffusedNickelCadmiumPlating
Thisprocesswasdevelopedbytheaerospaceindustrytoallowforhighertemperaturecadmiumcoating.A0.0004in.
thicknickelcoatingisplatedonthesubstrate,followedbya0.0002in.thickcadmiumplate(perAMS2416).Thepartis
thenbakedfor1hourat645F.Theresultingcoatingcanwithstand1000F.However,thenickelplatemustcompletely
coverthepartatalltimestoavoidcadmiumdamagetothepart.Thisprocessisexpensiveandrequiresclosecontrol.
SilverPlating
Silverplatingiscostprohibitiveformostfastenerapplications.Thebigexceptionisintheaerospaceindustry,where
silverplatednutsareusedonstainlesssteelbolts.Thesilverservesbothascorrosiondeterrentanddrylubricant.Silver
platingcanbeusedto1600F,andthusitisagoodhightemperaturelubricant.Sincesilvertarnishesfromnormal
atmosphericexposure,thesilverplatednutsarecommonlycoatedwithclearwaxtopreventtarnishing.Waxisagood
roomtemperaturelubricant.Therefore,thenormal"drytorque"valuesofthetorquetablesshouldbereducedby50
percenttoallowforthislubricant.
PassivationandPreoxidation
Stainlesssteelfastenerswillcreategalvaniccorrosionoroxidationinajointunlesstheyarepassivatedorpreoxidized
priortoassembly(ref.1).Passivationistheformationofaprotectiveoxidecoatingonthesteelbytreatingitbrieflywith
anacid.Theoxidecoatingisalmostinert.Preoxidizationistheformationofanoxidecoatingbyexposingthefasteners
toapproximately1300Ftemperatureinanairfurnace.Thesurfaceformedisinertenoughtopreventgallingdueto
galvaniccorrosion.
BlackOxideCoating
Blackoxidecoating,combinedwithanoilfilm,doeslittlemorethanenhancetheappearanceofcarbonsteelfasteners.
Theoilfilmistheonlypartofthecoatingthatpreventscorrosion.
ThreadLubricants
Therearemanythreadlubricantsfromwhichtochoose,butonlyafewofthemostcommonlyusedarecoveredhere.
Themostcommonareoil,greaseorwax,graphite,andmolybdenumdisulfide.Therearealsoseveralproprietary
lubricantssuchasNeverSeezandSynergisticCoatings.SomethreadlockingcompoundssuchasLoctitecanalsobe
usedaslubricantsforaboltedassembly,particularlythecompoundsthatallowtheboltstoberemoved.Asummaryof
threadlubricantsisgiveninTable3.

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OilandGrease
Althoughoilandgreasearethemostcommontypesofthreadlubricants,theyarelimitedtoanoperatingtemperaturenot
muchgreaterthan250F.(Abovethistemperaturetheoilorgreasewillmeltorboiloff.)Inaddition,oilcannotbeusedin
avacuumenvironment.However,oilandgreasearegoodforbothlubricationandcorrosionpreventionaslongasthese
precautionsareobserved.
Graphite
"Dry"graphiteisreallynotdry.Itisfinecarbonpowderthatneedsmoisture(usuallyoilorwater)tobecomealubricant.
Therefore,itsmaximumoperatingtemperatureislimitedtotheboilingpointoftheoilorwater.Italsocannotbeusedina
vacuumenvironmentwithoutlosingitsmoisture.Becausedrygraphiteisanabrasive,itsuseisdetrimentaltothebolted
jointiftheprecedinglimitationsareexceeded.
MolybdenumDisulfide
Molybdenumdisulfideisoneofthemostpopulardrylubricants.Itcanbeusedinavacuumenvironmentbutturnsto
molybdenumtrisulfideatapproximately750F.Molybdenumtrisulfideisanabrasiveratherthanalubricant.
SynergisticCoatings
Theseproprietarycoatingsareatypeoffluorocarboninjectedandbakedintoaporousmetalmatrixcoatingtoprovide
corrosionpreventionandlubrication.However,themaximumoperatingtemperaturegivenintheirsalesliteratureis500
F.SynergisticCoatingswillalsooperateinavacuumenvironment.
Neverseez
Thisproprietarycompoundisapetroleumbaselubricantandanticorrodantthatissatisfactoryasaonetimelubricantup
to2200F,accordingtothemanufacturer.Theoilboilsoff,butthecompoundleavesnongallingoxidesofnickel,copper,
andzincbetweenthethreads.Thisallowsthefastenertoberemoved,butanewapplicationisrequiredeachtimethe
fastenerisinstalled.NASALewispersonneltestedthiscompoundandfoundittobesatisfactory.
SilverGoop
SilverGoopisaproprietarycompoundcontaining20to30percentsilver.SilverGoopcanbeusedto1500Fon
materialsotherthanaluminumormagnesium.Itisextremelyexpensivebecauseofitssilvercontent.
ThreadLockingCompounds
Someoftheremovablethreadlockingcompounds(suchasLoctite)alsoserveasantigallingandlubricatingsubstances.
However,theyareepoxies,whichhaveamaximumoperatingtemperatureofapproximately275F.
Corrosion
GalvanicCorrosion

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Galvaniccorrosionissetupwhentwodissimilarmetalsareinthepresenceofanelectrolyte,suchasmoisture.A
galvaniccelliscreatedandthemostactive(anode)ofthetwomaterialsiserodedanddepositedontheleastactive
(cathode).Notethatthefartheraparttwomaterialsareinthefollowinglist,thegreaterthegalvanicactionbetweenthem.
Accordingtoreference2thegalvanicrankingofsomecommonengineeringmaterialsisasfollows:

GalvanicRankingofEngineeringMaterials
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Material
Magnesium(most
active)
Magnesiumalloys
Zinc
Aluminum5056
Aluminum5052
Aluminum1100
Cadmium
Aluminum2024
Aluminum7075
Mildsteel

Rank
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Material
Castiron
NiResist
Type410stainless(active)
Type304stainless(active)
Type316stainless(active)
Lead
Tin
MuntzMetal
Nickel(active)
Inconel(active)

Rank
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Material
Yellowbrass
Admiraltybrass
Aluminumbrass
Redbrass
Copper
Siliconbronze
7030Coppernickel
Nickel(passive)
Inconel(passive)
Titanium

Rank
31
32
33
34
35
36

Material
Monel
Type304stainless(passive)
Type316stainless(passive)
Silver
Graphite
Gold(leastactive)

Notethedifferencebetweenactiveandpassive304and316stainlesssteels.Thedifferencehereisthatpassivationof
stainlesssteelsisdoneeitherbyoxidizinginanairfurnaceortreatingthesurfacewithanacidtocauseanoxideto
form.Thisoxidesurfaceisquiteinertinbothcasesanddetersgalvanicactivity.
Becausetheanodeiserodedinagalvaniccell,itshouldbethelargermassinthecell.Therefore,itispoordesign
practicetousecarbonsteelfastenersinastainlesssteelorcopperassembly.Stainlesssteelfastenerscanbeusedin
carbonsteelassemblies,sincethecarbonsteelmassistheanode.
Magnesiumisfrequentlyusedinlightweightdesignsbecauseofitshighstrengthtoweightratio.However,itmustbe
totallyinsulatedfromfastenersbyaninertcoatingsuchaszincchromateprimertopreventextremegalvaniccorrosion.
Cadmiumorzincplatedfastenersareclosesttomagnesiuminthegalvanicseriesandwouldbethemostcompatibleif
theinsulationcoatingweredamaged.
StressCorrosion
Stresscorrosionoccurswhenatensilestressedpartisplacedinacorrosiveenvironment.Anotherwiseductilepartwill
failatastressmuchlowerthanitsyieldstrengthbecauseofsurfaceimperfections(usuallypitsorcracks)createdby
thecorrosiveenvironment.Ingeneral,thehighertheheattreatingtemperatureofthematerial(andthelowerthe
ductility),themoresusceptibleitistostresscorrosioncracking.
Materialmanufacturershavebeenforcedtodevelopalloysthatarelesssensitivetostresscorrosion.Ofthestainless
steels,A286isthebestfastenermaterialforaerospaceusage.Itisnotsusceptibletostresscorrosionbutusuallyis
producedonlyupto160ksistrength(220ksiA286fastenersareavailableonspecialorder).Thehigherstrength
stainlesssteelfasteners(180to220ksi)areusuallymadeof177PHor174PH,whicharestresscorrosionsusceptible.
FastenersmadeofsuperalloyssuchasInconel718orMP35Nareavailableifcostandschedulearenotrestricted.
Analternativeistouseahighstrengthcarbonsteel(suchasH11toolsteelwithanultimatetensilestrengthof300ksi)
andprovidecorrosionprotection.However,itispreferabletousemorefastenersoftheordinaryvarietyandstrength,if
possible,thantouseafewhighstrengthfasteners.Highstrengthfasteners(greaterthan180ksi)bringonproblems
suchasbrittleness,criticalflaws,forgedheads,coldrollingofthreads,andthenecessityforstringentqualitycontrol
procedures.Qualitycontrolproceduressuchasxray,dyepenetrant,magneticparticle,threadradius,andheadradius
inspectionsarecommonlyusedforhighstrengthfasteners.
HydrogenEmbrittlement
Hydrogenembrittlementoccurswheneverthereisfreehydrogenincloseassociationwiththemetal.Sincemostplating
processesaretheelectrolyticbathtype,freehydrogenispresent.Therearethreetypesofhydrogenmetalproblems:*
Hydrogenchemicalreaction:Hydrogenreactswiththecarboninsteeltoformmethanegas,whichcanleadtocrack
developmentandstrengthreduction.Hydrogencanalsoreactwithalloyingelementssuchastitanium,niobium,or
tantalumtoformhydrides.Becausethehydridesarenotasstrongastheparentalloy,theyreducetheoverallstrength
ofthepart.*Internalhydrogenembrittlement:Hydrogencanremaininsolutioninterstitially(betweenlatticesinthegrain
structure)andcancausedelayedfailuresafterprooftesting.Thereisnoexternalindicationthatthehydrogenispresent.
*Hydrogenenvironmentembrittlement:Thisproblemisonlypresentinahighpressurehydrogenenvironmentsuchasa
hydrogenstoragetank.Unlessafastenerwasunderstressinsidesuchapressurevessel,thisconditionwouldnotbe
present.
Mostplatingspecificationsnowstatethataplatedcarbonsteelfastener"shallbebakedfornotlessthan23hoursat
375+25Fwithin2hoursafterplatingtoprovidehydrogenembrittlementrelief"(perMILN25027D).Inthepastthe
platingspecificationsrequiredbakingat375+25Fforonly3hourswithin4hoursafterplating.Thistreatmentwas
foundtobeinadequate,andmostplatingspecificationswererevisedin198182toreflectthelongerbakingtime.
Hydrogenembrittlementproblemsalsoincreaseasthefastenerstrengthincreases.
CadmiumEmbrittlement
Althoughhydrogenembrittlementfailureofmaterialsiswelldocumented(ref.3),theeffectsofcadmiumembrittlement
arenot.Ingeneral,hydrogenembrittlementfailureofcadmiumplatedpartscanstartaslowas325F,butcadmium
embrittlementcanstartaround400F.Sincebothelementsarenormallypresentinelevatedtemperaturefailureof
cadmiumplatedparts,thecombinedeffectofthetwocanbedisastrous.However,theindividualeffectofeachis
indeterminate.
LockingMethods

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TappedHoles
Inatappedholethelockingtechniqueisnormallyonthefastener.Onenotableexceptionisthe
Spiralock7tapshowninFigure1.TheSpiralockthreadformhasa30'wedgeramatitsroot.
Underclamploadthecrestsofthemalethreadarewedgedtightlyagainsttheramp.This
makeslateralmovement,whichcauseslooseningundervibration,nearlyimpossible.
Independenttestsbysomeoftheaerospacecompanieshaveindicatedthatthistypeofthread
issatisfactoryformoderateresistancetovibration.Theboltcanhavestandardthread,since
thetappedholedoesallthelocking.
[SpiralockisdistributedbyDetroitTap&ToolCompany,Detroit,Michigan,throughlicensefrom
H.D.Holmes.]
Locknuts

Figure1.Spiralock
Thread.

Therearevarioustypesoflockingelements,withthecommon
principlebeingtobind(orwedge)thenutthreadtothebolt
threads.Someofthemorecommonlocknutsarecoveredhere.

Figure2.Splitbeam
locknut.

Splitbeam.Thesplitbeamlocknut(Figure2)hasslotsinthetop,andthethreaddiameter
isundersizedintheslottedportion.Thenutspinsfreelyuntiltheboltthreadsgettothe
slottedarea.Thesplit"beam"segmentsaredeflectedoutwardbythebolt,andafriction
loadresultsfrombindingofthematingthreads.
Deformedthread.Thedeformedthreadlocknut(Figure3)isacommonlocknut,particularly
intheaerospaceindustry.Itsadvantagesareasfollows:

1. Thenutcanbeformedinoneoperation.
2. Thetemperaturerangeislimitedonlybytheparentmetal,itsplating,orboth.
3. Thenutcanbereusedapproximately10timesbeforeithastobediscardedforlossof
lockingcapability.
Nylokpellet.TheNylokpellet(ofnylon)isusuallyinstalledinthe
Figure3.Deformedthread
nutthreadsasshowninFigure4.Apelletorpatchprojectsfrom
locknut.
thethreads.Whenmatingthreadsengage,compressioncreatesa
counterforcethatresultsinlockingcontact.Themaindrawback
ofthispelletisthatitsmaximumoperatingtemperatureis
approximately250F.Thenylonpelletwillalsobedamagedquicklybyreassembly.

Figure4.Nylokpellet
locknut.

Lockingcollarandseal.Afiberornylonwasherismountedinthe
topofthenutasshowninFigure5.Thecollarhasaninterference
fitsuchthatitbindsontheboltthreads.Italsoprovidessome
sealingactionfromgasandmoistureleakage.Onceagainthe
limitingfeatureofthisnutistheapproximate250Ftemperature

limitofthelockingcollar.
Acostsavingmethodsometimesusedinsteadofacollarornylonpelletistobondanylon
patchonthethreadsofeitherthenutorthebolttogetsomelockingaction.Thismethodisalso
usedonshortthreadlengths,whereadrilledholeforalockingpelletcouldcauseseverestress
concentration.

Figure6.Castellatednut.

Figure5.Lockingcollar.
Castellatednut.Thecastellatednutnormallyhassixslotsas
showninFigure6(a).Thebolthasasingleholethroughits
threadedend.Thenutistorquedtoitsdesiredtorquevalue.Itisthenrotatedforwardor
backward(dependingontheuser'spreference)tothenearestslotthatalignswiththe
drilledholeinthebolt.Acotterpinistheninstalledtolockthenutinplaceasshownin
Figure6(b).Thisnutworksextremelywellforlowtorqueapplicationssuchasholdinga
wheelbearinginplace.

Jamnuts.Thesenutsarenormally"jammed"togetherasshown
inFigure7,althoughthe"experts"cannotagreeonwhichnut
shouldbeonthebottom.However,thistypeofassemblyistoounpredictabletobereliable.If
theinnernutistorquedmoretightlythantheouternut,theinnernutwillyieldbeforetheouter
nutcanpickupitsfullload.Ontheotherhand,iftheouternutistightenedmorethantheinner
nut,theinnernutunloads.Thentheouternutwillyieldbeforetheinnernutcanpickupitsfull
load.Itwouldberaretogetthecorrectamountoftorqueoneachnut.Alocknutisamuchmore
practicalchoicethanaregularnutandajamnut.However,ajamnutcanbeusedona
turnbuckle,whereitdoesnotcarryanyofthetensionload.
Serratedfacenut(orbolthead).Theserratedfaceofthisnut
(showninFigure8)digsintothebearingsurfaceduringfinal
tightening.Thismeansthatitcannotbeusedwithawasheroron
surfaceswherescratchesorcorrosioncouldbeaproblem.

Figure7.Jamnut.

AccordingtoSPSTechnologies,theirserratedfacebolts(Durlock180)requireI10
percentoftighteningtorquetoloosenthem.Theirtestsontheseboltshaveshownthemto
haveexcellentvibrationresistance.

Figure8.Durlocknut.

Lockwiring.Althoughlockwiringisalaboriousmethodofpreventingboltornutrotation,itis
stillusedincriticalapplications,particularlyintheaerospacefield.Thenutsusuallyhave
drilledcorners,andtheboltseitherhavethroughholesinthehead

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ordrilledcornerstothreadthelockwirethrough.Atypical
boltheadlockwiringassemblyisshowninFigure9(a),anda
typicalnutlockwiringassemblyisshowninFigure9(b).Directinterferingthread.Adirect
interferingthreadhasanoversizedrootdiameterthatgivesaslightinterferencefitbetweenthe
matingthreads.Itiscommonlyusedonthreadedstudsforsemipermanentinstallations,rather
thanonboltsandnuts,sincetheinterferencefitdoesdamagethethreads.
Taperedthread.Thetaperedthreadisavariationofthedirect
interferingthread,butthedifferenceisthattheminordiameteris
taperedtointerfereonthelastthreeorfourthreadsofanutor
boltasshowninFigure10,
Nutplates.Anutplate(Figure11)isnormallyusedasablindnut.
Theycanbefixedorfloating.Inaddition,theycanhavemostof
thelockingandsealingfeaturesofaregularnut.Nutplatesare
usuallyusedonmaterialstoothintotap.Primarilytheaerospace
companiesusethem,sincetheirinstallationisexpensive.At
leastthreedrilledholesandtworivetsarerequiredforeachnutplateinstallation.

Figure10.Taperedthread.

Figure9.Lockwiring.

LockingAdhesives
Manymanufacturersmakelockingadhesives(orepoxies)for
lockingthreads.Mostmajormanufacturersmakeseveral
gradesoflockingadhesive,sothatthefrequencyof
disassemblycanbematchedtothelockingcapabilityofthe
adhesive.Forexample,Loctite242isforremovablefasteners,
andLoctite2719isfortamperprooffasteners.Other
manufacturerssuchasBostik,NDIndustries,Nylock,3M,and
Permalocmakesimilarproducts.

Figure11.Nutplate.

Mostoftheseadhesivesworkinoneoftwoways.Theyareeitherasinglemixturethathardenswhenitbecomesathin
layerintheabsenceofairoranepoxyintwolayersthatdoesnothardenuntilitismixedandcompressedbetweenthe
matingthreads.Notethatthetwolayeradhesivesareusuallyputonthefastenerasa"ribbon"orringbythe
manufacturer.Theseribbonsorringsdohavesomeshelflife,aslongastheyarenotinadvertentlymixedordamaged.
Theseadhesivesareusuallyeffectiveasthreadsealersaswell.However,noneofthemwilltakehightemperatures.The
bestadhesiveswillfunctionat450Ftheworstonly200F.
Moveontoparttwo.

Theconscientious,effectiveengineerisavirtuousengineer.SamuelFlorman,TheCivilizedEngineer
TheEngineer'sCompanionisCopyright1995presentbyRonGrahamLastupdated11/14/200817:38:20
rongraham01@gmail.com

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