INTRODUCTION

Sag tension calculation is carried out to estimate the sag in the conductor under various
temperatures. The calculation is carried out for the conductor span lengths in use in 765kV
INPUT DATA
Input data required for carrying out the calculations are as follows;
Initial tension

conductor diameter (dc)

c/c distance of tower

girder width (lg)

conductor Area (Ac)

tower height (h1)

Elasticity modulas (E)

tower height (h2)

No. of strings
Diameter of string insulator (di)

Wind Pressure on cond (Pwc)

Wind Pressure on insulator (Pwi)
No. of conductos (n)
Conductor weight (Mc)
spacer weight (Ms)

Expansion coefficient ()

weight of string
string weight/ conductor (Wwi)
String length (RS)
Conductor chord length (lc)

PARAMETERS USED
1 - Initial Temperature

Wwi - Equivalent weight of insulator with wind

2 - final Temperature

l - half span length of conductor

D1- Sag at centre of insulator catenary'

L - span length
f1 - Stress at Temprature 1
f2 - Stress at Temprature 2
w1- Equivalent weight of
conductor at Temprature 1
w2- Equivalent weight of
conductor at Temprature 2
T1 - Tension at Temprature 1

below end of string

D2- Sag at centre of insulator catenary'
below support
D3 - Conductor Sag below end of insulator string
Wwi- wind load
D4 - total Sag insulator plus conductor

T2 - Tension at Temprature 2

X - Half inclined length of conductor span

X1 - Projected Length of SP

ns- No. of spacers

X2- Projected length of SP+RS

M'- Equivalent conductor weight

X3- Projected length of insulator string

BASIS OF CALCULATION
Tension at any temperature 2 deg C
a)

Tension at any temperature 2

the equation to be solved is as follows:
f22 x [f2 - F] = G

1
6T

l2 E
2

where

G=

F= f1-

-(2 -1)E

w22l2E
6Ac2
T1/Ac

f1=
b)

Loading due to wind on conductor and insulator:

Wind loading Wwc = Pwc x dc for conductor
Wind loading Wwi = Pwi x di for insulator

c)

Loading due to self weight of the conductor and spacers:

weight of the spacers has been considered alongwith the weight of the conductor.
The equivalent weight of the conductor and spacers is given by:
M' = M'c + (ns.Ms)/(n.lc) .. As per IEC - 865
where
M' = weight of the sub conductor
ns = no. of spacers
Ms = weight of the spacer
n = no. of sub conductor
lc = chord length of the conductor ( total span less the girder width and length of the insulator string)
Equivalent weight of the conductor in the loaded condition:
equivalent weight of conductor under full wind condition is given by
w1 =

d)

[(M')2 + (Wwc)2]

Maximum sag(D4)
Refer Fig 1
a1= T/W1 for conductor catenary
a2= T/Wwi for insulator catenary
where
T: tension in kg/conductor
W1 : equivalent conductor weight
W1 = no of string x string weight
string length
X = (l-RS) X 1.0005(assumed)
X1 = a2 X
a1

SP = a2 sinh X1
a2
RSP = RS + SP
X2 = a2 sinh-1RSP
a2
X3 = X2 - X1
X = 1/2 * 1-X3
D1 = a2( coshX1 - 1)
a2

Ref page 54 of Text book "Generation Transmission

and Utilization of Electrical Power" -A.T.STARR

D2 = a2( coshX2 - 1)
a2

D3 = a1( coshX - 1)
a1
Sag D4 = D3 + D2 - D1

e)

Point of Maximum sag from the Support towers

XP1 =1 l +
2

XP2 =1 l +
2

Th
wl

Th
wl

Reference: Text Book:"GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER"A.T.STARR

SAMPLE CALCULATION
Circuit : 765kV Quad Moose 104 m span)
General Data
Initial tension
c/c of tower
Girder width lg
c/c tower - leg
Tower Height
Wind pressure on conductor(Pwc)
Wind pressure on Insulator(Pwi)
Conductor Data
No. of conductors(n)
Conductor weight(Mc)
Conductor Diameter(dc)
Conductor Area (Ac)
Expansion Coefficient(a)
Elasticity Modulus(E)
Spacer Data
Spacer span
No. of spacers(ns)
Spacer weight (ms)
Insulator & Hardware Data
No of strings
No of Disc Insulators/string
Diameter of each disc(di)
Weight of disc Disc
Length of each disc(li)
Weight of Insulator Hardware
Length of insulator Harware including insulator(lh)

2250 kg./cond
104 m
2m
104 m
39 m
139.74 kg/m2

Ref ANNEXURE-I

172.08 kg/m2

Ref ANNEXURE-I

4
2.4 Kg/m
3.83E-02 m
0.000865 sq.m
0.000023 degC
as per IS 398 (P-III-1976)
4.71E+09 kg/sq.m as per IS 398 (P-III-1976)

7.5 m
11 Nos
7 kg

2 Nos
47 Nos
0.255 m
7.5 kg
0.145 m
54.2 kg
7.854 m

Preliminiary Claculation
String Length(LS)

7.854 m
86.292 m
759.2 kg
189.8 kg
2.623 kg/m

Conductor chord length(lc)

Total string weight
String weight/conductor(Wwi)
Equivalent conductor weight(M')
MAIN CALCULATION
1
Load calculation for conductor
Wind Load Wwc = dc x Pwc

=
=

Eq.Wt. of conductor under still wind condition

W1

Eq.Wt of conductor under full wind condition

W2

=
=
=

(M')2 + (Wwc)2

=
=
=

d x Pwi x 0.5 x LS

=
=
=

(string weight/cond)2+(Wwi)2
((189.8)^2+(172.318)^2)
256.3545 kg

Load calculation for string insulator

wind load

Equivalent weight of insulator with wind

0.03825x139.74
5.35 kg

Wwi

Wi

2.6231 kg/m

(2.623^2+5.345^2 )
5.9500 kg/m

0.255 x 172.08 x 0.5 x 7.854

172.32 kg

Calculation of tension at 2 Deg C(5 Deg.C) and full wind condition - T2

f1

Initial tension at 0 deg C and full wind condition (T1)

Area (Ac)
2250
0.000865

Hence

f1

2600073.96

kg/m2

Half span length of conductor

LH

=
=
=

(half span - insulator length) x 1.0005

((104-2)/2-7.854)x1.0005
43.17 m

Substituting the value of W2 for full wind condition and other values, G can be calculated as
G

w22l2E

6 Ac2

Hence

5.95^2x43.17^2x4709000000
(6x0.00086536^2)

6.915E+019

Substituting the value of W2 for full wind condition and other values with temprature diffrence of 5oC, F can be calculated as
F

f1

w22l2E

- (2-1)Ea

6Ac2f12
Putting all the values we get
F

=
=

2600073.958-5.95^2*43.17^2x4709000000/(6x0.00086536^2x
2600073.958^2)-(5-0)x4709000000x0.000023
-8.17E+06

The stress f2 at 5 deg C could be found out by sloving the cubic equation "f23-Ff22-G=0" for f2
Now, f23-Ff22-G

E101^3-E91*E101^2-E82

2540857.511^3--8169925.317x2540857.511^2-69148352210435100
0.00E+00
we get f2

2540857.51 kg/m2

Hence the tension T2 under full wind condition at 5 deg C = f2 x Ac

Hence

=
=

f2

2540857.511 x 0.0008654
2198.76 kg

The tension(T2) values are calculated for full wind conditions up to 75 deg.C in steps of 5 deg.C
d)

Sag under full wind conditions - Initial temperature 0 deg C

Sag point XP1 = 1/2 x (L)

XP1

52

with reference to fig 1 and equations given under section 4.3

a1

T1
w1

a2

T1
wi

X(ass)

=
=

((l-2)/2-RS) x 1.0005
43.17 m

X1

=
=
=

(a2/a1) X
(68.934/378.151)x43.168
7.87

SP

=
=
=

a2sinh(X1f/a2)

=
=
=

SP+LS

a2sinh-1(RSP/a2)

RSP

X2

2250
5.9500

378.15

2250
=
256.355/7.854

68.93

68.934xSINH(7.869/68.934)
7.89

7.886+7.854
15.74

((104-2)/2-7.854)x1.0005

=
=

68.934xASINH(15.74/68.934)
15.61

X3

=
=
=

X2 - X1
15.607-7.869
7.74

=
=
=

XP1 - X3
52 -7.737- 1
43.26

D1

=
=
=

a2(cosh (X1/a2) -1)

=
=
=

a2(cosh (X2/a2) -1)

=
=
=

a2(cosh (X3/a1) -1)

D4

D4

D3 + D2 - D1
2.477+1.774-0.45
3.802 m

D2

D3

68.934x(COSH(7.869/68.934)-1)
0.45

68.934x(COSH(15.607/68.934)-1)
1.77E+00

378.151x(COSH(43.263/378.151)-1)
2.47743675

Hence sag at full wind condition at 0 deg C is given by

Hence
SUMMARY

The Sag tension at various temperatures for both still wind & full wind condition for the following cases are carried out.
1) 765kV Quad Bull - 54 m Span with Tower Height of 27m
2) 765kV Quad Bull - 104 m Span with Tower Height of 39m
3) 765kV Quad Bull - 93 m Span with Tower Height of 39m

be calculated as

000/(6x0.00086536^2x

511^2-69148352210435100000

kg/m2

kg/m2

/2-7.854)x1.0005

carried out.

SAG TENSION CALCULATION-765 KV

CIRCUIT:765 KV Quad Bull (54 M SPAN)
Initial tension

2250 kg/cond

c/c of tower
Girder width (lg)
Span (c/c tower-lg)
Tower height(h1) :
Tower height(h2) :
Wind pr. on cond
Wind pr on insulator:
No of conductors:
Cond weight
spacer span

104 m
2m
102 m
39 m
39 m
139.74 Kg/sqm
172.08 Kg/sqm
4
2.4 Kg/m
7.5 m

FULL WIND CONDITION

Tension (kg)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

2250.00
2198.92
2150.83
2105.48
2062.64
2022.10
1983.67
1947.20
1912.53
1879.52
1848.06
1818.03
1789.33
1761.88
1735.58
1710.37

l =
Ww(ins) =
Wi =
Temp

T(still wind)
0
5
10
15
20
25

Sag point

Temperature
deg c

1069.69
1040.43
1013.32
988.12
964.63
942.66

( in
meters)

52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00

43.17
172.32
256.35
f1
1236127.01
1202313.34
1170984.22
1141862.27
1114710.02
1089323.05

Sag
(in
meters)

3.808
3.897
3.984
4.069
4.154
4.237
4.319
4.399
4.479
4.557
4.635
4.711
4.786
4.861
4.934
5.007

STILL WIND CONDITION

Tension
(kg)

1069.69
1040.43
1013.32
988.12
964.63
942.66
922.06
902.71
884.48
867.28
851.01
835.59
820.96
807.05
793.80
781.17

Sag point
(in meters )

52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00

(half span length)

(weight of insulator in still wind)
(weight of insulator in full wind)
w1
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00

G1
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19

F1
-7.67E+06
-8.21E+06
-8.75E+06
-9.29E+06
-9.83E+06
-1.04E+07
-1.09E+07

f2
1202313.34
1170984.22
1141862.27
1114710.02
1089323.05
1065524.52

30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

922.06
902.71
884.48
867.28
851.01
835.59
820.96
807.05
793.80
781.17

1065524.52
1043160.72
1022097.38
1002216.74
983415.08
965600.70
948692.20
932617.08
917310.55
902714.54

2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00
2.64E+00

1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19
1.36E+19

-1.15E+07
-1.20E+07
-1.25E+07
-1.31E+07
-1.36E+07
-1.42E+07
-1.47E+07
-1.52E+07
-1.58E+07

1043160.72
1022097.38
1002216.74
983415.08
965600.70
948692.20
932617.08
917310.55
902714.54

43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17

X1f
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824
4.71404824

SPf
4.722964197
4.723473056
4.723984438
4.724498065
4.725013701
4.725531141
4.726050207
4.726570745
4.727092622
4.72761572
4.728139935
4.728665175
4.729191358
4.729718412
4.730246273
4.730774882

RSPf
12.576964
12.577473
12.577984
12.578498
12.579014
12.579531
12.58005
12.580571
12.581093
12.581616
12.58214
12.582665
12.583191
12.583718
12.584246
12.584775

X2
12.4136059
12.4051136
12.3966124
12.3881072
12.3796021
12.3711007
12.3626058
12.3541201
12.3456457
12.3371847
12.3287385
12.3203087
12.3118965
12.3035029
12.295129
12.2867755

X3
7.69955771
7.69106532
7.68256412
7.67405894
7.66555388
7.65705242
7.64855755
7.64007184
7.63159749
7.62313641
7.61469025
7.60626043
7.59784821
7.58945468
7.58108076
7.57272729

X(act)s
43.30
43.31
43.32
43.33
43.33
43.34
43.35
43.36
43.37
43.38
43.39
43.39
43.40
43.41
43.42
43.43

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

T(full wind)
2250.00
2198.92
2150.83
2105.48
2062.64
2022.10
1983.67
1947.20
1912.53
1879.52
1848.06
1818.03
1789.33
1761.88
1735.58
1710.37

f1
2600073.96
2541041.14
2485471.65
2433066.88
2383560.16
2336712.95
2292311.39
2250163.41
2210096.11
2171953.58
2135594.88
2100892.39
2067730.30
2036003.30
2005615.47
1976479.26

w1
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00
5.96E+00

G1
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19
6.94E+19

F1
-8.21E+06
-8.75E+06
-9.29E+06
-9.83E+06
-1.04E+07
-1.09E+07
-1.15E+07
-1.20E+07
-1.25E+07
-1.31E+07
-1.36E+07
-1.42E+07
-1.47E+07
-1.52E+07
-1.58E+07

f2
2541041.14
2485471.65
2433066.88
2383560.16
2336712.95
2292311.39
2250163.41
2210096.11
2171953.58
2135594.88
2100892.39
2067730.30
2036003.30
2005615.47
1976479.26

RSPf
7.90 1.58E+01
7.90 1.58E+01

X2
1.56E+01
1.56E+01

X3
7.74E+00
7.73E+00

X(act)f
43.26
43.27

X(ass)f

Temp

X(ass)f

X1f
43.17 7.88369155
43.17 7.88369155

SPf

43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17
43.17

7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155
7.88369155

7.90
7.90
7.90
7.90
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91

1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01
1.58E+01

1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.56E+01
1.55E+01
1.55E+01
1.55E+01

7.73E+00
7.72E+00
7.72E+00
7.71E+00
7.70E+00
7.70E+00
7.69E+00
7.69E+00
7.68E+00
7.68E+00
7.67E+00
7.67E+00
7.66E+00
7.66E+00

43.27
43.28
43.28
43.29
43.30
43.30
43.31
43.31
43.32
43.32
43.33
43.33
43.34
43.34

Full Wind Condition

Temp Vs Tension & Sag
2500

2000

5
4

Tension kg
1500

3
1000

Sag m

500

0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Temp Deg C

Still Wind Condition

Temp Vs Tension & Sag
1200

1000

800kg
Tension

600

400

200

0
1

Temp Deg C

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Sag m

Tension kg
600

400

200

0
1

Temp Deg C

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Sag m

No of spacers(ns)

11

spacer weight(Ms)

7.5 kg
2.639 kg/m
3.83E-02 m
8.65E-04 sq m
2.30E-05 / deg c
4.71E+09 kg/sqm
2
0.255 m
379.6 kg
189.8 kg
7.854 m
86.292 m

Eq Cond weight
Cond dia
Cond area
Exp. Coefficient
Elas Modulus
No of strings
Dia of string insul
weight/string
String weight/cond.
String length(RS)
Cond chord len (lc)

D CONDITION
Sag (in meters)

3.82
3.922
4.027
4.128
4.228
4.326
4.422
4.516
4.608
4.698
4.787
4.875
4.961
5.045
5.128
5.210

gs(f2)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00

a1s
4.05E+02
3.94E+02
3.84E+02
3.74E+02
3.66E+02
3.57E+02

a2s
44.2644022
43.0535703
41.9317076
40.8888814
39.9165878
39.0075072

0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00

3.49E+02
3.42E+02
3.35E+02
3.29E+02
3.22E+02
3.17E+02
3.11E+02
3.06E+02
3.01E+02
2.96E+02

38.1553072
37.354483
36.600227
35.8883223
35.215055
34.5771409
33.9716652
33.3960321
32.8479216
32.3252539

D1s
0.251254517
0.2583346832
0.2652606704
0.2720406513
0.2786822709
0.285192663
0.2915784746
0.2978458951
0.3040006865
0.3100482143
0.3159934774
0.3218411365
0.3275955405
0.3332607519
0.3388405691
0.3443385477

D2s
1.7520875691
1.799553827
1.8458413805
1.8910114908
1.935121452
1.9782247284
2.0203711477
2.0616071232
2.1019758855
2.1415177145
2.180270163
2.2182682691
2.255544755
2.2921302113
2.3280532675
2.3633407476

D3s
2.31E+00
2.38E+00
2.45E+00
2.51E+00
2.57E+00
2.63E+00
2.69E+00
2.75E+00
2.81E+00
2.87E+00
2.92E+00
2.98E+00
3.03E+00
3.09E+00
3.14E+00
3.19E+00

gs(f2)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00

a1f
3.77E+02
3.69E+02
3.61E+02
3.53E+02
3.46E+02
3.39E+02
3.33E+02
3.27E+02
3.21E+02
3.15E+02
3.10E+02
3.05E+02
3.00E+02
2.96E+02
2.91E+02
2.87E+02

a2f
6.89E+01
6.74E+01
6.59E+01
6.45E+01
6.32E+01
6.20E+01
6.08E+01
5.97E+01
5.86E+01
5.76E+01
5.66E+01
5.57E+01
5.48E+01
5.40E+01
5.32E+01
5.24E+01

D1f
4.51E-01
4.62E-01

D2f
1.78E+00
1.82E+00

D3f
2.48E+00
2.54E+00

D4s
3.82E+00
3.92E+00
4.03E+00
4.13E+00
4.23E+00
4.33E+00
4.42E+00
4.52E+00
4.61E+00
4.70E+00
4.79E+00
4.87E+00
4.96E+00
5.05E+00
5.13E+00
5.21E+00

D4f
3.808
3.897

4.72E-01
4.82E-01
4.92E-01
5.02E-01
5.12E-01
5.22E-01
5.31E-01
5.41E-01
5.50E-01
5.59E-01
5.68E-01
5.77E-01
5.86E-01
5.94E-01

1.86E+00
1.90E+00
1.94E+00
1.97E+00
2.01E+00
2.05E+00
2.08E+00
2.12E+00
2.15E+00
2.19E+00
2.22E+00
2.26E+00
2.29E+00
2.32E+00

6
5
4
3

Sag m

Tension
Sag

2
1
0
13

14

15

16

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13

14

15

16

Sag m

Tension
Sag

2.60E+00
2.65E+00
2.71E+00
2.77E+00
2.82E+00
2.87E+00
2.93E+00
2.98E+00
3.03E+00
3.08E+00
3.13E+00
3.18E+00
3.23E+00
3.28E+00

3.984
4.069
4.154
4.237
4.319
4.399
4.479
4.557
4.635
4.711
4.786
4.861
4.934
5.007

3
2
1
0
13

14

15

16

Sag m

Tension
Sag

Annexure I
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
765/400kV RAIPUR NEW & 400kV RAIPUR EXTN. S/S
WIND PRESSURE CALCULATION FOR CONDUCTOR & INSULATOR STRING
The wind pressure on tubular bus & Bpi is calculated based on IS :802 (Part 1) -1995
Basic wind speed (Vb)as per cl. 8.1 of IS :802

39 m/Sec

Maximum Level of Equipment bus above FGL

39 m

Note : Max.Wind Pressure on various components will occur at 14m level.Hence the same is
considered for calculations
At 14m level from FGL,summary of wind pressure are as below :
I
II

Wind pressure on Flexible Conductor AAC Bull

Wind pressure on Insulator String

=
=

139.74 Kg/m2
172.08 Kg/m2

Vd

K0

=
=

39
1.375

(From Table -1 ,For Reliability level 2)

K2 = Terrain height & Structure size factor
(From Table - 3 ,for Terrain category-2)

=
=

1.1
1

Hence, Design Wind Speed Vz

31.2

Design Wind Pressure: (as per cl.5.4 of IS :875) Pd

=
=
=

0.6 x Vd2

Fpc

Pd * Cdc * Ac * Gc

Cdc
Ac
Gc

=
=
=

Fpc

=
=

Detail calculation for the above are as follows:

A

Claculation for Design Wind Pressure

A.1

Design Wind Speed :(as per cl.5.3 IS:875)

Where
Vb = Basic wind speed as per cl5.2 of IS :875
K1 = Risk Coefficient

A.2

(Vb x K1x K

584.064
60

Wind Load on AAC Bull

B.1

Wind Load on AAC Bull

Drag Coeefficient
Unit Crossectional Area of Conductor
Gust Response Factor
Therefore,

1
1
2.329

60 * 1.2 * 1 * 2.032
139.74

Wind Load on Insulator String

C.1

Wind Load on Insulator String

Drag Coeefficient
Unit Crossectional Area of String
Gust Response Factor
Therefore,

Fpi

=
Cdi
Ai
Gi

=
=
=

Fpi

=
=

Pd * Cdi * Ai * Gi
1.2
1
2.39

60 * 1.2 * 1 * 2.032
172.08

RING

e the same is

(Vb x K1x K2)/K0

m/sec

m/sec

N/m2
Kg/m2

Pd * Cdc * Ac * Gc

m2

60 * 1.2 * 1 * 2.032
kg/m2

Pd * Cdi * Ai * Gi

m2

60 * 1.2 * 1 * 2.032
kg/m2