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Analysis of filament-wound fiber-reinforced

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ARTICLE in COMPOSITE STRUCTURES MARCH 2001
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Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Analysis of lament-wound ber-reinforced sandwich pipe under

combined internal pressure and thermomechanical loading
M. Xia *, K. Kemmochi, H. Takayanagi
Department of Composite Materials, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan

Abstract
This is a presentation based on the classical laminated-plate theory of an elastic solution for the thermal stress and strain in a
lament-wound ber-reinforced sandwich pipe subjected to internal pressure and temperature change. The sandwich pipe is created
using resin material for the core layer and reinforced materials with an alternate-ply for the skin layers. Considering the complicated
material properties of the skin layers reinforced by alternate-ply composites, the thermal stress analysis is based on treating typical
sandwich pipes that are three-dimensional, cylindrical, and orthotropic. A computer program was developed to conduct stress and
deformation analyses of sandwich pipe with dierent winding angles. Moreover, an optimum winding angle of the lament-wound
ber-reinforced materials was designed by using a netting approach analysis. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Orthotropic analysis; Alternate-ply composite structure; Sandwich cylindrical pipe; Internal pressure; Thermal stress

1. Introduction
The development of sandwich-type pipes for many
industrial products utilizing composites has already received considerable attention. Among their applications,
a common feature of such products is that they must
safely undergo a certain working pressure. As lamentwound pipes made of ber-reinforced plastics have
many potential advantages over pipes made from conventional materials, a number of researchers have investigated failure mechanisms of lament-wound pipes.
For thin-walled cylindrical-pressure vessels with a ratio
of applied hoop-to-axial stress of two to one, an optimum winding angle of 55 was noted, and many experimental failure analyses were conducted for lamentwound pipe with a 55-winding angle [14]. Rosenow [5]
used the classical laminated-plate theory to predict the
stress and strain response of pipes with winding angles
varying from 15 to 85, and he compared them to experimental results. In thin-walled lament-wound shells,
a 55-winding angle was shown to be optimum for the
hoop-to-axial stress ratio of two, but the optimum angle
had to be about 75 in the case of pressure without axial
loading. Spencer and Hull [6] and Uemura and Fuku*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-0298-6798; fax: +81-0298-616798.

E-mail address: xia@home.nimc.go.jp (M. Xia).

naga [7] have investigated, respectively, the failure

mechanism in carbon ber-reinforced plastics (CFRP)
and glass ber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) pipes wound
at dierent winding angles. The maximum weepage
stress was found to be around 55, and negative axial
strains were observed within a range of 35 to 50. Wild
and Vickers [8] have developed an analytical procedure
based on the theory of orthotropic cylindrical sheets and
modeled both plane-stress and plane-strain states of
cylindrical sheets comprising a number of cylindrical
sublayers, each of which is cylindrically orthotropic. The
optimum winding angle was shown to play an important
part in the design of lament-wound cylindrical shells.
Most previous studies on cylindrical ber-reinforced
composite structures have focused on thin-walled cylindrical shells. However, only limited studies have been
published dealing with thick-walled cylindrical pipe behaviors [913]. Roy [9] presented a thermal stress analysis of a thick laminated ring assumed to be cylindrically
orthotropic. The analysis was based on treating the ring
with orthotropic materials in the state of plane stress in
the hoop and axial h r plane. Ben [10] has reported
an accurate, nite-cylindrical element method to obtain
thermal stresses and the deformation for thick-walled
cylindrical pipes. In his work, the eects of thermal residual stresses on the design of thick-walled FRP cylindrical pipes were discussed. Ben did not consider axial
loading of cylinders with closed ends in his mechanical

0263-8223/01/$ - see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 2 6 3 - 8 2 2 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 3 7 - 9

274

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

analyses of cylindrical pipes under internal pressure. In

recent years, a nite element method has become
available for analyzing mechanical behaviors of cylindrical ber-reinforced composite structures [1113].
Kitao and Akiyama [14] have analyzed and evaluated
the progress of failure in thick-walled, lament-wound
(FW) pipes with dierent winding-angles. Using the
nite Hankel and the Laplace transforms, the elastodynamic solution for the thermal shock stresses in an
orthotropic thick cylindrical shell has been reported by
Cho et al. [15]. The concept of an elastic-plastic stress
eld was predicted in a coated-continuous ber composite subjected to thermomechanical loading by You
et al. [16].
At present, the National Institute of Materials and
Chemical Research in the Agency of Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) is carrying out a
study on FW sandwich pipes used for geothermal development, such as transportation of underground
water with high temperature. Sandwich composite
pipes, composed of two skin layers and a core layer,
can be suitably tailored with optimum material properties by making eective use of each material property
in the moldings. There are few investigations on the
mechanical properties of sandwich pipes, and there is
almost no literature reporting on the stress and deformation analysis of sandwich composite pipes. We are
attempting to provide an analytical foundation for the
investigation of stress and deformation in a lamentwound sandwich pipe under combined internal pressure
and temperature change. Considering the especially
complicated material properties of the skin layers reinforced by alternate-ply composites, our analysis is
based on treating typical sandwich pipes that are threedimensional, cylindrical and orthotropic. With an already developed computer model, we conducted stress
and deformation analysis of the sandwich pipe using
dierent winding angles.

Fig. 1. Filament-wound sandwich pipe in cylindrical coordinates.

Fig. 2. Cross section of a sandwich pipe.

2.1. Stress analysis

2. Analysis procedure
The sandwich pipe is created using non-reinforced
materials for the core layer and alternate-ply materials
for the skin layers. The alternate-ply skin layers are
those in which the principal material directions of the
adjacent layer have an opposite ber orientation (/)
with respect to the axial direction. The adjacent two layups are assumed here to behave together as an orthotropic unit. In this paper, the orthotropic unit of the
lay-up angle (/) is referred to as an orthotropic layer
of angle /. Figs. 1 and 2 show the cylindrical coordinates and conguration notations for the sandwich
composite pipe.

Subjected to axisymmetric thermomechanical loading

and internal pressure, the circumferential displacement
k
uh is zero. The stresses and strains are independent of
/, and there is no shearextension coupling. Therefore,
the equilibrium equation for the current axisymmetric
problem can be expressed as
k

drk
rk rh
r
r
0:
dr
r

1
k

The radial and hoop strains, ek

r and eh , can be given in
the radial displacement uk
r , we obtain
ek
r

duk
r
dr

and

eh

uk
r
:
r

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

The axial strains ek

z of all layers are equal to a constant,
e0 .
Using the cylindrical coordinate system shown in
Fig. 1, the stress and strain transformation of the kth layer
with the orthotropic alternate-ply material is given by
k

k k

k k

k
C 33 e0

nk
z DT

k
k
rk
r C 11 er C 12 eh C 13 e0 nr DT ;
k

3a

rh C 12 ek
r C 22 eh C 23 e0 nh DT ;
rk
z

k
C 13 ek
r

k k
C 23 eh

k
k
nk
r ar C 11 ah C 12 az C 13 ;
k

nh
nk
z

k
k k
k k
ak
r C 12 ah C 22 az C 23 ;
k
k k
k k
ak
r C 13 ah C 23 az C 33 ;
k
C ij are the stiness constants

The o-axis stiness constants in Eq. (1), fC ij g, can

k
be calculated from the on-axis stiness constants,
  fCij g,
by using a stiness transformation matrix Aij , written
as
n k o
n
o
k
C ij Akl Cij ;
8a

n
3b
k

and ai are the

where
thermal expansion coecients (1, 2 and 3 represent r, h
and z directions, respectively).
Substituting the expressions for the stress in Eq. (1)
and using Eq. (2), we get
k

2.2. Transformation from ply to laminate properties

where
n k o n k k k k k k oT
C ij C 33 ; C 23 ; C 13 ; C 22 ; C 12 ; C 11 ;

and

d2 uk
1 duk
C 22 =C 11 k ak e0 gk DT
r
r

ur
dr2
r2
r
r dr
r
where
 k
 k
k
ak C 23 C 13 =C 11 ;

4a

4b

and


 k
k

n
=C 11 :
gk nk
r
h

4c
q
k
k
k
k
When C 22 =C 11 > 0, if bk C 22 =C 11 , the solution
for Eqs. (4a)(4c) can be obtained under the following
two conditions:
(a) If bk 6 1, which is anisotropic
k


a e0 gk DT r
k bk
k bk

A
r

B
r

:
5
uk
 2
r
1 bk

275

Cij

n
oT
k
k
k
k
; Cyy
; Czzk ; Cxy
; Cxz
; Cyzk ; Gk
:
Cxx
zz

8b
8c

Based upon the classical laminated-plate

theory, the
 
stiness transformation matrix Aij for the coordinate
system between the on-axis and the cylindrical axis
shown in Fig. 3 is given by
3k
2 4
m
n4 0 2m2 n2 0 0 4m2 n2
6 m2 n2 m2 n2 0 m4 n4 0 0 4m2 n2 7
7
6
7
6 0
0
0
0
m2 n2
0
7
Akl 6
4
2 2
2 2 7 ;
6 n4
m
0 2m n
0 0 4m n 7
6
5
4 0
0
0
0
n2 m 2
0
0
0
1
0
0 0
0
9
where m cos / and n sin /, and / is the cylindrical
angle of the laments from the pipe axis.
To dene the three-dimensional alternate-ply material properties, the material modulus matrix elements
Cij i; j x; y; z and Gzz in Eq. (8a)(8c) are needed.
Their values can be calculated from engineering constants, dened by
Ex ; Ey ; Ez ; txy ; tzx ; tzy ; Gxx ; Gyy ; Gzz :

(b) If bk 1, which is isotropic or isotropic in

(r h) planer
k


a e0 gk DT r
k
ln r Ak r Bk =r:
6
ur
2
q
k
k
k
k
When C 22 =C 11 < 0, if bk C 22 =C 11 , the solution for Eq. (4a)(4c) is
k
cosbk ln r Bk sinbk ln r
uk
r A
k


a e0 gk DT r
:

 2
1 bk

where Ak and Bk are unknown constants of integration, and to be determined from the boundary conditions and the contact conditions at each interface
between the core and skin layers.

Fig. 3. Relation of coordinate system between principal material axis

and cylindrical axes.

276

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

For the most general case of orthotropic ply-oriented

properties, these values would have to be experimentally
measured or estimated using micromechanics. For unidirectional orientation ber composites, the ber distributions are very similar in the y and z directions.
Therefore, assuming transverse isotropy, and based on
equivalent properties in the yz plane for unidirectional
material, we get:
Ey Ez ;
Gyy Gzz ;
tzx tyx ;
where x and y refer to material principal axes along ber
and transverse directions, respectively.
The conversion of engineering constants to modulus
matrix elements are obtained from
2
;
D Sxx Syy Szz 2Sxy Syz Sxz Syy Sxz2 Sxx Syz2 Szz Sxy

10a
Cxx Syy Szz Syz2 =D;

Cxy Sxz Syz Sxy Szz D;

Sxz2 =D;
2
Sxy
=D;

Cxz Sxy Syz Sxz Syy D;

Cyy Sxx Szz

Czz Sxx Syy

Cyz Sxy Sxz Sxx Syz =D;

10b

where
Sxx 1=Ex ;

Sxy tyx =Ex ;

Syy 1=Ey ;

Sxz tyx =Ex ;

Szz 1=Ez ;

Syz tzy =Ey :

10c

The laminate-oriented coecients of thermal expansion,

which represent non-mechanical strains, can be given by
8 9k 2
38 9k
m2 n2 0 < ax =
< ar =
a
4 n2 m 2 0 5 ay
;
11a
: h;
: ;
az
az
0
0 1
where m cos / and n sin /.
Considering that the ber distributions are very
similar in the y and z directions, we get
az a y :

11b

2.3. Boundary conditions

Assuming that the interfaces between the core and
skin layers are perfectly bound, the continuance of displacements and tractions along the interfaces and traction-free boundary conditions provides a homogeneous
equation.
The traction condition (pressure p0 ) at the inner
surface and the traction-free condition at the outer
surface are written as

rr1 r0 p0 ;

12

rrn ra 0:

where r0 and ra are the inner and outer radii, as shown in

Fig. 2, respectively.
Continuity conditions for the displacements and
stresses in the interfaces lead to
k1
rk
uk
r rk ur

k 1; 2; . . . ; n;

rk
r rk

k 1; 2; . . . ; n:

rk1
rk
r

13

For a cylinder with closed ends, the axial equilibrium is

satised by the following relation:
n Z rk
X
2
rk
14
2p
z rr dr pr0 p0 :
k1

rk1

Eqs. (12)(14) can give a set of equations to determine

unknown constants Ak , Bk , and axial strain e0 in
Eqs. (5)(7). The simultaneous equation, for the sandwich pipe n 3 shown in Fig. 2, can be written as
follows:
38 1 9
2
k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16 k17 >
>
> A2 >
>
>
6 k21 k22 k23 k24 k25 k26 k27 7>
A >
>
>
>
7
6k
3 >
6 31 k32 k33 k34 k35 k36 k37 7< A =
6 k41 k42 k43 k44 k45 k46 k47 7 B1
7
6
>
> B2 >
6 k51 k52 k53 k54 k55 k56 k57 7>
>
> 3 >
5>
4
>
k61 k62 k63 k64 k65 k66 k67 >
>
>
B
;
:
k71 k72 k73 k74 k75 k76 k77
e0
8 9
>
>
> d1 >
>
d >
>
>
>
>
> d2 >
<
3=
15
d4 ;
>
>
>
d
5>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
: d6 >
d7
where kij and dj i; j 1; . . . ; 7 in two conditions of
k
k
k
k
C 22 =C 11 > 0 and C 22 =C 11 < 0 are given in Appendix A.
Once values of Ak , Bk k 1; 2; 3, and e0 obtained
from Eq. (15) are known, the strains, stresses and
displacements are thus determined from Eqs. (2), (3a),
(3b), (5)(7).
3. Numerical results and discussion
A computer procedure based on the above analysis
has been incorporated into a FORTRAN program that
allows user input of geometric parameters and material
properties for the core and skin layers, and of the internal pressure load and temperature changes. The
program can calculate stress, strain, and deformation of
lament-wound sandwich pipes.
The procedure is applied to an example of a composite sandwich pipe with an isotropic-core layer and
orthotropic-skin layers. The conguration notation of
the sandwich pipe is shown in Fig. 2, which has an inner
radius r0 of 50 mm, a core-layer thickness tc of 20

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

277
0:5

Table 1
Material properties of skin layers and resin
Properties

T300/934

E-glass/epoxy

Resin (core)

Ex (GPa)
Ey (GPa)
Gzz (GPa)
myx
mzy
ax 106 K1
ay 106 K1

141.6
10.7
3.88
0.268
0.495
0.006
30.04

43.4
15.2
6.14
0.29
0.38
2.32
35.19

1.2
1.2
0.46
0.30
0.30
110
110

mm, and a 2 mm skin-layer thickness tf . In the present

study, the rst and third skin layers (inner layer and
outer layer) of the sandwich pipe are made of the same
material that is based on carbon ber/epoxy (T300/934)
and E-glass/epoxy [17]. The material properties used in
this study are given in Table 1.
Netting analysis is a simplied approach to the design
of cylindrical lament-wound structures under external
applied loading [18]. Netting analysis assumes that all
strength and stiness properties are derived from the
bers alone and that no forces are transmitted by resin.
The analysis gives the optimum winding angle written as
r
rh
:
16
aopt tan1
rz

Fig. 4 shows the curve of aopt tan1 rh =rz on the

inner layer of the composite pipe with T300/934. The
pipe is subjected to the combination of a 100 K-temperature increase and an internal pressure of 0.1 GPa.
The optimal winding angle, which is on the crossings of
a curve and a straight line, can be obtained from Fig. 4.
The value of the optimum winding angle for the composite pipe is about 58. It can be certied that the design of an optimal winding angle is independent of an
internal pressure or a thermomechanical loading subjected alone.

For a thin-walled pressure cylinder with closed ends, the

hoop stress is twice the axial stress. Using Eq. (16), the
optimal winding angle aopt is equal to 54:7. Hull [4]
described the deformation and failure modes in glassreinforced polyester pipe wound at 55. He has tested
pipes wound at 55 and has shown that this angle was an
optimum winding angle.
With the exception of a thin-walled laminate-ply cylinder, the stress distribution through the wall of a lament-wound cylinder will not be uniform. The ratio of
hoop-to-axial stress will also vary with the winding angle.

Fig. 4. Estimation of optimum winding angle under the loading conditions: a 100 K increase superimposed on an internal pressure of
0.1 GPa.

Fig. 5. Stress distributions within a sandwich pipe at DP 0:1 GPa:

(a) radial, (b) hoop, and (c) axial.

278

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

Fig. 7. Inuence of winding angle on hoop stress of (a) inner and

(b) outer layers at DP 0:1 GPa.

Fig. 6. Stress distributions within a sandwich pipe at DT 100 K:

(a) radial, (b) hoop, and (c) axial.

The analysis of the sandwich pipe was carried out

under the internal pressure of 0.1 GPa and with a 100
K-temperature increase, respectively. The stress distributions through the wall of the sandwich pipe with a 60winding angle is observed in the axial, hoop, and radial
directions when the internal pressure is 0.1 GPa, as shown
in Fig. 5. Fig. 5(a) shows that the radial stress through the
wall of the sandwich pipe is subjected to a compressive
stress from a given internal pressure of 0.1 GPa to zero. In
Fig. 5(b) and (c), the stresses in the hoop and axial directions are tensile stresses. The skin layers are subjected
to much higher stresses than the core layer. The values of

stress distributions are larger at the inner layer than at the

outer layer. Fig. 6 gives stress distributions through the
wall of the sandwich pipe under the 100 K-temperature
increase. Compared with the internal pressure loading,
the hoop and axial stresses acting on the core and inner
layers are the compressive thermal stresses.
Analyses of the hoop and axial stresses in the skin
layers are obtained from Figs. 710. The stresses acting
on the pipe vary with the design of the winding angle.
The eect of the winding angle on stress variation is
much larger for the carbon ber (T300/934) than for the
glass ber (E-Glass/Epoxy) because the carbon ber
material has larger anisotropic properties.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the hoop stress curves varying with
the winding angles under the internal pressure and the
thermomechanical loading, respectively. In case of the
internal pressure loading, as shown in Fig. 7(a), the hoop
stresses in the inner layer will increase when the winding
angle increases. Fig. 7(b) shows that the variations of the
hoop stresses in the outer layer are quite small. This is
because the outer layer is subjected to low stress, which
is transmitted from the internal pressure. Both inner and
outer skin layers of the pipe are subjected to tensile
stresses. For the thermomechanical loading, as shown in
Fig. 8(a), the stresses of the inner layer decrease when
the winding angle is increased and can be subjected from

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

Fig. 8. Inuence of winding angle on hoop stress of (a) inner and

(b) outer layers at DT 100 K.

the tensile to the compressive thermal stresses. As shown

in Fig. 8(b), the stresses of the outer layers increase when
the winding angle is increased.
The axial stress curves of pipe under the internal
pressure and the thermomechanical loading are shown
in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. In Fig. 9(a), the axial
stresses in the inner layer increase when the winding
angle is increased and have the largest values at about
35, whereas variations of the stresses in the outer layers
are reversed, as shown in Fig. 9(b). Fig. 10(a) shows that
the thermal stresses in the inner layer decrease with the
winding angle and obtain the smallest value at about
50. The thermal stresses in the outer layer have a
maximum value at around 45, as shown in Fig. 10(b).
The strain curve in the axial direction varying with
the winding angle is shown in Fig. 11. For the pipe
subjected to the internal pressure, the axial strain of the
cylinder must be greater than zero for the isotropic
sandwich pipe or the pipe with low anisotropic property.
As shown in Fig. 11(a), the axial strain for T300/934 is
negative within a 15 to 55 range of winding angles
because of the eect of the anisotropic elasticity on the
axial strain. This result has also been obtained in other
experiments [57]. Fig. 11(b) shows that the thermal
strains increase when the winding angle is increased.
Fig. 12 shows the inuence of the core material on the
hoop stress of the pipe with T300/934 when the internal

279

Fig. 9. Inuence of winding angle on axial stress of (a) inner and

(b) outer layers at DP 0:1 GPa.

pressure is 0.1 GPa. The hoop stress decreases while

increasing the modulus of the core layer. In the meanwhile, the dierence of the hoop stress between the inner
and outer layers becomes smaller when the modulus of
the core layer is increased. This is because the core layer
material with a high degree of stiness intensies the
transfer of the force due to the internal pressure from
the inner to outer layers. For the core material with very
low stiness, the internal pressure is applied primarily to
the inner layer so that the outer layer is subjected to
smaller loading. The outer layer undergoes the maximum stress value when the modulus of the core material
is about 2 GPa.
4. Conclusions
This research presents a method to analyze the
stresses and strains of a lament-wound sandwich pipe
subjected to internal pressure and thermomechanical
loading. This procedure is based on the classical laminated-plate theory. The sandwich pipe is considered in
3D analysis and in an orthotropic-material model. The
calculating method developed here provides a basis for
predicting the elastic behavior of the lament-wound
sandwich pipe.

280

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

Fig. 10. Inuence of winding angle on axial stress of (a) inner and
(b) outer layers at DT 100 K.

The design of the optimum winding angle can be

obtained from netting analysis, which depends upon
geometry and construction materials. For a thick-walled
laminate-ply sandwich pipe, a 55-winding angle is no
longer an ideal arrangement.
Under internal pressure, the axial strain of a pipe
with T300/934 changes from positive to negative with
respect to the winding angle. Because the core layer with
a high degree of stiness intensies the connection between the inner and outer layers, both hoop stress and
the dierence of stress between the inner and outer
layers decrease while increasing the modulus of the core
layer. For the sandwich composite pipe construction
with low core stiness, the inuence of the core material
on the strength of the pipe is quite large.

Fig. 11. Inuence of winding angle on axial strain under the condition
of (a) DP 0:1 GPa and (b) DT 100 K.

Fig. 12. Inuence of core stiness on hoop stress behavior.

k17

Appendix A
k

(1) When C 22 =C 11 > 0:


 1
1
1
k11 b1 C 11 C 12 r0b 1 ;

 1
1
1
k14 b1 C 11 C 12 r0b 1 ;

a1
2

i
1
1
1
C 11 C 12 C 13 ;

1 b1
k12 k13 k15 k16 0;
(
)
h 1
i
g1
1
1
C 11 C 12 nr DT ;
d1 p0
2
1 b1
b1

k21 r1 ;
k24

b1
r1 ;

k22 r1 ;

k23 0;

k25 1=r1 ;

k26 0;

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

a1 r1

a2 r1
ln r1 ;
k27

2
2
1 b1
(
)
g2 r1
g1 r1
ln r1
DT ;
d2
2
1 b1 2
k31 0;

k32 r2 ;

k34 0;

k35 1=r2 ;

d5

b3

k36 r2


 1
1
1
k41 b1 C 11 C 12 r1b 1 ;
 2

2
k42 C 11 C 12 ;
 1
1
1
b1 C 11 C 12 r1b 1 ;

a1
1 b1

i
1
1
1
C 11 C 12 C 13

h 2
i
2
2
2
a2 ln r1 C 11 C 12 a2 C 11 2C 13
2

k43 k46 0;
h 2
i
8
2
2
< g2 ln r1 C 11 C 12 g2 C 11
d4
:
2
9
h 1
i 
=
1
C 11 C 12 nr1 n2
DT ;

r
2
;
1 b1
g1

k51 k54 0;
2

1 b3 2
h 2
i
2
2
g2 ln r2 C 11 C 12 g2 C 11
2

nr2

nr3

)
DT ;

i
2b1 C 13 C 23 h b1 1
b1 1

r
;
r
k71
1
0
1 b1
 2



2
k72 C 13 C 23 r22 r12 ;


3
3
i
2 b3 C 13 C 23 h 3
b3 1
b 1

r
;
r
k73
2
a
1 b3


1
1
i
2 b1 C 13 C 23 h 1
b 1
b1 1
r

r
;
k74
1
0
1 b1
 2

2
k75 2 C 23 C 13 lnr2 =r1 ;


3
3
i
2 b3 C 13 C 23 h 3
3
rab 1 r2b 1 ;
k76
3
1b
 1

2
3
1
a1 C 13 C 23
1
C 33 5r12 r02
k77 4
2
1 b1
 2


2 
a2 C 13 C 23 r22 ln r2 r12 ln r1 =2 r22 r12 =4
h
.
i


2
2
a2 C 13 2 C 33 r22 r12
"
#
3
3
a3 C 13 C 23
3
C 33 ra2 r22 ;

3 2
1 b
1

 2
.
2
r12 ;
k45 C 12 C 11
k47

k61 k62 k64 k65 0;


 3
3
3
k63 b3 C 11 C 12 rab 1 ;

 3
3
3
k66 b3 C 11 C 12 rab 1 ;
h 3
i
a3
3
3
C
C
k67

C 13 ;
11
12
3 2
1 b
(
)
h 3
i
g3
3
C 11 C 12 nr3 DT ;
d6
2
1 b3

a2 r2
a3 r2
ln r2
;
2
2
1 b3
(
)
g3 r2
g2 r2
ln r2 DT ;
d3

2
1 b3 2

C 11 C 12

b3

k33 r2 ;

k37

k44

g3

281

k52 C 11 C 12 ;

 3
3
3
k53 b3 C 11 C 12 r2b 1 ;
 2

2
k55 C 12 C 11 =r22 ;

 3
3
3
k56 b3 C 11 C 12 r2b 1 ;
h 2
i
2
2
2
a2 ln r2 C 11 C 12 a2 C 11 2C 13
k57
2
h
i
3
a
3
3
3
C 11 C 12 C 13 ;

3 2
1 b

 1

82
3
1
< g1 C 13 C 23
nz1 5r12 r02
d7 p0 r02 4
:
1 b1 2
 2


2 
g2 C 13 C 23 r22 ln r2 r12 ln r1 =2 r22 r12 =4
h
i


2
r22 r12
g2 C 13 =2 n2
z
9
"
#
3
3
=
3
g C 13 C 23
nz3 ra2 r22 DT ;

3 2
;
1 b
k

(2) When C 22 =C 11 < 0:

282

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

h
i.
1
1
k11 b1 C 11 sinb1 ln r0 C 12 cosb1 ln r0 r0 ;
h
i.
1
1
k14 b1 C 11 cosb1 ln r0 C 12 sinb1 ln r0 r0 ;
h 1
i
a1
1
1
C 11 C 12 C 13 ;
k17
1 2
1 b
k12 k13 k15 k16 ;
)
(
h 1
i
g1
1
1
C 11 C 12 nr DT ;
d1 p0
2
1 b1
k21 cosb1 ln r1 ;
k22 r1 ;
k24 sinb1 ln r1 ;
k25 1=r1 ;
k27

a1 r1
1 2

1 b

a2 r1
ln r1 ;
2

k23 k26 0;
(
)
g2 r1
g1 r1
ln r1
DT ;
d2
2
2
1 b1
k31 k34 0;
k32 r2 ;
k33 cosb3 ln r2 ;
k35 1=r2 ;
k36 sinb3 ln r2 ;
a2 r2
a3 r2
ln r2
;
2
2
1 b3
(
)
g3 r2
g2 r2
ln r2 DT ;
d3

2
2
1 b3
h
i.
1
1
k41 b1 C 11 sinb1 ln r1 C 12 cosb1 ln r1 r1 ;
 2

2
k42 C 11 C 12 ;
h
i.
1
1
k44 b1 C 11 cosb1 ln r1 C 12 sinb1 ln r1 r1 ;
 2
.
2
r12 ;
k45 C 12 C 11
h 1
i
a1
1
1
C
C

C 13
k47
11
12
2
1
1 b
h 2
i
2
2
2
a2 ln r1 C 11 C 12 a2 C 11 2C 13
;

2
k43 k46 0;
h 2
i
8
2
2
< g2 ln r1 C 11 C 12 g2 C 11
d4
:
2
9
h 1
i 
=
g1
1
C 11 C 12 nr1 nr2

DT ;
2
;
1 b1
k37

k51 k54 0;
2

k52 C 11 C 12 ;
h
i.
3
3
k53 b3 C 11 sinb3 ln r2 C 12 cosb3 ln r2 r2 ;

.
2
2
k55 C12 C11
r22 ;
h
i.
3
3
k56 b3 C 11 cosb3 ln r2 C 12 sinb3 ln r2 r2 ;
h 2
i
2
2
2
a2 ln r2 C 11 C 12 a2 C 11 2C 13
k57
2
h 3
i
a3
3
3
C 11 C 12 C 13 ;

3 2
1 b
8
<
h 3
i
g3
3

C
C
d5
12
: 1 b3 2 11
h 2
i
9
2
2
=
g2 ln r2 C 11 C 12 g2 C 11 
3
n2
DT ;

r nr
;
2
k61 k62 k64 k65 0;
h
i.
3
3
k63 b3 C 11 sinb3 ln ra C 12 cosb3 ln ra ra ;
h
i.
3
3
k66 b3 C 11 cosb3 ln ra C 12 sinb3 ln ra ra ;
h 3
i
a3
3
3

C 13 ;
C
C
k67
11
12
2
3
1 b
(
)
h 3
i
g3
3
3
C 11 C 12 nr DT ;
d6
2
1 b3
k71

2
1 2

 1

1
b1 C 23 C 13

1 b
h
i
 r1 sinb1 ln r1 r0 sinb1 ln r0
 1

1
2
C 13 b1 C 23
h
io
 r1 cosb1 ln r1 r0 cosb1 ln r0 ;

 2



2
k72 C 13 C 23 r22 r12 ;
n  3

2
3
b3 C 23 C 13
k73
3 2
1 b
h
i
 ra sinb3 ln ra r2 sinb3 ln r2
 3

3
C 13 b3 2 C 23
h
io
 ra cosb3 ln ra r2 cosb3 ln r2 ;
n 1

2
1
1 2
C
b

k74
13
23
2
1 b1
h
i
 r1 sinb1 ln r1 r0 sinb1 ln r0
 1

1
b1 C 13 C 23
h
io
 r1 cosb1 ln r1 r0 cosb1 ln r0 ;

M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 51 (2001) 273283

 2

2
k75 2 C 23 C 13 lnr2 =r1 ;
n 3

2
3
3 2
C
b

C
k76

13
23
2
1 b3
h
i
 ra sinb3 ln ra r2 sinb3 ln r2
 3

3
b3 C 13 C 23
h
io
 ra cosb3 ln ra r2 cosb3 ln r2 ;
2
k77 4

h 1
i
1
a1 C 13 C 23
1 b1 2

1
C 33 5

 2

2
 r12 r02 a2 C 13 C 23


 r22 ln r2 r12 ln r1 =2 r22 r12 =4
h
i


2
2
a2 C 13 =2 C 33 r22 r12
"
#
3
3
a3 C 13 C 23
3

C 33 ra2 r22 ;
2
1 b3
 1

82
3
1
< g1 C 13 C 23
nz1 5
d7 p0 r02 4
2
:
1 b1
 2

2
 r12 r02 g2 C 13 C 23


 r22 ln r2 r12 ln r1 =2 r22 r12 =4
h
i


2
r22 r12
g2 C 13 =2 n2
z
9
"
#
3
3
=
3
g C 13 C 23
3
2
2

DT ;

n
r
a
2
z
;
1 b3 2

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283

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