Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Overview
Part I: The Problem
1. The Triple Burden of Malnutrition
2. Can We Stop Worrying About the Quantity of Food Production?
Rich countries
2%
Latin America
4%
Asia
65%
Recent trends
Progress has been made:
o Number of undernourished down from 1 billion in 1990
o Proportion decreased from 23% to 13%
However, progress is too slow and geographically uneven
In Sub-Sahara Africa, 23% of the population remain
undernourished
Globally, 161 million children under age 5 are stunted
(25%); 51 million are wasted (8%)
Even in economically fast-growing countries like India,
childhood undernutrition remains high
Deficient
Billion people
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Calories
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Vitamin A
Africa
Asia
America
Europe
Overweight
Obese
10
20
30
40
50
Percent of adult population
60
70
80
Total
Other infectious
diseases
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Neonatal disorders
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
% of child deaths
Source: Black et al. (2013).
0%
In many developing
countries, childhood
underweight and
micronutrient
deficiencies are still
among the top-5 risk
factors
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
8
300
Index
Food production
250
200
Population
150
Arable land
100
1961
1968
1975
1982
1989
1996
2003
2010
10
350
Wheat
US$/t
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
11
Maize
Wheat
300
200
150
100
50
Source: EU Commission (2015).
Jan-00
Jul
Jan-01
Jul
Jan-02
Jul
Jan-03
Jul
Jan-04
Jul
Jan-05
Jul
Jan-06
Jul
Jan-07
Jul
Jan-08
Jul
Jan-09
Jul
Jan-10
Jul
Jan-11
Jul
Jan-12
Jul
Jan-13
Jul
Jan-14
Jul
Jan-15
US$/t
250
12
12
Demand
projection
Resource
scarcity
6
5
4
3
Investment in
agricultural R&D
Investment in
rural
infrastructure
1
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
13
14
Micronutrient supplementation
Complementary feeding
Breastfeeding programs
Nutrition and health education
15
DRC
Burundi
Liberia
Niger
Malawi
Togo
Mozambique
Mali
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Nepal
Rwanda
Yemen
Uganda
Chad
Benin
Ghana
Zambia
Bangladesh
Kenya
Senegal
Cameroon
Sudan
Nigeria
Pakistan
India
Vietnam
Philippines
Indonesia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
60
20
Sources: Hoddinott et al. (2013),
IFPRI (2014).
50
40
30
10
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
17
Electricity
Telephone
Road infrastructure
Agricultural research and technology
Education
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Reduction in number of poor per 1000$ investment
18
5. Agriculture-Nutrition Linkages
The focus on a few major cereal crops during the green
revolution has helped to keep staple foods affordable for
consumers and to lift many farm families out of poverty
However, this focus has also narrowed down dietary
diversity, causing other types of nutrition problems (and loss
of biodiversity)
Nutrition-sensitive agricultural systems:
o Broadened focus in agricultural R&D
o Reduce policy disincentives for more diverse production (e.g.,
prices, subsidies, marketing policies)
o Promote markets for neglected crop/animal products
19
20
Indonesia
(n=674)
Kenya
(n=397)
Ethiopia
(n=2045)
Malawi
(n=5114)
Production diversity
0.9***
5.4***
0.3
0.2
1.5***
PD squared
-0.01*
-0.7***
0.01
0.01
-0.03**
Market access
4.5***
--
--
4.2*
4.7***
Off-farm income
3.9***
-0.9
5.9**
7.3**
8.3***
PD X Market access
-0.5***
--
--
-0.4**
-0.6***
The dependent variable is the household dietary diversity score, including 12 food groups. Production diversity is a
count of all crop/livestock species produced. Not all variables shown for brevity. *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1
21
Lessons learned
1. Production diversity helps to improve dietary quality in some
situations, but not in all (adjust common assumption)
2. Improving market access often seems to be more important
for smallholder nutrition (infrastructure, institutions)
Research challenges
There are no one-size-fits all solutions for making
agriculture more nutrition-sensitive
More research to better understand agriculture-nutrition
linkages in particular situations (new methods)
22
Per capita
consumption
Calories
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin A
+5.1%
+4.6%
+4.5%
+9.6%
23
Biofortification
Many interesting R&D projects
underway in various staple foods
One of the first biofortified crops
adopted so far is orange-fleshed
sweetpotato (OFSP)
Recent study of 1300 children in Mozambique showed that
OFSP program reduced diarrhea prevalence by 11.4%
(Jones and De Brauw 2015)
Ex ante studies for biofortified rice, wheat, cassava, and
other crops show that these technologies can help reduce
the health burden of micronutrient malnutrition in a costeffective way (Qaim et al. 2007; Meenakshi et al. 2010)
Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
24
Per capita
consumption
Calories
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin A
+19%
+35%
+48%
+37%
25
Share of households
100%
80%
60%
Joint
Female
Male
40%
20%
0%
Certified
Non-certified
Coffee production
Certified
Non-certified
Coffee revenue
26
Household
income
Farm
specialization
Gender roles
within
household
Economic
access to food
Availability of
homeproduced foods
Household nutrition
27
Iron
vegetables
Zinc
male control
Vitamin A
Income
Specialization on
vegetables
Male control of
revenue
Source: Chege, Andersson, Qaim (2015).
28
Conclusion
Undernutrition remains a problem with substantial human
and economic costs
Problem much broader than calories, but food quantity
challenge must still be kept in mind
Investments in agriculture and beyond
Nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food systems:
o
o
o
o
o
29