BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel Connection (TEKLA Vs PowerConnect)

BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel
Connections
Ellen Viddal i
Master of Science in Engineering and ICT

Submission date: June 2013
Supervisor:
Tor Guttorm Syvertsen, KT
Co-supervisor:
Stian Roger Aarum, EDRMedeso
Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Department of Structural Engineering
MASTER THESIS 2013

for
stud.techn. Ellen Viddal i

BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel Connections
Background
Design tools today enable linking of the different stages and processes of a structures lifetime.
These tools aim for secure and fast information exchange from design to production. An issue that
requires further research is information transfer between the tools used for analysis and design.
The master thesis should cover the flow of information between the modelling tool Tekla Structures
and the analysis tool PowerConnect. Emphasis should be put on establishing a connection for
information transfer between the programs to increase quality and reduce errors compared to the
current solution.
Approach to the problem
The thesis should include:
1. State of the art
2. Background for the dimensioning principle of PowerConnect.
3. How data is stored within Tekla and PowerConnect.
4. Establish a connection between the programs.
5. Alternative approaches.
6. Evaluation of standard Eurocode connections.
Result
The thesis should result in a digital report which will be the main basis of assessment. The report is
to be delivered at the Department of Structural Engineering before June 10, 2013.
The angle of the problem may be adjusted throughout the project due to the progress of the work
and the interests of the candidate.
The paper is to be organised according to the current instructions
(http://www.ntnu.no/kt/studier/masteroppgaven).
Contact EDR&Medeso AS: MSc Stian Roger Aarum (stian.roger.aarum@edrmedeso.com)
Supervisor:
Professor Tor G. Syvertsen (torgsyv@gmail.com)
Trondheim, 14. januar 2013
Tor G. Syvertsen (sign.)

supervisor
ii
Seriously? I like that song too!

I bet no two people in the
history of the world have
ever been so connected!
http://xkcd.com/807
iii
iv
Abstract
It is desired to reduce the time spent at all stages of the building process. Communication between and within disciplines is a significant time consumer in structural
engineering today. As the same person is often responsible for both analysis and
design of a structure, linking the tools for these tasks could reduce the time spent
significantly. Today, the same item is often modelled twice or more with different
software, and the goal for this thesis is to make this process more efficient.
In this work, an extension to Tekla Structures with a link to BuildSofts PowerConnect is implemented to enable connection analysis. Strength is determined in PowerConnect by the component method, according to Eurocode 3.
The thesis includes a state of the art study of links between tools for analysis and
design of steel connections, the planning and implementation of a link between Tekla
Structures and PowerConnect, along with a description of the finished solution and
how it works. Teklas Open API has been utilised using C# and XML in Microsoft
Visual Studio 2012.
At this stage the extension is limited to cover a bolted moment end plate connection
between H- and I-profiled cross-sections. Support for other types of connections and
cross-sections may be included in further work.
vi
Sammendrag
BIM brukes i planlegging og bygging for effektivisere prosessen fra modellering til
ferdigstilling. Hovedfokuset i dag ligger p bedre kommunikasjon mellom de ulike
disiplinene, men det er samtidig mulig effektivisere innad i dem. Siden den samme
personen ofte har ansvar for bde beregning og dimensjonering, men er tvunget til
bruke ulik programvare for hver av disse prosessene, gr trolig mye tid bort til
modellere den samme delen flere ganger. Mlet for denne oppgaven er kunne gjre
dette arbeidet s effektivt som mulig.
I dette arbeidet er en utvidelse til Tekla Structures med en kobling til BuildSofts
PowerConnect implementert for gjre analyse av stlknutepunkter mulig. Kapasitet beregnes i PowerConnect med komponentmetoden, i samsvar med Eurocode 3.
Oppgaven omfatter en studie i kjente lsninger for kobling av verkty for beregning
og dimensjonering av stlknutepunkter, planlegging og implementering av en kobling
mellom Tekla Structures og PowerConnect, sammen med en beskrivelse av hvordan
den ferdige lsningen fungerer. Tekla Open API har blitt brukt sammen med C# og
XML i Microsoft Visual Studio 2012.
I denne omgang er utvidelsen begrenset til gjelde for boltede momentknutepunkt
med endeplate mellom H- og I-tverrsnitt. Sttte for andre knutepunkter og tverrsnitt
kan implementeres i videre arbeid.
vii
viii
Preface
This thesis is a written report on work performed during the last semester of my
Master of Science study in Engineering and ICT, Structural Engineering. The work
has been carried out at the Department of Structural Engineering at the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU) during the spring term of 2013, under
the supervision of Professor Tor G. Syvertsen. The thesis is, along with the finished
extension and its source code, basis of assessment for the subject TKT4915 Computational Mechanics, Master Thesis, for a total worth of 30 credits (ECTS).
It has been interesting and motivating to work on a problem where the result may be
used in the industry after completion. Knowing that a working solution is desired has
kept my motivation up although a link between the two programs in question had not
been successfully developed earlier. I found it particularly interesting to get to work
with leading software in structural engineering that I did not know at the beginning
of this work.
The work has in broad outline consisted of studying how data is stored within Tekla
Structures and PowerConnect and working out a way for them to communicate. This
has been done by programming an extension to Tekla Structures using C# and XML
in Microsoft Visual Studio. Several hours have been spent modelling in Tekla Structures, with and without utilising Teklas open API, alongside writing this report in
LATEX.
I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Tor G. Syvertsen, for pushing me forward and for his useful feedback throughout the entire work.
None of this would have been accomplished without initiative and valuable help from
MSc Thomas B. Sousa and MSc Stian R. Aarum in EDRMedeso.
Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to BuildSoft Support for their
quick and helpful response and to Tekla for their extremely useful Open API discussion forum.
Ellen Viddal i
Trondheim, 6th June 2013
ix
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Contents
Abstract . . .
Sammendrag
Preface . . . .
Notation . . .
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ix
xiii
Introduction
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Scope of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
1
Software and concepts

2.1 PowerConnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Tekla Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
3
6
Extension development
3.1 Specification . . . .
3.2 The approach . . . .
3.3 The steel connection
3.4 XML interface . . .
3.5 Implementation . . .
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Discussion
5.1 Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Cross-section and material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Data exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
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31
Concluding remarks
6.1 Summary of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 General conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Suggestions for further work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Results
4.1 Short description of the plug-in
4.2 Installing the plug-in . . . . .
4.3 Using the plug-in . . . . . . .
4.4 Example of use . . . . . . . .
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References
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37
xi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Appendices
39
A Sample .bpc-file
39
B Analysis results from PowerConnect

B.1 Default connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2 Plug-in connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
43
44
C Complete source code
45
xii
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Notation
Acronyms
API
BIM
CAD
COM
IFC
VBA
XML
Application Programming Interface.

Building Information Modelling.
Computer Aided Design.
Component Object Model [1].
Industry Foundation Classes [2].
Visual Basic for Applications.
eXtensible Markup Language [3].
Abbreviations
INP
.NET
WinForms
Standard (input) format for components in Tekla Structures.

Microsoft software Framework.
Windows Forms. Part of the .NET Framework.
File extensions
.bpc
.dll
.dxf
.ifc
.ifcXML
BuildSoft PowerConnect file. XML structure.

Dynamic Link Library. For linking at load time or run time. Not
directly executable by the user.
Drawing eXchange Format. Open source CAD format developed by Autodesk.
Default IFC exchange format.
IFC standard XML format.
xiii
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
Background
Effective flow of information in BIM systems is a popular subject today. However, it

is usually focused on the communication between planning and construction. Analysis and design in detailing is often done by a single person using multiple software
tools. This work could be done more efficient by improving software integration.
It has been requested to establish a link between the BIM software Tekla Structures and BuildSofts PowerConnect for steel connection analysis. XML-connections
between different software is of current interest these days, and regarded as the most
relevant approach for this work.
1.2
Scope of the work
The solution is limited to handle a subset of connections from the PowerConnect library. For this thesis only a bolted column-beam end plate connection is implemented.
This may be extended at a later stage if desired. The created plug-in is compatible
with Tekla Structures 18.1 as this was the current release at the beginning of 2013.
Testing is performed with PowerConnect 2012 Rev. 01 and Tekla Structures 18.1
SR4. Both Tekla Structures and PowerConnect require a Microsoft Windows operating system.
1.3
Outline of the thesis
This introductory chapter is followed by a brief description of the main software,

PowerConnect and Tekla Structures, together with a short state of the art study in
Chapter 2. Chapter 3 covers the work of connecting Tekla Structures and PowerConnect and is followed by a presentation of the results obtained in Chapter 4. A
discussion on the results is covered by Chapter 5 and summarised with concluding
remarks in Chapter 6 together with suggestions for further work. A sample PowerConnect file, analysis results and a text version of the complete source code is attached in the succeeding appendices. The finished plug-in is delivered as a separate
package.
1.3
Outline of the thesis
INTRODUCTION
SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS
2
2.1
Software and concepts

PowerConnect
PowerConnect is software used for limit state analysis of bolted and welded steel
connections in 3D, developed by BuildSoft NV [4]. The connections may be exposed to an arbitrary number of load combinations and are evaluated according to
Eurocode 3 [5]. PowerConnect has an extensive library of pre-designed connections
to choose from, including beam-column, beam-column-beam and beam-beam connections in addition to column bases. PowerConnect allows for modification of those
connections in a 3D modelling user interface. Joints connecting H- and I-profiles are
supported alongside a selection of hollow core connections.
The PowerConnect model is saved in a .bpc file, which is basically an XML file.
Geometrical data of the connection may be exported as a .dxf file that can be used as
a sketch for modelling the connection in CAD software.
Design analysis principle

PowerConnect performs design analysis based on the component method according
to Eurocode 3 [6]. This implies that a connection is decomposed into several components and the capacity is determined by the strength and stiffness of each component
in the connection [7]. All elements of the connection are calculated in detail so that
over- or undersized elements may be identified. The components may be actual elements, like bolts, welds and plates, or critical stress or strain areas. Some of those
basic components are shown in the extracts from the Eurocode 3 in Table 1.
2.2
Tekla Structures
Tekla Structures is Building Information Modelling (BIM) software for structural

modelling [8]. The same model may be used during the entire building process from
conceptual design to construction management. Tekla Structures allow for modelling
of physical and analytical geometry models, and for integration with different analysis software. The analytical model may be exported to suitable analysis software
and the results (i.e. geometry changes) may be passed back into Tekla Structures [9].
Tekla Structures offers a selection of different standard and proprietary formats for
import and export. Of those only .dxf is also supported by PowerConnect. However,
Tekla Structures may be combined with various systems through its open Application
Programming Interface, Tekla Open APITM .
2.2
Tekla Structures
Table 1: Basic joint components from Table 6.1 in Eurocode 3, 1-8 [5]
Components
Components
Column web
panel in shear
Beam or
column flange
and web in
compression
Column web
in
transverse
compression
Beam web in
tension
Column web
in transverse
tension
Plate in tension
or compression
Column flange
in bending
10
Bolts in tension
End plate in
bending
11
Bolts in shear
12
Bolts in bearing
(on beam
flange, endplate or cleat)
Flange cleat in
bending
: Most exposed area in component.
2.2
Tekla Structures
Tekla Open APITM

Tekla Open API enables interaction between Tekla Structures and other software
by allowing the users to edit models and drawings by developing their own extensions [10]. These extensions may be applications or plug-ins. The main difference
between those is that the plug-in is run inside Tekla Structures whereas the application is launched as a separate process. Thus, it cannot be guaranteed that Tekla
Structures is running upon the entire execution of the application. This is solved by
adding a "handle" [10] to be able to insert, select, modify, delete and query objects in
Tekla Structures.
Tekla suggests three ways of utilising the Tekla Open APITM to create an application:
VBA macros utilising COM technology
COM applications
.NET applications
A plug-in is a component tool for automatic creation of objects in Tekla Structures
[10]. It is modifiable and dependent on input objects. Some templates for creating
plug-ins exist. For instance, the base class ConnectionBase simplifies the creation of
plug-ins for connections, details and seams.
The recommended way to define the dialog box of a plug-in is by using Windows
Forms, a part of the Microsoft .NET Framework, available in Visual Studio. An alternative to Windows Forms is using the input file format INP. This is the same definition language as is used in custom and system components in Tekla Structures[10].
The difference between those two approaches is mainly the way of implementing the
dialog box.
The different options for creating applications and plug-ins are presented in table 2.
Table 2: Extension types in Tekla Open API
VBA
Applications
COM
.NET
WinForms
Plug-ins
INP
2.3
2.3
State of the art
State of the art
Among others, buildingSMART International [2], National Institute of Building Sciences [11] and Bentley Systems [12] strive for cooperation between different software
providers. However, although there is an understanding that one common standard
would be better, several standards are in use at the time as the providers support different standards.
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

IFC is a specification package developed by buildingSMART International. They
offer several different structured formats for different purposes. In addition to the default .ifc exchange format they have also developed the XML based .ifcXML format.
The former has become the most common standard for data exchange between the
different stages of a construction process. The latter is an IFC data file with the XML
document structure. It is typically 300-400% larger than an .ifc file. The IFC standard has been accepted by most of the industry, and is widely implemented in the most
popular BIM software.
Tekla Structures and PowerConnect

It is possible to export a .dxf file from PowerConnect and import it in Tekla Structures. Together with dimension values, this may be used as a sketch for modelling
the connection from scratch [13]. This is probably the most common method for
connecting the two programs today.
BuildSoft is working on the development of an application linking Tekla Structures
and PowerConnect, using VBA and Excel. It is unknown when and whether a solution will be released.
Whereas Tekla Structures supports all IFC formats, PowerConnect supports neither.
If this is to be implemented, it should be performed in the PowerConnect source code,
which is not public.
STAAD.Pro and RAM Connection

Bentley offers an alternative for the American market, namely the STAAD.Pro and
RAM Connection link [14]. This link supports design according to the American
standards AISC ASD and LRFD. RAM Connection also provides support for the
AISC 13th edition unified code.
2.3
State of the art
RAM Structural System and Revit Structure

The RAM Structural System - Revit Structure link offers an export and import solution between Bentleys software for modelling, analysis and design and Autodesks
BIM software for engineering, design and documentation [15]. RAM Structural System supports several different standards, in different parts of the system, like AISC
and BS in addition to Eurocode 2 and 3 [16].
2.3
State of the art
EXTENSION DEVELOPMENT
3
3.1
Extension development
Specification
The desired outcome of this work is an extension to Tekla Structures that communicates with PowerConnect and requires a minimum of effort from the user. This may
be an application or a plug-in and communication through XML is suggested as a
possibility.
A selection of connections from the PowerConnect library should be created as components in Tekla Structures and be compatible for modification and optimisation in
PowerConnect.
A simple scenario is illustrated by the Use Case Diagram [17, 18] in Figure 1. The
user models a steel connection in Tekla Structure and exports the connection to
PowerConnect where optimal values are found and confirmed by the user. The confirmed values are imported into Tekla Structures where the original model is altered
accordingly.
Title: Create optimal steel connection
Figure 1: Use Case Diagram
3.2
3.2
The approach
The approach
As mentioned in Section 2.1, PowerConnect has a library of connections and it has

been decided to limit the scope of the extension to a selection of those. Because Tekla
Structures has an open API, the chosen approach aim at modelling the connections
from this library in Tekla Structures, with the possibility of altering dimensions and
other properties of bolts, welds, plates etc.
It has been focused on one of the connections from the PowerConnect library, with
the possibility of further development to support several connections in mind. Loads
may be added in Tekla Structures and exported to analysis software. However, it is
here assumed that loading is applied in PowerConnect manually. The procedure for
applying loads directly in PowerConnect is straight-forward and clear.
3.3
The steel connection
The connection implemented in the extension is a joint between a column and a beam
with a welded end plate and a bolt group, as this was assumed to be the best alternative to start with. This connection is the top-left connection in the PowerConnect
2012 start-up screen shown in Figure 2 and is shown more detailed in Figure 3a.
Default column profile for this connection in PowerConnect is HEA200 and beam
profile IPE270.
Figure 2: PowerConnect 2012 Start-up library
10
3.4
XML interface
(b) Dimensions of the end plate
(a) Structure of the connection
Figure 3: PowerConnect model

The end plate should be resized if beam and column profiles change. Figure 3b from
PowerConnect illustrates how the height of the plate depends on the beam height, L,
with an upper and a lower offset, u1 and u2 . The plate width is equal to the column
width, W , and the plate thickness, th is set to be the same size as the column flange
thickness, as default in PowerConnect.
3.4
XML interface
PowerConnect saves projects as XML structured .bpc-files. Similar structured files

may be generated from Tekla Structure by using the Tekla Open API. By this approach data may be interchanged between the two programs.
PowerConnect does not support the IFC standard, and implementation of this is too
extensive for this thesis. Use of .ifcXML is therefore disregarded.
BuildSoft did a brief attempt to create a template for the minimum .bpc-file, but
concluded that most tags were necessary for running the analysis. A trial and error approach, basically based on removing tags from a .bpc-file before opening it
in PowerConnect, revealed that some tags could be removed without noticeable effect, although many of them seemed to be essential for running analysis. The plan
thus became to generate an XML-file with the XmlTextWriter, provided by the .NET
Framework, with the same tags as a working .bpc-file and replace the names and numbers, where possible, according to the Tekla model. A sample .bpc-file is included in
Appendix A.
11
3.5
3.5
Implementation
Implementation
Two main ways of implementing the extension were considered: A custom component to be altered by a .NET application and a plug-in with INP or WinForms. The
implementation processes are presented in the succeeding sections.
Custom component
The first approach was to model a custom component in Tekla Structures and a .NET
application to modify its parameters, according to the specification. A custom component in Tekla Structures is a model, e.g. a connection, that is saved as one item for
easy reuse later. The component can be parametrised and the modeller choose which
values that may be altered.
A custom component is created in Tekla Structures, geometrically identical to the
plug-in described in the next section. The parameters for this custom component is
shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Custom component parameters

The access of the parameters through the API was more problematic than first assumed and the approach was early set aside to model the connection as a plug-in.
Plug-in
A selection of examples are provided with the Tekla Open API Startup Package. With
the source code of a plug-in for a splice connection between two beams (the SpliceConnection plug-in) as a basis, the ConnectionPlugin was developed.
12
3.5
Implementation
The dialog box of the plug-in, shown in Figure 13, is defined using the same definition language as custom components and system components in Tekla Structures, the
input file format INP. Figure 5 shows the connection modelled as a plug-in using INP.
Figure 5: The connection as an INP plug-in in Tekla Structures
The ConnectionBase is a template for creating details and connections as plug-ins.

Plug-ins based on this template take one main part and one or more secondary parts
as input. This is done by clicking the parts in the right order inside the model.
Cross-section properties
A certain profile, e.g. HEA200, has a set of dimensions and other cross-sectional
properties. Although PowerConnect probably have these values stored, a solution for
accessing them through XML has not been found. When only the profile name is
passed in the .bpc file, the other values are set to zero. These values are therefore
extracted from Tekla Structures, or derived from other values where necessary.
Comparison of the values found in PowerConnect and those extracted from Tekla
Structures reveals that the level of precision in PowerConnect is slightly higher. Some
examples are shown in Table 3. The derived values are based on the dimension properties of the connection. These are given with the same precision in Tekla Structures
and PowerConnect. For the majority of the derived parameters, the same equations
have been used in the plug-in as in PowerConnect, and the derived values tend to be
more precise than the ones extracted from Tekla Structures.
13
3.5
Implementation
Table 3: Precision in PowerConnect vs. Tekla Structures

Parameter
PowerConnect
Tekla Structures
Cross-section area
Iy
Iz
5383.58901063716
36924429.0935206
13355153.1052798
5383
36920000
13360000
Relative difference
+ 0.01%
+ 0.01%
- 0.03%
As the plug-in should support as many cross-sections as possible, a parametric solution with equations is more convenient than looking up tabulated values, although
this might be the easiest for fixed cross-sections. The equations derived in this thesis
are for H- and I-profiles only, but this may be extended at a later stage.
Profile dimensions appear in the PowerConnect XML scheme as a list of unspecified
dimension tags. With help from Figure 6 and human interpretation, the corresponding values in Tekla Structures are found through the API. They are all displayed in
Table 4. The values are read as shown in the following code example and written to
the .bpc-file with a XmlTextWriter.
double beamHeight = 0.0;
beam.getProperty("PROFILE.HEIGHT", ref beamHeight);
Figure 6: Profile dimensions in PowerConnect

Whereas the dimensions were rather straightforward to export from Tekla Structure,
some of the more complex properties presented in Table 5 were more challenging.
Most properties were found in Tekla Structures with the same technique as for the
cross-section dimensions. The remaining values were derived from the found properties.
14
3.5
Implementation
Cross-section properties are derived in PowerConnect with respect to the coordinate

system in Figure 7. Due to double symmetry, and equals y and z, respectively.
Figure 7: Characteristics and principal axes of inertia of HEA200 in PowerConnect

The first moment of area, Sy , is derived by [19]:
Sy =
A xdA
= xi Ai
Considering the I-profile in Figure 8, we get the following formula, relative to the
lower left corner of the profile:
Sy =
B 2
2 tf
+ tw H2 (H 2tf ) + Btf (H
tf
2)
+ 2Hr2 (1 4 )
The last term in the formula represents the contribution from the the roundings. The
roundings may be approximated by the circular drawing to the right in Figure 8.
Table 4: Profile dimensions
Fig 6
XML tag in PowerConnect
Tekla Structures name
B
H
tw
tf
r
<CROSS-SECTION_DIMENSION>
<DIMENSION> 200 </DIMENSION>
PROFILE.WIDTH
<DIMENSION> 190 </DIMENSION>
PROFILE.HEIGHT
<DIMENSION> 6.5 </DIMENSION>
PROFILE.WEB_THICKNESS
<DIMENSION> 10 </DIMENSION> PROFILE.FLANGE_THICKNESS
<DIMENSION> 18 </DIMENSION> PROFILE.ROUNDING_RADIUS_1
</CROSS-SECTION_DIMENSION>
15
3.5
Implementation
Figure 8: Profile dimensions in PowerConnect

The corresponding formula for Sz will then be:
Sz = tf B 2 + tw B2 (H 2tf ) + 2Br2 (1 4 )
The plastic section modulus, Wpl,y , may be derived from the first moment of area Sy0 ,
with respect to the neutral axis, by the following formula [20]:
Wpl,y = 2Sy0
Further, this leads to the formulas:
Wpl,y = 2[tf B2 (H tf ) +
tw H
2 (2
tf ) + 2r2 (1 4 )( H2 tf r +
= tf B(H tf ) + tw ( H2 tf )2 + 4r2 (1 4 )( H2 tf r +
Wpl,z = 2[2 B2 tf B4 +
2
= tf B2 +
tw
2 (H
tw 2
4 (H
2tf ) t4w + 2r2 (1 4 )( t2w + r
2tf ) + 4r2 (1 4 )( t2w + r
r
6(1 4 ) )]
r
6(1 4 ) )
r
6(1 4 ) )]
r
6(1 4 ) )
Shear area for rolled I- and H- profiles, loaded parallell to the web is given by [21]:
Avz = A 2Btf + (tw + 2r)tf ,
but not less than hw tw , where hw is the height of the web, h 2tf . When loaded
parallell to the width, the shear area is given by [21]:
16
3.5
Implementation
Avy = A (hw tw ) = A (h 2tf )tw

The tortional constant, IT , may be approximated by the formula [7]:
IT,approx =
1
3
bi t3i ,
ti << bi
This gives a value for IT that is significantly lower than tabular values and limited to
thin-walled H- and I-profiles. For circular profiles a more exact value may be found
by using the correlation IT = Iz . In PowerConnect, and in the plug-in, the torsion
constant is calculated by the formula [22]:
IT = 32 (B 0.63tf )tf 3 + 13 (H 2tf )tw 3
+2( ttwf )(0.145 + 0.1 trf )[
(r+tw /2)2 +(r+tf )2 r2 4

]
2r+tf
Iw is the warping constant given by [7] as:

I w = Cw =
1
3 2
24 (tf b hf )
The cross-section properties and how their values are found are summarised and
presented in Table 5.
17
3.5
Implementation
Table 5: Cross-section properties for HEA 200
<PROPERTIES>
<SURFACE> 5383.58901063716 </SURFACE>
<SY> 511440.956010531 </SY>
<SZ> 538358.901063717 </SZ>
<IY> 36924429.0935206 </IY>
<IZ> 13355153.1052798 </IZ>
<YS> 100 </YS>
<ZS> 95.0000000000002 </ZS>
<WYU> 388678.200984428 </WYU>
<WYB> 388678.200984427 </WYB>
<WZL> 133551.531052798 </WZL>
<WZR> 133551.531052798 </WZR>
<RY> 82.8172767447484 </RY>
<RZ> 49.8067824144329 </RZ>
<IPSI> 36924429.0935206 </IPSI>
<IZETHA> 13355153.1052798 </IZETHA>
<WPLY> 429521.292081565 </WPLY>
<WPLZ> 203822.313107166 </WPLZ>
<YPLYZ> 100 </YPLYZ>
<ZPLYZ> 95 </ZPLYZ>
<AVZ> 1808.58901063716 </AVZ>
<AVY> 4159.25 </AVY>
<IT> 209849.432607371 </IT>
<IW> 108000000000 </IW>
<WZETHAU> 133551.531052798 </WZETHAU>
<WZETHAB> 133551.531052798 </WZETHAB>
<WPSIU> 388678.200984428 </WPSIU>
<WPSIB> 388678.200984427 </WPSIB>
<ZPLPSIZETHA> 95 </ZPLPSIZETHA>
<YPLPSIZETHA> 100 </YPLPSIZETHA>
<WPLZETHA> 203822.31310716</WPLZETHA>
<WPLPSI> 429521.292081565 </WPLPSI>
<DY> 100 </DY>
<DZ> 95.0000000000002 </DZ>
<FY_THICKNESS> 10 </FY_THICKNESS>
</PROPERTIES>
18
PROFILE.CROSS_SECTION_AREA
Formula
Formula
PROFILE.MOMENT_OF_INERTIA_X
PROFILE.MOMENT_OF_INERTIA_Y
PROFILE.WIDTH / 2
PROFILE.HEIGHT / 2
PROFILE.SECTION_MODULUS_X
PROFILE.SECTION_MODULUS_X
PROFILE.SECTION_MODULUS_Y
PROFILE.SECTION_MODULUS_Y
PROFILE.RADIUS_OF_GYRATION_X
PROFILE.RADIUS_OF_GYRATION_Y
= IY
= IZ
Formula
Formula
= YS
= ZS
Formula
Formula
Formula
Formula
= WZL
= WZR
= WYU
= WYB
= ZS
= YS
= WPLZ
= WPLY
= YS
= ZS
PROFILE.FLANGE_THICKNESS
3.5
Implementation
Bolts
In PowerConnect bolts are positioned with horizontal and vertical distances according to Figure 9. The important values for each row are the horizontal distance and the
distance from the bolts to the row above, or to the top of the plate for the upper row.
These values are passed in the .bpc file together with the bolt diameter.
Figure 9: Bolt positioning in PowerConnect
For the plug-in, a working solution using the same vertical and horizontal distances is
established. The bolts are positioned relative to the middle of the plate, and the upper
distance of the upper bolt row is derived from the plate height and included in the
.bpc file. It has been focused on bolt positioning rather than bolt types, so distances
and diameter are currently the only values that may be altered in the plug-in. Number
of bolts are fixed to six bolts distributed into three rows of two bolts at this stage.
19
3.5
Implementation
Welding
PowerConnect allows automatic calculation of welding lengths, see Figure 10. The
plug-in dialog includes a field for weld thickness. Apart from being able to alter this
value, default methods and values for welding are used in both Tekla Structures and
PowerConnect.
Figure 10: Weld dialog in PowerConnect
Materials
The default material in PowerConnect is Steel S235. By including only the following
lines of material properties in the exported .bpc file, S235 will be used for that part.
<TBAR_MATERIAL>
<NEWMATERIALTYPE>1</NEWMATERIALTYPE>
<MATERIALVERSION>3</MATERIALVERSION>
<STANDARDID>1</STANDARDID>
</TBAR_MATERIAL>
To allow for other materials, material properties may be extracted from Tekla Structures and included in the .bpc file, as for cross-section properties. The relevant properties are displayed in Table 6. All values, except for one, are found by the same
methods as the cross-section properties. The transversal Young modulus, G is then
derived from the Young modulus, E, and the Poisson ratio, , with the formula [20]:
G=
E
2(1+)
20
3.5
Implementation
If the material is not already included in PowerConnect, it will be added in its material library.
The number in the tag <NEWMATERIALTYPE> may be a number from one to five,
depending on type of material, see Table 7. For now, it is assumed that the materials
used in the plug-in are some sort of steel, as steel connections are the scope of the
thesis. This may be extended at a later stage.
Table 6: Material properties
<NAME>
<YOUNGMODULUS>
<POISSONRATIO>
<THERMDILATATIONCOEFF>
<DENSITY>
<TRANSVERSALYOUNGMODULUS_G>
column.Material.MaterialString
MATERIAL.MODULUS_OF_ELASTICITY
MATERIAL.POISSONS_RATIO
MATERIAL.THERMAL_DILATATION
MATERIAL.PROFILE_DENSITY
Formula
Table 7: Material types in PowerConnect

Number
Material name
1
2
3
4
5
Steel
Concrete
Timber
Aluminium
Mix Concrete-Steel
21
3.5
Implementation
22
RESULTS
Results
Two main approaches for creating a link between Tekla Structures and PowerConnect
were tried throughout the work. A custom component with a .NET application and
a plug-in. During the work the plug-in approach proved superior, and the other approach was disregarded. Only the plug-in is presented in the succeeding sections.
4.1
Short description of the plug-in
A plug-in is implemented, which inserts a connection between an intersecting beam

and column and immediately prompts export to PowerConnect for analysis. The
plug-in is limited to support H- and I-profiles, as only formulae for these crosssections are implemented for the derived parameters. Some of these equations further
require double symmetry and that the elastic and plastic axes intersect.
It is possible to apply the connection to both beam ends and at any height of the
column. However, the column must be oriented with its flange towards the beam.
The desired result was a solution for two-way communication. However, because of
the complexity of PowerConnects .bpc-file, only the connection from Tekla Structures to PowerConnect has been established. It is presently unknown whether a solution for the other way around should or could be established with the same approach.
It is assumed more convenient to establish a link through PowerConnects source
code.
4.2
Installing the plug-in
The plug-in is a .dll-file and is automatically included in Tekla Structures when

copied into Teklas plugins folder. Note: This will not be possible while the program is running. The file path should be something like this:
C:\Program Files\Tekla Structures\18.1\nt\bin\plugins\
In Tekla Structures, the plug-in is called ConnectionPlugin and is found in the Component Catalog (ctrl + F) as seen in Figure 11.
23
4.3
Using the plug-in
RESULTS
Figure 11: Component Catalog
4.3
Using the plug-in
The ConnectionPlugin may be applied wherever a column and a beam intersect as in

Figure 12, at any column height. It is required that the column is oriented with its
flange towards the beam.
Figure 12: Column-beam intersection

The dialog box in figure 13 allows the user to change the values of the connection
that is not automatically controlled by the plug-in. It is displayed by double clicking
the plug-in name in the Component Catalog. If a field is empty, or filled with invalid
input, default values will be used.
24
RESULTS
4.3
Using the plug-in
Figure 13: Dialog box

Step 1:
Select the plug-in in the Component Catalog. The prompt line asks the user to select
the main part, see Figure 14.
Figure 14: Prompt line: Pick main part

Step 2:
The column is the main part in the connection. Select the column. The prompt line
asks for the secondary part, see Figure 15.
Figure 15: Prompt line: Pick secondary part

Step 3:
In this case there is only one secondary part, the beam. Select the beam and the dialog
in Figure 16 appears.
25
4.3
Using the plug-in
RESULTS
Figure 16: Save PowerConnect-file

Step 4:
Choose a name and a location for the .bpc-file and press Save. The saved file may be
opened in PowerConnect immediately for analysis, to see if any part needs modification, see Figure 17.
Figure 17: Open file in PowerConnect

Step 5:
Press Yes to open the saved file in PowerConnect and No to proceed without modifications. The file may be opened and the model altered later.
The connection is inserted together with a cone. It will be green, like in Figure 18, if
everything is fine. If it turns yellow or red some properties should be changed.
26
RESULTS
4.4
Example of use
Figure 18: Connection inserted
4.4
Example of use
As a simple test example, a connection between the default beam and column in
PowerConnect is modelled and analysed. First, both modelling and analysis is performed in PowerConnect alone, with default settings as in Figure 19 and a chosen
sample loading as in Figure 20. Second, the plug-in is used to connect a beam and
a column in Tekla Structures, as described in Section 4.3, followed by analysis in
PowerConnect with the same sample loading as before. The maximum values are
presented in Table 8, and a more detailed summary of the results from both analyses
are added in Appendix B.
Figure 19: Default values in PowerConnect
27
4.4
Example of use
RESULTS
Figure 20: Sample loading in PowerConnect
Table 8: Maximum values from analysis

Capacity
Default
Plug-in
Maximum positive moment (MRd+)

Max positive moment allowed by welds
Maximum tension in the beam (TRd)
Maximum compression in beam (CRd)
Moment combined with normal force (MSd/MRd + NSd/NRd)
Maximum shear force (VRd)
Maximum shear allowed in the column web
38,9 kNm
77,2 kNm
288,4 kN
432,4 kN
0,28
456,4 kN
220,8 kN
38,9 kNm
77,2 kNm
288,4 kN
432,3 kN
0,28
456,4 kN
220,8 kN
The small changes in compression is assumed a result of different precision in the

parameters of PowerConnect and Tekla Structures. It can be concluded that the small
changes due to approximation and calculation have little or no impact on the capacity
values from the analysis.
28
DISCUSSION
5
5.1
Discussion
Approaches
Pros and cons for four different approaches of creating steel connections are summarised in Table 9.
Table 9: Pros and cons
Approach
Pros
Cons
Manual
+ Support for all

cross-sections and
connection types
- Time consuming
Custom
Component
&
Manual export
+ Support for all

cross-sections
+ Parametrisable
+ Effective modelling
(except the first time)
+ May create any connection
as a Custom Component
- Time consuming export to

PowerConnect
Custom
Component
& .NET
application
+ As above
+ Effective export to
PowerConnect (when
implemented)
- Challenging implementation
- Not implemented
(no connection to
PowerConnect)
Plug-in
+ Effective modelling
+ Parametrisable
+ Modifiable
+ Effective export to
PowerConnect
+ Portability (.dll)
- Further implementation
may be demanding
The main advantage of the plug-in compared to the other more manual approaches is
the link to PowerConnect. The possibility to analyse the connection in PowerConnect
as it is inserted in Tekla Structures help the modeller to achieve the optimal solution
faster.
29
5.2
5.2
Cross-section and material properties
DISCUSSION
Cross-section and material properties
Some section and material properties are extracted from the Tekla Structures model.
The levels of precision in PowerConnect and Tekla Structures are slightly different,
PowerConnect is more precise. The relative difference of some of the values is shown
in Table 3. This should have an insignificant impact on the results. Other properties
are derived from the cross-section dimensions. As most of the equations in the plugin are the same as in PowerConnect, the derived values are equal or very close to those
found in PowerConnect. It seems unlikely that the small differences in the results are
due to rounding errors. They more likely come from discrepancies in formulae, but
its even more probable that they come from the values assumed negligible.
The advantage of calculating values in the plug-in is that properties not included in
Tekla Structures, but required in PowerConnect, may be included in the plug-in. One
disadvantage is that the calculations increase the length of the code and thus both
coding time and run time of the plug-in. Further, as the equations used are limited
to specific geometrical shapes, implementation of new equations is required to support cross-sections with other geometry. Only H- and I-profiles are supported in the
current version of the plug-in. An option could be to let the user enter the crosssectional parameter values to support all cross-sections. However, PowerConnect
only supports H-, I- and hollow core profiles.
Extracting values from Tekla Structures may decrease the chances of errors, as it is
assumed that the values in Tekla Structures are correct. The difference in precision is
regarded negligible. This solution relies on that the parameters exist in Tekla Structures with a valid value. As the calculated values are derived from extracted values,
this will also be the case for these parameters.
It has been noticed that several of the derived parameters are included in Tekla Structures, but set to zero. When a link from PowerConnect to Tekla Structures is established, values may be saved here. If it turns out that it is possible to extract any of
these values directly from Tekla Structures, modifying the plug-in to do so would
be preferable. If it is the case for several parameters, unnecessary work have been
performed here, but at least it has lead to a working solution.
It is assumed that all materials are some sort of steel, as the scope of the thesis is
steel connections. Support for other materials may be implemented, see section 3.5
on Materials.
30
DISCUSSION
5.3
5.3
Data exchange
Data exchange
Using a shared model between Tekla Structures and PowerConnect is problematic as

the implementation of reading it in PowerConnect is difficult without access to the
source code. Moreover, the set-up of a shared database is a demanding job.
Exchanging data from Tekla Structures to PowerConnect is possible as the Tekla
Open API may fetch data from a Tekla Structures model and write it to a customized XML file with the structure of a PowerConnect project file. Some properties are
not transferred in the current solution, and further implementation is required. Large
amounts of code may be reused for this.
A problem with the current plug-in is the passing of data through a text file instead
of an interconnected model. Reading the PowerConnect project file requires human
interpretation and a solution for reading this file in Tekla Structures is not implemented. A link from PowerConnect to Tekla Structures is therefore not included in the
current plug-in. This is probably the main shortcoming of the plug-in, as modified
properties now must be updated manually.
There might be a better way to connect the programs with access to PowerConnects
source code. It should be possible to look up values for standard sections from databases in PowerConnect rather than deriving them in the plug-in. For non-standard
cross-sections an alternative could be for the user to enter the property values rather
than for the plug-in to derive them.
31
5.3
Data exchange
32
DISCUSSION
CONCLUDING REMARKS
6
6.1
Concluding remarks
Summary of work
A plug-in for Tekla Structures has been established. It inserts a beam-column steel
connection that may automatically be exported to PowerConnect for analysis. The
implemented plug-in is limited to handle H- and I-profiled cross-sections of different
steel types. Parameters are extracted from Tekla Structures to PowerConnect, and a
few are calculated based on values found in Tekla Structures. Relevant parameters
are written to a XML structured .bpc file to be opened and analysed in PowerConnect.
No link from PowerConnect to Tekla Structures have been established.
6.2
General conclusions
Of the different approaches compared in Section 5.1, the plug-in stand out as a promising alternative to the more manual approaches. The main disadvantage of the plugin compared to the manual options is support for other connection types and crosssections. If this and other functionality are added, the plug-in is likely to become a
good choice.
The major advantage of the plug-in is the possibility to analyse the connection in
PowerConnect immediately after it is inserted in Tekla Structures. Unfortunately, no
link from PowerConnect to Tekla Structures for automatic update of the connections
parameters has been established.
6.3
Suggestions for further work
The results presented propose for further development. For some tasks parts of the
code may be reused and other parts must be implemented from scratch.
Some main functionality that should be implemented are:
Support for other cross-sections, primarily hollow core sections as these are
supported by PowerConnect. This may be done by gaining access to data from
PowerConnect, extracting the for now calculated values from Tekla Structures
or extending the calculations to include other geometry.
Implement a wider range of connections from PowerConnect library, including
support for beam-column-beam and beam-beam connections. The connections
in Figure 21 should be possible to create with the single beam-column connection created in this work as a basis. This could be done as modifications to the
old plug-in or as separate plug-ins.
33
6.3
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Toolbar button. A button on the toolbar would yield easier access to the plug-in
than the line in the Component Catalog.
Export of loads from Tekla Structures to PowerConnect.
Link from PowerConnect to Tekla Structures to update modified parameters
automatically after analysis.
(a) Bolted moment end plate on both

column flanges
(b) Beam to beam with end plate
Figure 21: PowerConnect connections to be implemented

Further, the dialog box of the plug-in could be improved by for instance adding:
Button for export to PowerConnect
Figure of selected connection
Combo box for connection type
Combo box for material
The bolt section may be extended with more options for modification. It should
among other things be possible to:
Edit bolt standard
Change number of bolt rows
Change number of bolts per row
Allow uneven bolt distribution
34
CONCLUDING REMARKS
6.3
Several controls should be added and the plug-in should undergo extensive testing.
The optimal solution for an extension for connections would involve a single function
for automatic evaluation of all connections in the entire model at once. This requires
a considerable amount of work, and has not yet been established. Work may be proceeded and a more user friendly and extensive solution might be developed based on
what has been performed here combined with further work.
35
6.3
36
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
References
[1] Microsoft Corporation, COM: Component Object Model Technologies, http:
//www.microsoft.com/com/ (2013-05-27).
[2] buildingSMART International Ltd., IFC Standard, http://www.
buildingsmart-tech.org/specifications/ifc-overview/
ifc-overview-summary (2013-04-09).
[3] World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Extensible Markup Language (XML),
http://www.w3.org/XML/ (2013-05-27).
[4] BuildSoft NV, PowerConnect,
http://www.buildsoft.eu/en/
product/powerconnect (2013-02-20).
[5] European Comittee for Standardization (CEN), Eurocode 3: Design of steel
structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints, EN1993-1-8, 2005.
[6] BuildSoft NV, Part 1:
Getting Started with PowerConnect (Eurocode
edition),
http://downloads.buildsoft.eu/pdf/en/
PowerConnectManual-EN-Part1AEC3-A4.pdf, 2008
(2013-02-20).
[7] Larsen, P. K., Dimensjonering av stlkonstruksjoner, 2nd ed., Tapir Akademisk
Forlag, Trondheim, 2010.
[8] Tekla Corporation, Tekla BIM Software, http://www.tekla.
com/international/products/tekla-structures/Pages/
Default.aspx (2013-02-20).
[9] Tekla
Corporation,
Integration
with
analysis
and
design,
http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/
building-construction/structural-engineers/
integration-with-A-D/Pages/Default.aspx (2013-05-28).
[10] Tekla Corporation, Tekla Open API Developers Guide, 2011.
[11] National Institute of Building Sciences, About the National BIM StandardUnited StatesTM , http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/about.
php (2013-04-09).
[12] Bentley Systems Inc., Empowering Intelligent Structural Design Through
Integrated Structural Modeling, http://www.bentley.com/en-US/
Products/Structural+Analysis+and+Design/ISM/
(2013-04-09).
37
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
[13] EDR MEDESO BIM, Export Power Connect to Tekla Structures, http://
youtu.be/CoXMwdH-t7M, 2012 (2013-02-20).
[14] Bentley Systems Inc., STAAD.Pro and RAM Connection link,
http://communities.bentley.com/administrators/the_
bentley_structural_team/m/the_bentley_structural_
team-files/60046/download.aspx, 2009 (2013-04-09).
[15] Bentley Systems Inc., RAM Structural System and Revit Structure link,
http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Promo/Structural+Team/
RSS+Revit.htm (2013-04-09).
[16] Bentley Systems Inc., RAM Structural System V8i Release 14.04 New Features
and Enhancements, http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/
RAM+Structural+System/New-Features-Enhancements.htm
(2013-05-01).
[17] N.N., Use Case Diagram, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_
Case_Diagram (2013-05-10).
[18] Fowler, M., UML Distilled, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Boston, MA,
2004.
[19] Irgens, F., Formelsamling mekanikk, 3rd ed., Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim, 1999.
[20] Larsen, P. K., Clausen, A. H., Aalberg, A., Stlkonstruksjoner - Profiler og
formler, 3rd ed., Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim, 2007.
[21] European Comittee for Standardization (CEN), Eurocode 3: Design of steel
structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, EN1993-1-1, 2005.
[22] Arcelor Mittal LCE, Sections and Merchant Bars - Sales Programme,
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/fileadmin/
redaction/4-Library/1-Sales_programme_Brochures/
Sales_programme/ArcelorMittal_EN_FR_DE.pdf (2013-05-24).
38
SAMPLE .BPC-FILE
Appendices
A
Sample .bpc-file
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
<? xml v e r s i o n = " 1 . 0 " s t a n d a l o n e = " no " ? >

< !E x p o r t e d f i l e f r o m T e k l a S t r u c t u r e s>
<POWERCONNECT_PROJECT>
<DESIGNVERSION>2012 < / DESIGNVERSION>
<DESIGNREVISION>1< / DESIGNREVISION>
<TPROJECT_NODES>
<TPROJECT_NODE>
<TNODE_CONNECTIONS>
<TNODE_CONNECTION>
<LISTWITHCONNECTEDELEMENT / >
<TCONNECTION_VERSION>102< / TCONNECTION_VERSION>
<TCONNECTION_PARTOFDOUBLECONNECTION>1< /
TCONNECTION_PARTOFDOUBLECONNECTION>
<TCONNECTION_CONNECTIONTYPE>1< /
TCONNECTION_CONNECTIONTYPE>
<TCONNECTION_AXISTYPE>1< / TCONNECTION_AXISTYPE>
<TCONNECTION_NODENUM>0< /TCONNECTION_NODENUM>
<TCONNECTION_CONNECTIONNUM>0< /
TCONNECTION_CONNECTIONNUM>
<TCONNECTION_LISTWITHBARS>
<TCONNECTION_BAR>
<TBAR_SECTION>
<SECTIONNAME>HEA200< / SECTIONNAME>
<SECTIONTYPE>4< / SECTIONTYPE>
<ROLLED> T r u e < / ROLLED>
<COOL> F a l s e < /COOL>
<VERSION>1< / VERSION>
<CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<DIMENSION>200< / DIMENSION>
<DIMENSION> 6 , 5 < / DIMENSION>
< / CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<OTHER_CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<OTHER_DIMENSION>190< / OTHER_DIMENSION>
< / OTHER_CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<PROPERTYCALCULATED> T r u e < / PROPERTYCALCULATED>
<LIST_OF_PROPERTIES>
<PROPERTIES>
< / PROPERTIES>
< / LIST_OF_PROPERTIES>
< / TBAR_SECTION>
39
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
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SAMPLE .BPC-FILE
<TBAR_MATERIAL>
<NAME>S235< /NAME>
< / TBAR_MATERIAL>
<TBAR_AF>5< / TBAR_AF>
<TBAR_AW>5< /TBAR_AW>
<TBAR_SLOPE>0< / TBAR_SLOPE>
<TBAR_CONNECTIONANGLE> 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 6 3 2 6 7 9 4 9 < /
TBAR_CONNECTIONANGLE>
<TBAR_BARLENGTH>2500 < / TBAR_BARLENGTH>
<TBAR_UPPERLENGTH>0< / TBAR_UPPERLENGTH>
<TBAR_PRIORITY>0< / TBAR_PRIORITY>
<TBAR_EXCENTRICITY>0< / TBAR_EXCENTRICITY>
<TBAR_TYPEBAR>2< / TBAR_TYPEBAR>
<TBAR_LISTWITHNMV>
<TBAR_NMV>
<COMBINATIONNR>1< / COMBINATIONNR>
<TOBECALCULATED> T r u e < / TOBECALCULATED>
<COLUMN> T r u e < /COLUMN>
< /TBAR_NMV>
< / TBAR_LISTWITHNMV>
<TBAR_ENTREDISTANCE>0< / TBAR_ENTREDISTANCE>
<TBAR_COUPESUPERIEURE> F a l s e < / TBAR_COUPESUPERIEURE>
<TBAR_COUPEINFERIEURE> F a l s e < / TBAR_COUPEINFERIEURE>
<TBAR_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT> 0 . 5 < /
TBAR_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT>
< / TCONNECTION_BAR>
<TCONNECTION_BAR>
<LISTWITHCONNECTEDELEMENT>
<CONNECTEDELEMENT>
<LISTWITHCONNECTEDELEMENT / >
<TENDPLATE_VERSION>102< / TENDPLATE_VERSION>
<TENDPLATE_H>290< / TENDPLATE_H>
<TENDPLATE_B>CB< / TENDPLATE_B>
<TENDPLATE_TH>CF< / TENDPLATE_TH>
<TENDPLATE_U1>10< / TENDPLATE_U1>
<TENDPLATE_U2>10< / TENDPLATE_U2>
<TENDPLATE_PERPENDICULARTO>1< /
TENDPLATE_PERPENDICULARTO>
<TENDPLATE_PARENTBOLTS> T r u e < /
TENDPLATE_PARENTBOLTS>
<TENDPLATE_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT> 0 . 5 < /
TENDPLATE_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT>
<TENDPLATE_MATERIAL>
<NAME>S235< /NAME>
< / TENDPLATE_MATERIAL>
<TENDPLATE_BOLTS>
< / TENDPLATE_BOLTS>
< /CONNECTEDELEMENT>
40
SAMPLE .BPC-FILE
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< / LISTWITHCONNECTEDELEMENT>
<TBAR_VERSION>103< / TBAR_VERSION>
<TBAR_NODENUM>0< /TBAR_NODENUM>
<TBAR_CONNECTIONNUM>0< /TBAR_CONNECTIONNUM>
<TBAR_SECTION>
<DEFINED> T r u e < / DEFINED>
<SECTIONNAME>IPE270 < / SECTIONNAME>
<SECTIONTYPE>4< / SECTIONTYPE>
<ROLLED> T r u e < / ROLLED>
<COOL> F a l s e < /COOL>
<CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<DIMENSION> 6 , 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 5 < / DIMENSION>
<DIMENSION> 1 0 , 1 9 9 9 9 9 8 1 < / DIMENSION>
< / CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<OTHER_CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<OTHER_DIMENSION>270< / OTHER_DIMENSION>
< / OTHER_CROSSSECTION_DIMENSION>
<PROPERTYCALCULATED> T r u e < / PROPERTYCALCULATED>
<LIST_OF_PROPERTIES>
<PROPERTIES>
< / PROPERTIES>
< / LIST_OF_PROPERTIES>
< / TBAR_SECTION>
<TBAR_MATERIAL>
<NAME>S235< /NAME>
< / TBAR_MATERIAL>
<TBAR_AF>5< / TBAR_AF>
<TBAR_AW>5< /TBAR_AW>
<TBAR_SLOPE> 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 6 3 2 6 7 9 4 9 < / TBAR_SLOPE>
<TBAR_CONNECTIONANGLE> 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 6 3 2 6 7 9 4 9 < /
TBAR_CONNECTIONANGLE>
<TBAR_BARLENGTH>5000 < / TBAR_BARLENGTH>
<TBAR_UPPERLENGTH>0< / TBAR_UPPERLENGTH>
<TBAR_PRIORITY>1< / TBAR_PRIORITY>
<TBAR_EXCENTRICITY>0< / TBAR_EXCENTRICITY>
<TBAR_TYPEBAR>3< / TBAR_TYPEBAR>
<TBAR_LISTWITHNMV>
<TBAR_NMV>
<COMBINATIONNR>1< / COMBINATIONNR>
<TOBECALCULATED> T r u e < / TOBECALCULATED>
<COLUMN> F a l s e < /COLUMN>
< /TBAR_NMV>
< / TBAR_LISTWITHNMV>
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SAMPLE .BPC-FILE
<TBAR_ENTREDISTANCE>0< / TBAR_ENTREDISTANCE>
<TBAR_COUPESUPERIEURE> F a l s e < / TBAR_COUPESUPERIEURE>
<TBAR_COUPEINFERIEURE> F a l s e < / TBAR_COUPEINFERIEURE>
<TBAR_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT> 0 . 5 < /
TBAR_FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT>
< / TCONNECTION_BAR>
< / TCONNECTION_LISTWITHBARS>
<TCONNECTION_LISTWITHTUBES / >
<TCONNECTION_COMBINATIONSLIST>
<TCONNECTION_VAL> C o m b i n a t i o n 1 < / TCONNECTION_VAL>
< / TCONNECTION_COMBINATIONSLIST>
<TCONNECTION_BRACED> F a l s e < / TCONNECTION_BRACED>
< / TNODE_CONNECTION>
< / TNODE_CONNECTIONS>
< / TPROJECT_NODE>
< / TPROJECT_NODES>
<TPROJECT_CALCULATIONPARAMETERS>
<BRACED> T r u e < /BRACED>
<AMIN>3< / AMIN>
< / TPROJECT_CALCULATIONPARAMETERS>
< / POWERCONNECT_PROJECT>
42
ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM POWERCONNECT
Analysis results from PowerConnect
B.1
Default connection
[Note : Connection analyses are based on Eurocode 3 : EN 1993-1-8:2005]
Summary
Right-hand connection
Moment
Maximum positive moment (MRd+) = 38,9 kNm Applied moment (MSd) = 10 kNm
Most critical combination : - Combination1 Max positive moment allowed by welds = 77,2 kNm Applied moment (MSd) = 10 kNm
Most critical combination : - Combination1 -
Normal force
Maximum tension in the beam (TRd) = 288,4 kN Applied tensile force (TSd) = 0 kN
Maximum compression in beam (CRd) = 432,4 kN Applied compression force (CSd) = 10 kN
Moment combined with normal force

Combination name
Combination1
MSd
10,00
MRd
38,89
NSd
10,00
NRd
432,35
MSd/MRd + NSd/NRd
0,28
Shear
Maximum shear force (VRd) = 456,4 kN Applied shear force (VSd) = 10 kN
Most critical combination : - Combination1 Maximum shear allowed in the column web = 220,8 kN Applied shear in the column web = 37 kN
Stiffness
For a positive moment
Sjini = 8297 kNm/Rad
Sj = 4148 kNm/Rad
The connection is Semi-Rigid.
43
<1
V
B.2
Plug-in connection
B.2
ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM POWERCONNECT
Plug-in connection
[Note : Connection analyses are based on Eurocode 3 : EN 1993-1-8:2005]
Summary
Right-hand connection
Moment
Maximum positive moment (MRd+) = 38,9 kNm Applied moment (MSd) = 10 kNm
Most critical combination : - Combination1 Max positive moment allowed by welds = 77,2 kNm Applied moment (MSd) = 10 kNm
Normal force
Maximum tension in the beam (TRd) = 288,4 kN Applied tensile force (TSd) = 0 kN
Maximum compression in beam (CRd) = 432,3 kN Applied compression force (CSd) = 10 kN
Moment combined with normal force

Combination name
Combination1
MSd
10,00
MRd
38,89
NSd
10,00
NRd
432,30
MSd/MRd + NSd/NRd
0,28
Shear
Maximum shear force (VRd) = 456,4 kN Applied shear force (VSd) = 10 kN
Most critical combination : - Combination1 Maximum shear allowed in the column web = 220,8 kN Applied shear in the column web = 37 kN
Stiffness
For a positive moment
Sjini = 8296 kNm/Rad
Sj = 4148 kNm/Rad
The connection is Semi-Rigid.
44
<1
V
COMPLETE SOURCE CODE
Complete source code
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
s sssssss;sss;;
s sssssss;sss;s;ssss;ss;ss;s;
3 sssssss;sss;s;;s;
4 ssssss;sssssssssssssss;
5 ssssss;sssssssssssssssssss;sss;3s;
6 ssssss;sssssssssssssssssssss;
7 ssssss;sssssssssssssssssssssss;
8
9 ss;ss ssssssssssssssssssss
ss {
ss ssss**s***s*s*ssssss***
ss ssss**sssgsssssgssss;sssgssgssssssssssssssssgsssssssss
s3 ssss[ssssss("ssssssssssssssss"]]
s4
s5 ssss**s***s*s*ssssss***
s6 ssss**sssssssssssgssssssssssssgsss
s7 ssss[ssssssesssessssgsss(sssssssssssssssssesssessssgsssssgsssssssssssssssssssssssssee]]
s8
ss ssss**sssgsssssgssss;sssssgsssssssss;s ssss
ss ssss[ssssssss;;; s(ssssssssssessssssssssss;;; sss]s]]s]*];]s]]]]]]]
ss
s4 ssss**sssgsssssgssssssss ssssssssssss; s
s5 ssss[]ssssssssssss;; s(]ssssssssssss;; s]ss;s]e;]se*]e]ses]]
s6
s8 ssss**sssgsssssgss sssssssss; s
s9 ssss[ssssssss;; s(ssssssss;; s]ss;ss]]]ese]]]s]]]]]]
3s
3s ssss ssssss ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssesss
3s ssss{
33 ssssssss**s***s*s*ssssss***
34 ssssssss**sssss;ssssssssssss ssssssgss;ssgssees;sssssssssgsssssgsss
35 ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
36 ssssssss{
37 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("]ggssss"]]
38 ssssssssssss ssssssssssssssggssss;
39 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("]ggssss"]]
4s ssssssssssss ssssssssssssssggssss;
4s ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("ssss;ssss"]]
4s ssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssssssssss;
43 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("sss;sssss"]]
44 ssssssssssss ssssssssssssssssssss;ssss;
45 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("ssss;"]]
46 ssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssssss;;
47 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss("ssss]"]]
48 ssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssssss];
49 ssssssssssss[ssssssssss;ssss(";sss]s"]]
5s ssssssssssss sssssssssssss;sss]s;
5s ssssssss}
5s
53 ssssssss ssssssssssssgsssssgssssssssss(sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss]
54 ssssssss{
55 ssssssssssss**ssgsssssgssss ssssssssssssssssssgssssssssssss;gssssssssssss;
56 sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(ssssssggssss]s))sssssssggsssss))ss]
57 ssssssssssssssssssssssggsssss)sssss;
58 sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(ssssssggssss]s))sssssssggsssss))ss]
59 ssssssssssssssssssssssggsssss)sssss;
6s sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(sssssssssssssssss]s))sssssssssssssssssss))s ""]
6s ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss)s"799s";
6s sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(ssssssssssss;ssss]s))sssssssssssss;sssss))ss]
63 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssss)sssss;
64 sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(sssssssssssss;]s))ssssssssssssss;s))ss]
65 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s)s76s6;
66 sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(sssssssssssss]]s))ssssssssssssss]s))ss]
67 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss]s)s73ss;
68 sssssssssssssgs(esssgsssssssss(sssss;sss]s]s))ssssss;sss]ss))ss]
45
s
69 sssssssssssssssssssss;sss]ss)s5;
7s ssssssss}
7s
7s ssssssss ssssssssssssesssessssgsssssgssssssss
73 ssssssss{
74 ssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssees)s ""s+
75 ssssssssssssssss " sss("";ssssssssssssss"" """"]"s+s"ss"s+
76 ssssssssssssssss"{ss"s+
77 ssssssssssssssss"ssss ssss(s sssssssssssssssss]ss"s+
78 ssssssssssssssss"ssss{ss"s+
79 ssssssssssssssss "sssssssssss] sss(""ssssssssssssssss"" s""ssss;sssss"" ss]"s +s"ss"s+
8s ssssssssssssssss"ssssssss{ss"s+
8s ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""e ssssggssss(ss]"" s""]ggssss"" sssssssss sss;sss ss]"s +s
"ss"s+
8s ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""]s;ssssggssss(ss]"" s""]ggssss"" sssssssss sss;sss ss]"s +s
"ss"s+
83 ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""esssss; s"" sssss;ssss sssss]ssssssss sss s s3]"s +s"ss"s+
84 ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""essssss s"" ssss;sssss sssss]ss s sss;sss s4]"s +s"ss"s+
85 ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""essssssssssss sgsss sssss"" sssss; sssssssss sss;sss s5]"s
+s"ss"s+
86 ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss(""essssssssssss sssssssss"" sssss] sssssssss sss;sss s6]"s +s
"ss"s+
87 ssssssssssssssss "ssssssssssss sss;ssss("";ssssss ss(s]"" s"";sss]s"" sssssssss sss;sss s7]"s +s"ss"s
+
88 ssssssssssssssss"ssssssss}ss"s+
89 ssssssssssssssss"ssss}ss"s+
9s ssssssssssssssss"}ss";
9s ssssssss}
9s
93 ssssssss ssssssssssssss;sssssss];ssss;
94 ssssssss ssssssssssssss;ssssssssssssssssssssssssss]ssss;
95 ssssssss sssssss;;s;s s;ssssss;sssss;
96 ssssssss sssssssesss]sss;sssssssss;;
97 ssssssss sssssssess;sssssssss;
98 ssssssss sssssssess;ssss;ss;ssss;s;
99 ssssssss sssssssess;sssssssss;ess;;
sss
sss ssssssss**s***s*s*ssssss***
sss ssssssss**sssssssssssssgssssgsssssssssssssssssssss
ss3 ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssssss(sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss]
ss4 ssssssss{
ss5 ssssssssssss];sssss)sss;ssssss(];
ss6 ssssssssssss]sssss)sssss;
ss7 ssssssss}
ss8
ss9 ssssssss**s***s*s*ssssss***
sss ssssssss**s;gsssssss;gssgsssss ssssssssgsssssgssss sssgss;ssgssssssssssss; ssss
sss ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssss*ss(]
sss ssssssss{
ss3 sssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sgssss;
ss4 ssssssssssssss;
ss5 ssssssssssss{
ss6 ssssssssssssssss**ssgssssssssssssssgssssssssssssgss;ssgssee
ss7 sssssssssssssssssgsssssgssssssssss(]ssss];
ss8
ss9 ssssssssssssssss**sssss ss;ss;sssssssssssss;s ssss
sss sssssssssssssssssss;ss;ssss;ss)s];ssssssssssssssss]s sss(sss;ss;]s sssess;;
sss ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ess;s)s];ssssssssssssssss]s sss(sssssssssss[s]]s sssess;;
sss
ss3 ssssssssssssssss**ssgsssssgsssss ssssssssssssssssssss sssss
ss4 sssssssssssssssssgs(eses sssssss(sss;ss;ssss;s sssssssss;ess;]]
ss5 ssssssssssssssss{
ss6 ssssssssssssssssssss**sssssssssgssssssssssss
ss7 ssssssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sssssssssssssssss(sss;ss;ssss;s sssssssss;ess;];
ss8 ssssssssssssssss
ss9 ssssssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssesss(essssssgssss;sssssssss]sgsss
s3s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssssssssssss;sssssss)sss;sssss;sssssssss(];
s3s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssssss;ssssss)s"esss;sss)*ss s";
46
s3s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssssss;sssss)s"sssssssss;ssssssssss;sss";
s33 ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssssssgs;ssssss(];
s34
s35 ssssssssssssssssssss**segssgssgssssss;sssssssssssss; s;sssssss
s36 sssssssssssssssssssssgs(ssss;sssssss;sss]s;ss )s""]
s37 ssssssssssssssssssss{
s38 ssssssssssssssssssssssss**sssssssssss;s](ess]sgssss;ssgssssssssss ssgsssssgssssss;s
s39 ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssss)sss;s;;s;s s;sssss(ssss;sssssss;sss]s;s sssss];
s4s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ss;sssssss)s;ss;sssssssesssssss;
s4s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssss;;s(sss;ss;ssss;s sssssssss;ess; sssssssss sssssssss;];
s4s
s43 ssssssssssssssssssssssss**ssss; ssssss sssesssgsssssssss;sssssssss
s44 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss*sssssssss)sssssssses ssgs;("sss;sss;ssssssss sss"s+s
ssss;sssssss;sss]s;ss+s"ssssss;ssssssssssss;"" s"] sssgsssssss
ss;sssssssss" sssssssses esssssss]ss]s sssssssses essss sssssss s
ssssssses ssgssssessssssessssss];
s45 sssssssssssssssssssssssssgs(sss))sssssss*ssssss]ss]
s46 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sss;ssssssssssssssssssssssssss(ssss;sssssss;sss]s;s];sss
s47 ssssssssssssssssssss}
s48 ssssssssssssssss}
s49 ssssssssssss}
s5s ssssssssssssssssgs(] ss ssssss s]
s5s ssssssssssss{
s5s ssssssssssssssssssssssses ssgs;(s ss;sssssss(]];
s53 ssssssssssss}
s54
s55 ssssssssssss**s*ssssssssssssssgss;s*ss(]s;ssss ssssssssssssssssss;ssss;ssssssssssssssss
s56 ssssssssssss**s*sssssssssgsssssgss;s*ss(]s;ssss sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssgss;ssssss
s57 sssssssssssssssssss*sssss;
s58 ssssssss}
s59
s6s ssssssss**sssssssssssss ss
s6s ssssssss sssssssssssseses sssssss(ess;ssss;ss; sess;sssssssss;]
s6s ssssssss{
s63 sssssssssssssssssssssss)sssss;
s64 sssssssssssssgs(sss;ss;s))ssssss))sssssssss;s))sssss]
s65 ssssssssssss{
s66 ssssssssssssssssssssss)sgssss;
s67 ssssssssssss}
s68 ssssssssssssssss
s69 ssssssssssss{
s7s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ss;sssgsss;; ss)s"";
s7s sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssgsss;; ss)s"";
s7s sssssssssssssssssss;ss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]];]s]" sssgssss;ss;sssgsss;; s];
s73 ssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]];]s]" sssgsssssssss;sssgsss;; s];
s74
s75 ssssssssssssssss**ssgssssssgssss;sssssssss;sssssssssss
s76 ssssssssssssssssssssss)sssssss sssssssssssssss;s]sss(ssssssss;sssssssssss sss;s]sss
(sss;ss;sssssssssss ssss;ss;s]sssssss]]s)sss5s))s ssssssssssssss;s]sss
(ssssssss;s]sssssss sss;s]sss(sss;ss;sssssssssss ssss;ss;s]sssssss]]s)sss5;
s77 ssssssssssss
s78 ssssssssssssssss**ssgssssssgsssss;ssssssssssssss;ssgsgssssssss;ssssssss;
s79 ssssssssssssssssssssss)sssssss ssssssssssssssss;sssssss(sss;ss;sssssssssssssss;sss;(]s] ss] s
ssssssss;sssssssssssssss;sss;(]s] ss;];
s8s ssssssssssss}
s8s ssssssssssssssssssssssss;
s8s ssssssss}
s83
s84 ssssssss**sssssssssgssssssssssss
s85 ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss(ess;sssss;s sess;ssss;]
s86 ssssssss{
s87 sssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sgssss;
s88 ssssssssssss;ssssgss;sssssssssssssssssss;ssssgss;sssssssssss)s];ssssssss;ssssssssrssssss
(]sssssssssss;ssssgss;ssssssssss(];
s89 sssssssssssssssssssssss;srsssgss)ssss;
s9s sssssssssssssssssssssss;s;sssgs)ssss;
s9s sssssssssssssssssssssss;s;ssssss)ssss;
s9s ssssssssssssssssssssss;rsssgss)ssss;
47
s93
s94 sssssssssssssssssssssss;sss;sssssss;ss)ssss;sssssssssssssss;sss;(];
s95
s96 ssssssssssss**s;ssssssssssss;sssssssssssss;sss;ssgssss;sssss sssssssssssss;sssssssssss
s97 sssssssssssssgs(ssssssssssssss;s]sss(sss;s]sssssss sss;s]sss(ssss;ssssssssssss sssss;ss]sssssss]]
)ss5]s
s98 ssssssssssss{
s99 ssssssssssssssssssssss;ss]ssssss;ssssssss(ssssss;ss] ss;s; sssssss;ss] ss;s] sssssss;ss] ss;s;];
sss ssssssssssssssssssssss;ss] ss;s)s-ss*sssssss;ss] ss;;
sss ssssssssssss}
sss ssssssssssss
ss3 ssssssssssss**s;ssssssssssss;ssssssssssssssgssssssssssssss;ssssssssgss;ssgsssss;
ss4 sssssssssssssgs(sssess;]ss(ssss;s ssss;]s
ss5 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgsssss;srsssgs]s
ss6 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;es;r" sssgsssss;s;sssg]s
ss7 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]]]s]];res"]]ss" sssgsssss;s;sssss]s
ss8 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgssss;rsssgs]
ss9 ssssssssssssssss]
sss ssssssssssss{
sss
sss ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssssssssgss]sssssss
ss3 ssssssssssssssss**sssssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssgssssss;ss
ss4
ss5 ssssssssssssssss];ssssssss;ssssssssrssssss(]sssssssssss;ssssgss;ssssssssss( ss;s;ssssgss;ssssssssss
(ssssss;s]];
ss6
ss7 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss)sss;ssssss((ssss;srsssgss+sssss;s;sssss]s*ss (sss;rsssgs*ss+s
]ssssssggssss] ss];s**s sss ssss
ss8 ssssssssssssssssssssss]ssssssss)sss;ssssss(sssssssssss; s-(sss;rsssgs*ss+s]ssssssggssss] s
sssssssssss;];s**ss;sss ssss
ss9
sss ssssssssssssssssess;ssssssssss)sss;sess;(ssssssssss s]sssssss];
sss
sss ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sgs)ssssssssssss sg]ss;ssess]];
ss3 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss*ssssssss)ssssssssss*sssssss]ss;s;]s;
ss4
ss5 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssgsssssssgssssssssss)s"s]"s+s(sss]ssss;s;ssssss+s"*"s+s(sss]ssss;s;sssg;
ss6 sssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssgs)s"s]e];";
ss7 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss)s"s35"*";
ss8
ss9 sssssssssssssssssgs(sssssssssesssss(]]
s3s sssssssssssssssssssssgssssssssssss)sssssssss;
s3s
s3s ssssssssssssssssnsssssssss
s33
s34 ssssssssssssssssnsssssss;ssssss
s35
s36 ssssssssssssssss;ssss;ssss)sss;s;sss(];
s37 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss s]sssss)s]sssss;sss]s;
s38 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss sesss;s)s]sssss;sss]s;
s39
s4s ssssssssssssssss;ssssssss]s ssss)ssss;;
s4s ssssssssssssssss;ssssssssssss;]s ssss)sssssssss;
s4s ssssssssssssssss;sssssgs ;ssss)sssss;
s43
s44 ssssssssssssssss;ssssesssss(];
s45
s46 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssss
s47
s48 ssssssssssssssss];ssssssss;ssssssssrssssss(]sssssssssss;ssssgss;ssssssssss( ss;s;ssssgss;ssssssssss
(sssssssssssssssssssssss;sss;(]]];
s49
s5s ssssssssssssssss**sssssssss;ssssss]sss;ssssssssssssssgss sssss
s5s sssssssssssssssssgs(ssssssesss]sss;(ssss;s sssssssss]]** sssssssssssssssssssss]s-s
sssssssss]ssssssss]]s]
s5s ssssssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sssss;
s53
s54 ssssssssssssssss];ssssssss;ssssssssrssssss(]sssssssssss;ssssgss;ssssssssss
48
5
(ssssssss;ssssgss;ssssssssss];
s55 ssssssssssss}
s56 sssssssssssssssssss*sssss;
s57 ssssssss}
s58
s59 ssssssss**sssssssssgsssssssssss;
s6s ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssesss]sss;(ess;ssss; sess;s ssss]
s6s ssssssss{
s6s ssssssssssssssssssssssss)sgssss;
s63 sssssssssssssssssss ssss;sssgs)ssss;
s64 sssssssssssssssssss ssssrsssgss)ssss;
s65 sssssssssssssssssss ssss;gssssssss)ssss;
s66 ssssssssssssssssssssss;;sss)ssss;
s67 sssssssssssssssssssssss;s)s]sssssssssssss;;
s68 sssssssssssssssssssssss]s)s]sssssssssssss];
s69
s7s ssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgs ssss;sssg];
s7s ssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("]]]s;r" sssgs ssssrsssgs];
s7s ssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;es;r" sssgs ssss;gsssssss];
s73 sssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]e];res"]]ss" sssgssss;;ss];
s74
s75 ssssssssssssesss]sss;ses)sss;sesss]sss;(];
s76
s77 ssssssssssssesssss;sesss;ss)ssss;;
s78 ssssssssssssesssss;sesessssss)s ssss;
s79
s8s ssssssssssssesesssss ss)s]ssssssssssss;ssss;
s8s sssssssssssses;sssssssss)sssss;
s8s ssssssssssssesessssssssssss)s]sssssssssssssssss;
s83 ssssssssssssesesss;; ss)sesssssss sesss;; s]ss;se]];];]s]]se;];
s84 ssssssssssssessss]ssssgs)sss5;
s85
s86 sssssssssssses;sssssssssssss)sss;ssssss( ssssrsssgss*ss s ssss;sssg*ss+sssss;*ss s ssss;gsssssss*s];
s87 ssssssssssssessssssssssssssss)sss;ssssss( ssssrsssgss*ss s- ssss;sssg*ss-sssss;*s s ssss;gsssssss*s];
s
s88
s89 ssssssssssssesssssssssss]ggsssss s)s ssss;sssg*s;
s9s sssssssssssses]sssssss]ggsssss s)ssss;
s9s ssssssssssssesssssssssss]ggsssss;s)ses]sssssss]ggsssss;s)ss;
s9s ssssssssssssesssssssssss]ggsssss s)ses]sssssss]ggsssss s)ss;
s93
s94 sssssssssssses]ssssgs)s6s;
s95 sssssssssssses] sss]ssssgs)ss;
s96 sssssssssssses;gssssessssssssss)sesssssss sesss;gssssesssssssss]ss;s;r*]]s]e]]s];]*e]]]]]s;
s97
s98 ssssssssssssessssssssssss sgs)ssssssssssss sg]ss;ssess]];
s99 ssssssssssssessssssssssssssss)sssssssssssssss]ss;s]];;;
3ss ssssssssssssessssssssss*ssssssss)ssssssssss*sssssss]ss;se]s";
3ss
3ss ssssssssssssesessss)sssss;
3s3 sssssssssssses;ssgssss)sgssss;
3s4 sssssssssssses;ssgssss)ses;ssgss3s)sgssss;
3s5 sssssssssssses]ssss)sssss;
3s6 sssssssssssses]ssss)sgssss;
3s7 ssssssssssssesrsssss)sesrsssss)sesrsss3s)sesrsss4s)sesrsss5s)s gssss;
3s8
3s9 sssssssssssses]ssesssssss](ssss]];
3ss sssssssssssses]ssesssssss](ssss]];
3ss
3ss sssssssssssses]ssesssssss;(ssss;];
3s3 ssssssssssss
3s4 sssssssssssssgs(esesssss(]]
3s5 ssssssssssss{
3s6 ssssssssssssssssssssssss;s)se;
3s7 sssssssssssssssssssssss)sssss;
3s8 ssssssssssss}
3s9 sssssssssssssssssssssssss;
3ss ssssssss}
49
3ss
3ss ssssssss**ssssssssssss ssss;sssssgsssss;s
3s3 ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssssssess;]ss(ess;sssss;s sess;ssss;]
3s4 ssssssss{
3s5 ssssssssssssssssssssssss)sgssss;
3s6
3s7 sssssssssssssgs(ssss;ss )ssssss ssss;s )sssss]
3s8 ssssssssssss{
3s9 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s]sss;
33s sssssssssssssssssssssssss;]sss;
33s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;srsssgss)ssss;
33s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;ssssss)ssss;
333 sssssssssssssssssssssssss s)ssss;
334
335 ssssssssssssssssss;
336 ssssssssssssssss{
337
338 sssssssssssssssssgs(ssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]]]s]];res"]]ss" sssgsssss;s;sssss]]
339 ssssssssssssssssssssss s)sssss;s;sssss;
34s sssssssssssssssssgs(ssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgsssss;srsssgs]]
34s ssssssssssssssssssssss s+)sssss;srsssgss*ss;
34s ssssssssssssssssss
343 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssssssgssssss;ssgsssss;s ssss;sssssgsssss sss;ssssssssssgs;s;gssssssssssss
sgssss s
344 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssssss)sss;sssssss(ssss;ss]ssssssss;s-sssss;sssssssssssss;
345 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss ssss;ss]ssssssss]s-sssss;sssssssssssss]
346 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss ssss;ss]ssssssss;s-sssss;sssssssssssss;];
347 ssssssssssssssssssss;ssssssss]ss;sss s(ss];
348
349 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssssss)sss;sssssss(sss;s]ssssssss;s-ssss;ssssssssssss;
35s ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sss;s]ssssssss]s-ssss;ssssssssssss]
35s ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sss;s]ssssssss;s-ssss;ssssssssssss;];
35s sssssssssssssssssss;sssssss]ss;sss s(ss ];
353 ssssssssssssssss
354 ssssssssssssssssssssssss;s]ssss)sssss;ssssssssssss;
355 sssssssssssssssssssssss;]ssss)ssss;sssssssssss;
356
357 ssssssssssssssssssss**ssssssgsssssssssssssssgssgsssss;s(;gssssssss;sssssssssss]
358 sssssssssssssssssssssgs(ssssssssssssss;s]sss(sss;s]sssssss sss;s]sss(ssss;ssssssssssss s
ssss;ss]sssssss]]s)sss5]
359 ssssssssssssssssssss{
36s sssssssssssssssssssssssssgsssssssssssssssssss(sss;ssssss];
36s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;]ssss)ssss;s]sssssss;
36s ssssssssssssssssssss}
363
364 ssssssssssssssssssss**ssssssssgssssssssgssss;ssss
365 sssssssssssssssssssssgs(ssssss;ssssss(sss; sssss;s ssss;]sss sssss;s]sss ssss;ssssss sssss;sssssss]]
366 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss)sssss;
367
368 ssssssssssssssss}
369 ssssssssssssssssssssgs(] ss ssssss]
37s ssssssssssssssss{
37s ssssssssssssssssssssssssssses ssgs;(ss;sssssss(]];
37s ssssssssssssssss}
373 ssssssssssss}
374
375 sssssssssssssssssssssssss;
376 ssssssss}
377
378 ssssssss**sssssssssgssgssssssssgssgsssss;ssss
379 ssssssss sssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssss(ess;sssss;s sess;ssss; sssssssssss;s]sss ssssssssss;]sss
38s sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sssssssssss;sssssss sssssssssss;ssssss]
38s ssssssss{
38s sssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sgssss;
383 ssssssssssss;sssssssgsssss;ss;s)sss;s;ssssss(];
384 sssssssssssssssssssssss;sss;ssss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s)sssss;ssssssssssssssss;sss;(];
385 ssssssssssss
386 ssssssssssssssss;s]ssss;ssssssss(ssss;ssssssss; sssss;ssssssss] sssss;ssssssss;];
50
387 sssssssssssssss;]ssss;ssssssss(sss;sssssss; ssss;sssssss] ssss;sssssss;];
388
389 ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss)sss;ssssss(];
39s ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss]ssssss)sss;ssssss(ssss;s]ssss; sssss;s]ssss] sssss;s]ssss;];
39s ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss] ss;s)sss;sssssss(ssssssssssss(sss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s] ss;
39s ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss ssssssssssss(sss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s] ss; s
sss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s] ss]]]];
393 ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss] ss;s]ss;sss s(5ss];
394 ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss] ss]s)sss;sssssss(ssssssssssss(sss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s] ss; s
sss;ss;sssssssssss;sss;s] ss]]];
395 ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;sssssss] ss]s]ss;sss s(5ss];
396 ssssssssssssgsssss;ss;s;ssgsss)sssss;s;
397 ssssssssssss
398 sssssssssssssgs(gsssss;ss;sesssss(]]
399 ssssssssssssssss*ssssss)sssss;
4ss
4ss sssssssssssssssssss*sssss;
4ss ssssssss}
4s3
4s4 ssssssss**sgsssssssgsssssssssssssgsssssssss
4s5 ssssssss ssssssssssssssssssssgsssssssssssssssssss(ssssssssssss]
4s6 ssssssss{
4s7 sssssssssssssssssss;s)s-ss*ssssssss;;
4s8 sssssssssssssssssss]s)s-ss*ssssssss];
4s9 sssssssssssssssssss;s)s-ss*ssssssss;;
4ss ssssssss}
4ss
4ss ssssssss**;sssssssgss;s]sgsss
4s3 ssssssss ssssssssssss;ssss;;s(ess;sssss;s sess;ssss; sess;s ssss sesssssss sssssss ]
4s4 ssssssss{
4s5 ssssssssssssss;
4s6 ssssssssssss{
4s7 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssss;ss ss ssssss
4s8 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssss ss sssssss
4s9 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;srsssgss)ssss;s**r
4ss sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;ssssss)ssss;s**sg
4ss sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;sssgs)ssss;s**e
4ss sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;sss)ssss;s**s;
4s3 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s*s)ssss;s**s
4s4 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssgssss)ssss;
4s5 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;se;s)ssss;
4s6 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;se s)ssss;
4s7 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s*;s)ssss;
4s8 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s* s)ssss;
4s9 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;;s)ssss;
43s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s; s)ssss;
43s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ss;s)ssss;
43s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ss s)ssss;
433 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sess)ssss;
434 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;se;s)ssss;
435 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s]s;s)ssss;
436 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s]s s)ssss;
437 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s; s;s)ssss;
438 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s; s s)ssss;sssssssssssss
439 ssssssssssssssss**;ssssssss ss sssssss
44s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s]s)ssss;
44s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssssssss)ssss;
44s sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssssss;s)ssss;
443 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;gss;sss)ssss;
444 sssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sss)ssss;
445 ssssssssssssssss
446 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssssgss;s;sssss;ssss
447 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]]]s]];res"]]ss" sssgsssss;s;sssss];
448 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgsssss;srsssgs];
449 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;es;r" sssgsssss;s;sssg];
45s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]e];res"]]ss" sssgsssss;s;ss];
45s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]e]se]s]*]sees]s" sssgsssss;s*];
45s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss*]ss]s]s;e]]]]*]]" sssgsssss;ssssgsss];
51
8
453 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s]];]];]e]]*;e]];" sssgsssss;se;];
454 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s]];]];]e]]*;e]]]" sssgsssss;se ];
455 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]sees]];]s]*];e]]];" sssgsssss;s*;];
456 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]sees]];]s]*];e]]]]" sssgsssss;s* ];
457 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s;e]]]s]se]es];" sssgsssss;s;;];
458 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s;e]]]s]se]es]]" sssgsssss;s; ];
459 ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]se]es]];]]]]s;ese;]" sssgsssss;s]];
46s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]ess]]s]*];e]" sssgsssss;ssssssss];
46s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss*];e]]]s]]se;]" sssgsssss;sssssss;];
46s ssssssssssssssssssss;sssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]s;r]*s]]]se]];];e]]" sssgsssss;s;gss;ss];
463
464 ssssssssssssssssssss;s]s)sssss;s]s*ss]+6;s**s]s ssssgssssssssssssss;sssssssss
465 ssssssssssssssssssss;sss)sssss;s]s*s(ss*s(ss+sssss;ssssssss]]s;
466 sssssssssssss
467 ssssssssssssssss**s;ss;sssssgsssr*e- ssgssssssssssssss
468 ssssssssssssssssssss;ss;s)sssss;s;sssg*sssgsss;(ssss;s;sssss s]*s+ssss;srsssgs*ssss;s;ss*s*
(ssss;srsssgs-s*ssss;s;sssss]+ssss;s;sssg*ssss;s;sssss*(ssss;srsssgs ssss;s;sssss*s]+s*ssss;srsssgs*sssgsss;(ssss;s* s]*(s-sssgsse*4];
469 ssssssssssssssssssss;ss s)ssssgsss;(ssss;s;sssg s]*ssss;s;sssss+(ssss;srsssgs -s*ssss;s;sssss]
*ssss;s;ss*ssss;s;sssg*s+s*ssss;s;sssg* sssgsss;(ssss;s* s]*(s-sssgsse*4];
47s ssssssssssssssssssss;sess)ss*(ssss;s;sssg-ss63*ssss;s;sssss]*sssgsss;(ssss;s;sssss 3]*3
+(ssss;srsssgs-s*ssss;s;sssss]*sssgsss;(ssss;s;ss 3]*3+s*ssss;s;ss*ssss;s;sssss*
(sss45+sss*ssss;s**ssss;s;sssss]*sssgsss;((sssgsss;(ssss;s*+ssss;s;ss*s s]
+sssgsss;(ssss;s*+ssss;s;sssss s]-sssgsss;(ssss;s* s]]*(s*ssss;s*
+ssss;s;sssss] 4];
47s ssssssssssssssssssss;s]s;s)sssss;ssssgssss-s(ssss;srsssgs-s*ssss;s;sssss]s*sssss;s;ss;
47s ssssssssssssssssssss;s]s s)sssss;ssssgssss-sss*sssss;s;sssgs*sssss;s;ssssss+s(ssss;s;sss+sss*s
ssss;s*]s*sssss;s;sssss;
473 ssssssssssssssssssss;se;s)s(ssss;s;sssss*sssgsss;(ssss;s;sssg 3]*sssgsss;(ssss;srsssgsssss;s;sssss s]]*s4;
474 ssssssssssssssssssss;s; s;s)sssss;s;sssss*ssss;s;sssg*(ssss;srsssgs -ssss;s;sssss]+ssss;s;ss*sssgsss;
(ssss;srsssgs*s-ssss;s;sssss s]+4*sssgsss;(ssss;s* s]*(s-sssgsse*4]*
(ssss;srsssgs*s-ssss;s;sssss-ssss;s*+ssss;s**6*(s-sssgsse*4]];
475 ssssssssssssssssssss;s; s s)sssss;s;sssss*sssgsss;(ssss;s;sssg s]*ss+ssssgsss;(ssss;s;ss s]*
(ssss;srsssgs-s*ssss;s;sssss]*4s+s4*sssgsss;(ssss;s* s]*(s-sssgsse*4]*
(ssss;s;ss*s+ssss;s*s-sssss;s**6*(s-sssgsse*4]];
476
477 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssss
478 ssssssssssssssssnssssssssss;s ss ssssss
479 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssss ss sssssss
48s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;rsssgss)ssss;s**r
48s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;;ssssss)ssss;s**sg
48s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;;sssgs)ssss;s**e
483 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;;sss)ssss;s**s;
484 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;*s)ssss;s**s
485 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;sssgssss)ssss;
486 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;e;s)ssss;
487 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;e s)ssss;
488 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;*;s)ssss;
489 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;* s)ssss;
49s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;;;s)ssss;
49s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;; s)ssss;
49s ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s;s)ssss;
493 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;s s)ssss;
494 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ess)ssss;
495 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;e;s)ssss;
496 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;]s;s)ssss;
497 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;]s s)ssss;
498 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;; s;s)ssss;
499 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;; s s)ssss;
5ss ssssssssssssssss**;ssssssss ss sssssss
5ss ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;]s)ssss;
5ss ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssssss)ssss;
5s3 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ssssss;s)ssss;
5s4 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;;gss;sss)ssss;
5s5 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss;ss)ssss;
5s6
5s7 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssssgss;s;sssss;ssss
52
9
5s8 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]]]s]];res"]]ss" sssgssss;;sssss];
5s9 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]sr]esr;" sssgssss;rsssgs];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;es;r" sssgssss;;sssg];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s;]e];res"]]ss" sssgssss;;ss];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]e]se]s]*]sees]s" sssgssss;*];
5s3 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss*]ss]s]s;e]]]]*]]" sssgssss;sssgsss];
5s4 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s]];]];]e]]*;e]];" sssgssss;e;];
5s5 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s]];]];]e]]*;e]]]" sssgssss;e ];
5s6 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]sees]];]s]*];e]]];" sssgssss;*;];
5s7 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]s*]sees]];]s]*];e]]]]" sssgssss;* ];
5s8 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s;e]]]s]se]es];" sssgssss;;;];
5s9 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s*];e]]ss]s;e]]]s]se]es]]" sssgssss;; ];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]se]es]];]]]]s;ese;]" sssgssss;]];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]ess]]s]*];e]" sssgssss;sssssss];
5ss sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss*];e]]]s]]se;]" sssgssss;ssssss;];
5s3 sssssssssssssssssss;ssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]s;r]*s]]]se]];];e]]" sssgssss;;gss;ss];
5s4
5s5 sssssssssssssssssss;]s)ssss;]s*ss]+6;s**s]s ssssgssssssssssssss;sssssssss
5s6 sssssssssssssssssss;ss)ssss;]s*s(ss*s(ss+ssss;sssssss]];
5s7
5s8 ssssssssssssssss**s;ss;sssssgsssr*e- ssgssssssssssssss
5s9 sssssssssssssssssss;s;s)ssss;;sssg*sssgsss;(sss;;sssss s]*ss+ssss;rsssgs*sss;;ss*s*
(sss;rsssgs-s*sss;;sssss]s+ssss;;sssg*sss;;sssss*(sss;rsssgs -sss;;sssss*s]s+s
s*sss;rsssgs*sssgsss;(sss;* s]*(s-sssgsse*4];
53s sssssssssssssssssss;s s)ssssgsss;(sss;;sssg s]*ssss;;ssssss+s(sss;rsssgss -sss*ssss;;sssss]s*ssss;;ss
s*ssss;;sssgs*sss+sss*ssss;;sssgs*ssssgsss;(sss;* s]s*s(ss-ssssgsses*s4];
53s sssssssssssssssssss;ess)ss*(sss;;sssg-ss63*sss;;sssss]*sssgsss;(sss;;sssss 3]*3s+s
(sss;rsssgs-s*sss;;sssss]*sssgsss;(sss;;ss 3]*3s+ss*sss;;ss*sss;;sssss*(sss45
+sss*sss;**sss;;sssss]*sssgsss;((sssgsss;(sss;*s+ssss;;ss*s s]s+ssssgsss;(sss;*s
+ssss;;sssss ss]s-ssssgsss;(sss;* ss]]s*s(ss*ssss;*s+ssss;;sssss] s4];
53s sssssssssssssssssss;]s;s)ssss;sssgssss-s(sss;rsssgss-sss*ssss;;sssss]s*ssss;;ss;
533 sssssssssssssssssss;]s s)ssss;sssgssss-sss*ssss;;sssgs*ssss;;ssssss+s(sss;;sss+sss*ssss;*]s*s
sss;;sssss;
534 sssssssssssssssssss;e;s)s(sss;;ssssss*ssssgsss;(sss;;sssg 3]s*ssssgsss;(sss;rsssgss-s
sss;;sssss s]]s*ss4;
535 sssssssssssssssssss;; s;s)ssss;;ssssss*ssss;;sssgs*s(sss;rsssgss -ssss;;sssss]s+ssss;;sss*ssssgsss;
(sss;rsssgss*sss-ssss;;sssss s]s+s4s*ssssgsss;(sss;* s]s*s(ss-ssssgsses*s4]s*s
(sss;rsssgss*sss-ssss;;ssssss-ssss;*s+ssss;*s*s6s*s(ss-ssssgsses*s4]];
536 sssssssssssssssssss;; s s)ssss;;sssss*sssgsss;(sss;;sssg s]*ss+ssssgsss;(sss;;ss s]*
(sss;rsssgs-s*sss;;sssss]*4s+s4*sssgsss;(sss;* s]s*s(s-sssgsse*4]s*s(sss;;ss*s
+sss;*-sss;**6*(s-sssgsse*4]];
537
538 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssssss;s ss ssssss
539 ssssssssssssssssnssssssssssssssss ss ssssss
54s ssssssssssssssss**ssssssss ss sssssss
54s sssssssssssssssssssssss ssssrsssgss)ssss;
54s ssssssssssssssss**;ssssssss ss sssssss
543 sssssssssssssssssssssss ssss]s)ssss;
544 sssssssssssssssssssssss ssssssssssss)ssss;
545 sssssssssssssssssssssss ssssssssss;s)ssss;
546 sssssssssssssssssssssss ssss;gss;sss)ssss;
547 sssssssssssssssssssssss ssssss)ssss;
548
549 ssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssssgss;s;sssss;ssss
55s ssssssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("]]]s;r" sssgs ssssrsssgs];
55s ssssssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]se]es]];]]]]s;ese;]" sssgs ssss]];
55s ssssssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss]ess]]s]*];e]" sssgs sssssssssss];
553 ssssssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]ss*];e]]]s]]se;]" sssgs ssssssssss;];
554 ssssssssssssssss ssssssss*s ssssss sss;("s];]*e]]s;r]*s]]]se]];];e]]" sssgs ssss;gss;ss];
555
556 ssssssssssssssss ssss]s)s ssss]s*ss]+6;s**s]s ssssgssssssssssssss;sssssssss
557 ssssssssssssssss ssssss)s ssss]s*s(ss*s(ss+s sssssssssss]];
558 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssssssssssss ss ssssss
559
56s ssssssssssssssssnsssssss;sssss;s]sssss;sss
56s ssssssssssssssss**ssssssssssss;s;s]sssss;ssss
56s ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssssssss;sss(gssss];
563 ssssssssssssssss**;sssssss;;sssss
53
564 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssss;;sss("] ssssssgssssgss;s;sssssssssssssss"s];
565 ssssssssssssssss**sss;ssssssssssssgss
566 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s];]*s]]]]s;]s*]"]s;"];
567 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssss;ssssssssssssgs
568 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]ses]s]*se]]" s""];
569 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("ssss"];
57s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssss]ss]ss;sss(];
57s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]ses]*]sese]]"];
57s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];
573 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssss]ss]ss;sss(];
574 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";e]]s]*se]]"];
575 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("63"];
577 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]*se]]"];
578 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("sss"];
58s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]]*s"];
583 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("see]]*s"];
584 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];
586 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssss
587 ssssssssssssssss**s;s*]"]s;]]]s]s
588 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s*]"]s;]]]s]s"];
589 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s*]"]s;]]]s]"];
59s ssssssssssssssssnssssssssss ssssssgs
59s ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]*se]];]]]s]];"];
59s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("sss"];
594 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";es;e;e]es]]]s]];"];
595 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";ssss"];
597 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("es]ese]*"];
598 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("-s"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]]s]]ese]*"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssss]ss]ss;sss(];
6s3 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]]]]s;e]]]ese]*"];
6s4 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];
6s5 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssss]ss]ss;sss(];
6s6 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]se;e]]"];
6s7 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("-s"];
6s9 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]es;;e;rs]]]]s;]s]]]s]];"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]]s]]s]*se]]"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("sss"];
6s4 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]]s]]]]s]]ese]*"];
6s5 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];
6s7 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssssss ssssssgs
6s8 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]]s]]s]]]]s;e]]s"];
6s9 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]]s]]s]]]]s;e]]"];
6ss ssssssssssssssssnssssssssssssssssssssgs
6ss ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]*se]];]]]s]];"];
6ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("sss"];
6s4 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";es;e;e]es]]]s]];"];
6s5 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";ssss"];
6s7 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("es]ese]*"];
6s8 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("-s"];
63s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]]s]]ese]*"];
2
54
ss
633 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]]]]s;e]]]ese]*"];
636 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]se;e]]"];
639 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]es;;e;rs]]]]s;]s]]]s]];"];
64s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]s]*se]]"];
64s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("sss"];
644 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]s]*;];s]ee]]s]]]]s;e]]"];
647 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]s]]]]s;e]];]s]"];
65s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]];es;]s]"];
653 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]]]s]]es"];
656 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]s]]]]s;e]]]es"];
659 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]]es;;]"]]sse];]]ss]e];"];
66s ssssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]s]]"];
66s ssssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";sss"];
66s ssssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssss]ss]ss;sss(];
664 ssssssssssssssssnsssssssssssssssssssssssgs
665 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]]es;;e;re]*s"];
666 ssssssssssssssssnsssssss;s]]]]s;e]]]e]*]s
667 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";s]]]]s;e]]]e]*"];
668 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]*se]];]]]s]];"];
67s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";es;e;e]es]]]s]];"];
67s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";ssss"];
674 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("es]ese]*"];
677 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]]s]]ese]*"];
68s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]]]]s;e]]]ese]*"];
683 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]se;e]]"];
686 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("]es;;e;rs]]]]s;]s]]]s]];"];
688 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";e]*]s]*se]]"];
689 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("ss3"];
69s sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";e]*]]]s]]es"];
694 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";e]*]s]]]]s;e]]]es"];
697 sssssssssssssssssnsssssss;e]*]s]s;e]]ss]]es]
698 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";e]*]s]s;e]]"];
699 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s];e]]s"];
55
ss
7ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";sss"];
7ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]s;e]]]]s]"];
7s3 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(ssss;sssssgsssssssgsssssssss];
7s5 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]s;e]];]s]"];
7s6 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("4"];
7s8 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("*]]]]s"];
7s9 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";sss"];s
7ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]]]"];
7ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(";ssss"];s
7s4 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]*se]]"];
7s5 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss("s"];s
7s7 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s*]ss-s]s;e]]]ses]]se]]"];
7s8 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("ses]]se]]"];
7s9 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(ssss;s;sssgs;sssssss(]];s **e
7ss ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("ses]]se]]"];s
7ss sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(ssss;srsssgss;sssssss(]];s **r
7s4 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("ses]]se]]"];
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56
ss
769 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]e"];
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784 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("*;"];
785 sssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(ssss;s* s;sssssss(]];
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57
s3
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58
s4
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59
s5
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60
s6
ss39 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss(";]]ss]];]];*es;e]]s]];;ese]];"];
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61
s7
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62
s8
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63
s9
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64
ss
ss
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ss sssssssss-sssss
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s377 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;ssssssssss(sss;]s;sssssss(]];
65
s379 ssssssssssssssss;ssssss;sssssssss]ss;sss("s]ess]]*];e]"];
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70
s6

BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel Connection (TEKLA Vs PowerConnect)

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Copyright:

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BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel Connection (TEKLA Vs PowerConnect)

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Copyright:

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BIM in Analysis and Design of Steel

Master of Science in Engineering and ICT

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

MASTER THESIS 2013

stud.techn. Ellen Viddal i

Tor G. Syvertsen (sign.)

Seriously? I like that song too!

Software and concepts

B Analysis results from PowerConnect

C Complete source code

Application Programming Interface.

Standard (input) format for components in Tekla Structures.

BuildSoft PowerConnect file. XML structure.

Effective flow of information in BIM systems is a popular subject today. However, it

Scope of the work

Outline of the thesis

This introductory chapter is followed by a brief description of the main software,

Outline of the thesis

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

Software and concepts

Design analysis principle

Tekla Structures is Building Information Modelling (BIM) software for structural

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

: Most exposed area in component.

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

Tekla Open APITM

State of the art

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

State of the art

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

Tekla Structures and PowerConnect

STAAD.Pro and RAM Connection

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

State of the art

RAM Structural System and Revit Structure

State of the art

SOFTWARE AND CONCEPTS

Title: Create optimal steel connection

Figure 1: Use Case Diagram

As mentioned in Section 2.1, PowerConnect has a library of connections and it has

The steel connection

Figure 2: PowerConnect 2012 Start-up library

(b) Dimensions of the end plate

(a) Structure of the connection

Figure 3: PowerConnect model

PowerConnect saves projects as XML structured .bpc-files. Similar structured files

Figure 4: Custom component parameters

Figure 5: The connection as an INP plug-in in Tekla Structures

The ConnectionBase is a template for creating details and connections as plug-ins.

Table 3: Precision in PowerConnect vs. Tekla Structures

Figure 6: Profile dimensions in PowerConnect

Cross-section properties are derived in PowerConnect with respect to the coordinate

Figure 7: Characteristics and principal axes of inertia of HEA200 in PowerConnect

XML tag in PowerConnect

Tekla Structures name

Figure 8: Profile dimensions in PowerConnect

2tf ) t4w + 2r2 (1 4 )( t2w + r

2tf ) + 4r2 (1 4 )( t2w + r

Avy = A (hw tw ) = A (h 2tf )tw

(r+tw /2)2 +(r+tf )2 r2 4

Iw is the warping constant given by [7] as:

Table 5: Cross-section properties for HEA 200