Code check floating tank roofs Design codes require checking roof stability if punctured but don’t ro al ° tell how. Here's a method L na a L x P | é H.M. K. Hassan, bu Dhabi Marine Operating Co, UAE. . | jonsibility of the tank IN e109 ey accurate method to check the buoyancy of the single deck i pontoon-trpe storage tank roofs in accordance with the [es270 Gesign code requirements is presented and supported by: 7 an example “Tt has always been the urctured. Code design criteria. Both API 650! and BS 2854? con- for design of single deck pontoon-type tank © roofs. The codes state that the floating roof shall [——~ “ff sfficient Buoyancy to remain afloat under the fole | WE je be gp]. 2 Task content specifi gravity is 0.7 + The roof enter deck is punctured ‘© Any two adjacent pontoon compartments are punc- a on No water or lve lads are present t * The roof primary drain is inoperative. HTN tablish ber Case analysis. To simplify the analysis and establish yastolf oN" Veco the mathematical model of the roof displacement, the fol- y lowi smptions are made: tructure is rigid, Le., no general deflection he roof is displaced | 1 cle ¥ ZL e0270 forces will resist the movement of the roof’ Fig. 2. Roof cieplaced by eccentric load, Thus, the weig laced liquid by and equal to the weight ofthe floating roof with and the upthrust. R. buoyancy ter ofbunyanes. Q. nfthe {Ware a tank pontoon-ty tured. The roof is in the stable pos Line L-L denotes the rium position wne of the tank enatents. Line N-N metry they ave aecing in the tank content line plats om tis conf outer tim, which is axis NX is detises! ts sho root A horizontal in ios the eel o ne SON, Tho ais WY is defined aa the rool UYDROCARADS SROCESSING -CCTUREI Ia 1042 Tez0 y Fig. 2. Roof with two compartments punctured, Qrarerecss Graroatecossy @ meter por-reneoss en ee ee ee) Fig, 4. Roo! dieplacemant curve. symmetry on the plane ates the same roaf when itis displaced by an instantaneous eccentric load acting on line X-3 roof will rotate such that at any displaced position: ‘Tae point of roof rotation“O,” the int and line L-L, coincides with axis C-C. B. The roof axis of rotation ZZ, and plane L-L, coincides with axis C. The volume of the immersed wedge “abed” (Vr) is equal to the volume of the emersed wedge “a'b'e'd" (V2 D. The center of buoyancy, @, is shifted toward the loaded immersed) side of the rof, thas 1" and R produce a couple which tends to restore the roof to its upright position and will ulkimately vanish when the disturbing load is removed. Fig. illustrates the above roof when two adjacent pontoon compartments divided by axis XX are punctured. The immersed volume ofthe rof will be inszantly reduced and the roof has to sink further into the tank conten: until the missing imumersed volume is compensated. This, obviously would impair the symmetry of the immersed volume and the balance forces at the equilibrium pos tion, Since the roof movement in this characteristics ofthe roof displacement are different feom the provious ease a3 follows: AT of point "0" is variable along a cides with axis C-C 102 HyDROCARHOS PROCESSING HoCTREE? i & 180 C. The volume of the immersed wedge “sbed” (VA is gual to the volume of the emersed wedge “a'b'e'd" Wel at any displaced position, D. The center of buoyancy, @. is shifted either toward the pontoon punctured sector or tothe other side of axis C- C. depending on the displaced position. According to the location of point @ with respect to point G at a particular displaced position, an overturning or righting couple is produced by W and R. This couple tends to set the roof at the equilibrium position, which is not upright, and does not vanish. Due to the shape complexity of the roof immersed vol- uume at the displaced positions, itis dificult to accurately locate the center of buoyancy, @. and consequently deter. mine the type and the value ofthe produced couple by W and R. The volume balance approach obviously would be somewhat easier than the force balance approach and therefore, is applied to establish the mathematical model a for the floating roof as explained taais OC A b> Mathematical model of roof displacement. To simu- Iate roof displacement we assume that the roof failure and the associated displacements occurred in steps. Step 1. This step implies determination of an imag! nary line plane, R-R. which is used as a reference to all the displaced points on the roof. For simplicity this line was selected tobe the tank content line plane on the roof when vertically displaced to compensate for the missin immersed volume due to the puncture of the roof cent deck plus two pontoon compartments. Va= Wy Ap 2{Ro? Ri?) ehi-G)/2 > Where hi is the level of the reference line plane with respect to tank content line plane N-N when the roof = intact. Line R-R should replace line N-N in the preceedir analysis. suming that the roof, with its center de . is given an angular displacement thus rotates around the center of rotation “O” as sh: in Fig. 2. displacement of the points at the pantoon 1 on line plane L-L ean be represented by the fallo h=hoteosé tp Ar Rodwhere iit he} eas 4 ‘The rouf displacement eurve based on Eq. 2 is shown in Fig. 4 Step 3. In this step it js assumed that the roof at the aforementioned digplaced position has two adjacent pon- toon compartments punctured simultancously at d=( (Fig. 31. The roof would apparently move down to com- pensate for the missing immersed volume, Vp. ry Ifthe above movement of the roof is directed such that the point at d= 0°, and coincides with line plane R-R, point “b" on Fig. 8 behaves as a pivot; the roof will rotate counterclockwise about point “b.” That is the roof rela- tive displacement at = 0° will be 0 and the maximum relative displacement will be at = 180°. “This relative displacement can be represented by the fol- lowing equation: f= ho2(1~cos 6) ® where max. h = 2ho2 at b= 180° ‘The roof relative displacement curve based on Eq. 5 is also shown in Fig. 4. In view of the above, the area under this curve between = 0° and = 360° should be equal to Vp. vp= f° “ar Rm do where Arh=h02{1-cos9) 6 ho? ean be obtained from the above equation. ‘The resultant roof displacement is the direct summation of Eqs. 2 and 5. h = hol cosd + ho2 (1-cosd) or h = ho2 + (hol-ho2) cosd m Eq, Tis defined as the general equation for displace- ment of the roof with punctured adjacent pontoon com- partments, The general displacement curve of the roof is, indicated in Fig. 4 It is clear that roof displacements at = 0° and 180° are not equal and 180° > d, > 90°. By substituting h = 0 in Eq. 7, é, can be obtained. f 102 (atta) o Having obtained ¢,, Vrand Ve can be calculated as fol- lows: * arRmao 122+(hol-hoPeoso ® * Ae Rm do hone Aacchxhn2iol-hod}e ao) Fig, 5, Immersed pontoon sectional are. For a particular value of hol, there are corresponding values of Vp, ho2, 6, Vr and Ve. As all the displaced vol- ‘umes are calculated with reference to line plane R-R, and since the weight of displaced liquid below line plane R-R. should equal WV, the immersed volume of the roof between line plane R-R and line plane L-L must be equal to the emersed volume between those planes, i.e., Vr=|Vel at the equilibrium position. Also, at that position the ini- tially assumed value of hol will be the peak of the steady. state roof self-displacement at = 0 due to the puncture of its center deck and two adjacent pontoon compartments. Derivation of the displaced volume equations. T: obtain Vp2, Vr-and Ve, the sectional areas, Ar and Av should be primarily obtained. Fig. 5 illustrates the roof pontoon immersed sectional area at axis XX. The perime- ter“abed” outlines the actual immersed section area, while perimeter “abef" outlines the approximate area to be used in the caleulation, The intent of the approximation is to decrease the power of the displacement, h, in the integral equations when the line L-L intersects the pontoon upper deck line. This will greatly reduce the calculation wit! very little effect on the accuracy of the final results. (U+Xe+P) ae Since P = (X-AJ/G, and bs taking Xe= Ar = Bin)+c{a)* au 1G+XeG-+XU a WhereB=! nd ap From Eqs. 9 and 11; 2Np2 = m{*(B(0)+01)" o> where A=hol cose Bloor sn(o, 2} sca 1} 2 can be calculated from Eq. 13 and co is ealeulated using F From Ea005 010 015 020 025 Fig. 6. Rot depiacement characteristic cure. Wf? (ane? aan J., (90-0 where A=ho¥{1-cosg) a i [(2ronyece i [sxnea}e2c{nee (oe 2¢|i02) aa Eq, 13 is second order and by solving it. two values of ho? are obtained. The selected ho? is the value which is positive and less than half of the initially assumed hol. ‘6, can be obtained from Eq. 8. hot Ro=Ro 003 (- 6 = tan) asi From Eqs. 9 and ll: 406 eypRocaneox PROCESSING/OOTSEE 1902 Fig. 5 also illustrates the roof pontoon emersed sec- tional area at axis XX The perimeter“a’b'e'd’* outlines the emersed section area, Ae, where: be = A-Utand Ae = [2h-Utand}12 De ( Where D=-2( 1228) an C2) For Eqs. 1 and 17 VelRm = [2 (D-(C}i}e0 where h=ho2=K coso VelRm =[[D+(}e2|(e-0,)]-U(Rsino,) a8) ‘The obtained We is always negative. Checking criteria. Concluded from the above is th. under the eode design criteria, if the roof is given a di placement at the mid angle of the panetured pontoon com partments, which is equal to the maximum acceptable roof immersion, i., hol=X, such that the obtained Vis greater than |Vel, design of the roof is not adequate fulfill the design code requirements. ‘The reason behind this is that when Vi > IVél, an over turning couple due to roof failure still exists and tends further rotate the roof to an equilibrium position wh. hol > X. When tr < 1Vel_ an uprighting couple is d .geinst roof rotation thus setting the r. Tis worthe? ing lim hot. Theisfate saloe of te roaf mast Example. A large sto ded with 4 single deck pontuancty © following sruction drawings. nk B60 dinmmeaee 79.2 Matin the design ronfvehich ha Ro =804i1m Ri = 32.024m Bho = 0.833 m 0381 m G =0. 32 Check the buoyancy of the tank roafin accordance with, API 650 or BS 2654. Solution. According to the design codes requirements: Sg=07 N=2 From the construction drawings of the roof, W can be caleulated as: © Weight of roof plating (including center deck, pontoon upper and lower decks, and pontoon outer and inner rims) = 258,610 kg ‘+ Weight of pontoon internal struc- ture and bulk heads 11,166 kg + 30% of rolling ladder plus runway 2.986 kz * Roof supports 8787 kg * Vacuum bleeder vents * Movable section of che articulated @rain SI + Pantograph seal Total roof weight By adding a margin of 10% for unconsidered al roof weight By rounding to the nearest 10,000 W 332,025 kg 330,000 kg W’=330,000 (9.807) =3,236,310 ‘y= 0,711,000) 9.807 =6,864.9 Nim? 38310 stad 6,864.9 ae (29.4412-32.024% «1,665.22 m? Vps = 1,685.22 '0,838-0.981-0.216)2 =200.6 Step 1 { 32(47143) 3-2 16+0.981-0.181= 0.415 m 9.44—32.024= 7416 or From Eq. 13: Vp2Rm 416)(0.1951 + 0.195) ~17,17(0.173)(0.19635 + 0.19134) = 0.826 m? Step3 Vp2= 0.626(95.732) =22.37 m* Vp =31.38 +2: Vp/2Rm == *13873) From Eq. 14 and by substituting for B,C and 6,, 0.7528 34386 hod ~ 80.913 hod? hod = (94.3862, TISBE-2A3355) ho2= 0.402 ho2 = 0.023. m singe 0402 > ho? = 0023 m From Eg 5 a f= 0.023 (Tais-008;, 15209 rad = 9035 From Eq 15 estan eati[ico(z=16269) = 0.009965 rad = From Eq, 16 and by substituting for B, C, ho2, K, 4 and ¢,. Vi'Rim =(0.252-0.0081N 1.6293-0.19635) + (430.810.9983 -0.1951) ~2.852(0.7165~0.12: Vr=0,84821 + 3.2048- 1.56866) (35.782. 7416+ (0.009965) 2 From Eq. 18: ~0.274 + (7.416)0.023) (7.416:0.39810.9883) 109) cof mests the design code requirement. ‘Toobtain the racf immersion at the equilibrium position need to be executed, say at kol=0.4, aleulated then Since rel ei, shown in Fig. 6. The equi vbxOCARBOS PROCESSING /OCTOBER ISH? 109The velusie balance approach obviously would ne somewhat easier than the force balance approach. ple is 0.26 m as indicated. | (OMENCLATURE | Ae = Vertical secional area ofthe emersed part of che pontoon, 1 ap = Projestion area ofthe pontoon. | BP Vertical sectional area ofthe ism he ofthe postaon upper deck i = Roof displacement, m Assumed roof displacement ato", m umber of pontoon comparsments Number of punctured Height of poatosn inne cial length of the pontoon. Required liquid solume tobe deplac Miume of the emersed cerion ofthe planes L-Land RR oe NN. vpt_ = The missing volume due to by the toot. m? 2 pun coon besween line sure of pontoon come © ‘rap section af te pres het sseen Le a ¥er WS, Tht gas eight. Bs = Distance besween pontoon oster rim uppar edge and he rf gence ine RL Radial angle of roof axis of rot Roof angie of rotation, rad urrearene cre Hassan M, K, Hessan ie a mechanical engineer Inthe Seginesring Division at Abu Orabi Marine ‘Gearaing Company, UAE He received 85 anc Se degrees in mechanical enginesring from fin Shams Unni. Caro, Esypt Over the est T1 years ne has been iovolved in engineering otk lated to the design and maintenance c Sisrage tenes preseure vessels and piping 55: tems in ol refineries and production plants. Upon graduation in 979 he wored asa denign and specification engineer at Cairo Gi Ratning Gompary in Egypt In 1988 he joined his present company fs a mechanical engingar responsibe fr storage tanks and pres Sora vessels design asoects, Mo a member of tie American Soc Sy orttechanical Engineers, and a member of ASME'S commie Gf pressure vassals anc pining design and raters 410 HYDROCAKHDN PROCESSING OCTOBER 1902 circ 105