Corruption

Introduction:
Corruption means committing crime and mischief to the country. It causes great harm to the countrymen.
None escape from the harm of corruption. It is a social malady. It spreads its greedy clutches all over the
country; each and every government sector of the country is affected by corruption. Government officials,
clerks, secretaries and even ordinary peons, security officers and others are engaged in corruption. They take
bribe from common people for giving any service. Our country, Bangladesh, has topped the list of corrupt
countries five times. There is none to raise voice against the galloping corruption! Even the organizations
that collects data about corruption are themselves corrupted in a very secret way! However there are
many reasons behind this corruption. The greed for power, pelf, wealth and money is the root cause of
corruption. Avarice, dishonesty, nepotism and favoritism are also responsible for corruption.
Statement of Problem: This paper analysiss the corruption in Bangladesh. I will discuss the current situation
of corruption and its effect. We know that corruption is the main obstruction for development in Bangladesh.
This topic is very much related to our social life for that reasons I will try to fulfill the purpose of this
research.
Objectives of Research: It is very important to identify the objectives of any research .I will describe all
the objectives of this research on corruption in Bangladesh.
The objectives of this study are following

To explain the concept of the corruption.

To explain the present situation of corruption in Bangladesh.

To find out the effect of corruption in Bangladesh.

To focus on the ways of combating corruption in Bangladesh.

Research Methodology: Methodology is very important for any research. Without methodology it is
difficult to complete a research. I have prepared this research following some methodologies. There are
several approaches to research methodologies such as analytical, historical, comparative and empirical
method. In this research I will following analytical method.
Sources of materials : For my research I have collected materials from different books, journal, articles,
newspapers and Internet.
Importance of the research: The study is the great importance; the study will help to know about
Corruption in Bangladesh. Corruption is a widespread phenomenon, which undermine good governance
,erodes the the role of low. And hampers economic growth and efforts for poverty reduction. Corruption is
one of the most crucial social problems that developing countries are confronting today. Bangladesh is one
of the least developed countries in the world, with an approximate per-capita income of US $350. Typical of
any developing country, Bangladesh suffers from over-population, poverty, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack
of resources. Similarly, Bangladesh has a backward economy, political instability, and corruption at all levels
of society and government. Although Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, it didnt begin to
experience real democratic freedoms until 1991 (limited at that). The country is now run along
parliamentary lines, but with low accountability and powerful governmental discretionary powers. The
findings suggest that countries serious about improving governance and reducing corruption should redefine
the role of government, overhaul the system of incentives, and strengthen domestic institutions to make sure
the necessary checks and balances are in place. Such an approach to reform would help attract more
investmentboth domestic and foreign and would accelerate economic growth and poverty reduction

.Legal research is critically important for initiating reform & change society research can initiate a new
theory of verity issues challenge old one or help in clarifying existing theory the finding of research may be
helpful to bring about deserve changes in existing institution.
Scope and Limitation: The scope of this study includes the area of information required to collect and
analyze material regarding corruption in Bangladesh. The entire study will focus on the information of
corruption in Bangladesh. When I do this thesis I face various problem because it is very sensitive issues
.Corruption is not identifiable as a single, separate, independent entity, which can be isolated and destroyed.
Corruption is a complex set of process involving human behavior and many other variables, some of which
are difficult to recognize or measure thats why the government officials are not want to provide proper
information .But there are various books and article are avail able which helps me to make this thesis.
Introduction:- Corruption is not a new phenomenon. What is new and worrying is the magnitude and size
of corruption. It has spread its tentacles to every sphere of national life. It is one of the biggest threats to
development. It can tear the very fabric of the society and, infect, it is doing so. Corruption benefits the rich
and the well-to-do. It enriches the rich and disproportionably affects the poor, unprotected and the
underprivileged and thereby it deepens their deprivation. Unless it is checked, the governments and people
will have to pay a very heavy price in the consequent result of lower incomes, lower investments and lower
developments resulting in volatile economic swings .In recent years, the subject of corruption has received
considerable attention. Work on governance has brought it into the light and it is no longer taboo. Corruption
is being addressed by financial institutions, government agencies, bilateral donors, international
organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and development professionals. Its causes have been
measured empirically, as have its impacts on human development. Institutions and administrative procedures
have been overhauled. Countries have negotiated and signed international anti-corruption conventions.
Concept of Corruption
The word Corruption comes form the Latin verb corrupts which literally means a broken object .
Conceptually, Corruption is a form of behavior , which depart form ethics, morality, tradition, laws and civil
virtue.
Corruption has recently been the subject of substantial theorizing and empirical research, and this has
produced a bewildering array of alternative approaches, explanations, typologies and remedies. Corruption
is understood as everything from the paying of bribes to civil servants and the simple theft of public purses,
to a wide range of dubious economic and political practices in which businesspeople, politicians and
bureaucrats enrich themselves. The issue of corruption is an old one, that has re-entered the current political
and economic debate from the new interest in the role of the state in the developing world, and from the
assumption that the state is an indispensable instrument for economic development, redistribution and
welfare.
Definition of Corruption:
Defining corruption is important in the context of global efforts to reduce its influence in public life. But is
not an easy task to define corruption. Webster Dictionary describes corruption as morality, state of being
corrupted and according to the dictionary corruption means a state of decomposition, dishonest, rotten,
pollute, immoral and bad. A definition has been found in a publication of the World Bank headed
VIETNAM-Combating Corruption as Corruption practice refers to the act of offering, giving, receiving
or soliciting
anything of value with the aim of influencing the action of a public official in the procurement process or the
contract execution. The easy and artistic meaning of corruption may be an act s sanctity. In the
administrative view, corruption has a specific meaning. If a public servant abuses power or designation or
does a wrong or refrains from doing justified act with a view to fulfilling his desires or giving undue
privileges to his relatives, friends or any person, such act will be considered as corruption. Professor Robert
Cligaurd of South Africa gave the following equation regarding corruption:

Corruption = monopoly + Discretion Accountability Salary.

From the above quotation it is said that if monopoly and discretionary power of government is increased and
on the other hand if there is no accountability and salary is lower standard, the ultimate effect is the
promotion of corruption. But in the opposite manner, if the authority of the first two elements is decreased
and the authority of the last two elements is increased, corruption will be alleviated.
Corruption is a social, legal, economic and political concept enmeshed in ambiguity and consequently
encouraging controversy. The ambiguity and controversy result from the fact that a number of competing
approaches to understanding corruption is available. Naturally, definitions of corruption focus on one of
several aspects of the phenomenon; various approaches to c corruption can be placed into five groups. These
are public-interest centered, market centered, public-office-entered, public-opinion-entered and legalistic.
Proponents of the public interest centered approach believe that corruption is in some way injurious to or
destructive of public interest. Market centered enthusiasts suggests that norms governing public office have
shifted from a mandatory pricing model to a free market model, thereby considerably changing the nature of
corruption . Public centered protagonists stress the fact that misuse by incumbents of public office for
private gain is corruption.11 those who believe in public opinion centered definitions of corruption
emphasize the perspectives of public opinion about the conduct of politicians, government and probity of
public servants. Corruption includes moral perversion; imprisonment of virtue and moral principals ;the
luxury and corruption among the upper classes; moral degeneracy followed intellectual degeneration; its
brothers, its opium parlors, its depravity ;Rome had fallen into moral putrefaction .Corruption includes
destroying someones honesty and loyalty ;undermining moral integrity; Corruption is a minor; the big
citys subversion of rural innocence . Corruption includes inducement by improper means to violates duty.
he was held on charge of corruption and racketeering. Corruption is defined, for instants, as a preservation
of power.
Forms and Types of Corruption:
Forms of corruption:Bribery: Bribery is the bestowing of a benefit in order to unduly influence an action or decision. It can be
initiated by a person who seeks bribes or by a person who offers and pays brides. Active bribery refers to the
offering or paying of the bribe, while passive bribery refers to the receiving of the bride. The benefit can
be virtually any inducement, such as money, company shares, inside information, entertainment and
employment of the mere promise of incentive . The benefits gained can be direct or indirect. It can be
described as indirect gains when the benefits flow e.g. to a friend, family, private business, campaign funds
or political Parties.
Embezzlement and Fraud: These offences involve the taking or conversion of money, property or valuable
items by an individual who is not entitled to them but, by virtue of his or her position or employment, has
access to them. Employment-related equipment, such as motor vehicles, may be used for private purposes.
Those offences do not include theft per se but only situation involving a public official or where the public
interest is crucially affected.
Extortion: Extortion relies on coercion, such as the use or threat of violence or the exposure of damaging
information, to induce cooperation. Extortion can be committed by government officials but they can also be
victims of it. An example of extortion is when police officers threaten to arrest people to extract money from
them.
A conflict of interests: It arises when a person, often a public sector employee or official, is influenced by
personal considerations when doing his or her job. Thus, decisions are made for the wrong reasons. This
kind of corruption involves, for example, engaging in transactions, selling influence, or acquiring a position
that is incompatible with ones official duties for the purpose of illegal enrichment. An example of this kind
of corruption is when a public official, who has access to secret information, uses the information to take
decisions concerning personal investments.

Favouritism, Nepotism and Cronyism: Favouritism is a general term used to describe use of power to
make decisions on the basis of personal relations rather then on objective grounds. There are several forms
of favoritism. Among the most commonly cited are nepotism and cronyism. Nepotism applies to a situation
in which a person uses his or her public power to obtain a favour for a member of his or her family.
Cronyism is a broader term than nepotism, and
covers situations where preferences are given to friends and colleagues and favoured political supporters.
These two kinds of corruption, nepotism and cronyism, can easily overlap.
Political Corruption: Political corruption is the abuse of entrusted power by political leaders for private
gain, with the objective of increasing power or private wealth. It need not involve money changing hands; it
may take the form of granting favors that poison politics and threaten democracy. An example of political
corruption is when political parties or candidates receive money in exchange for the goodwill towards the
entity or group making the contribution.
Poor governance: poor governance is the underling problem of our country. It creates an environment in
which corruption will flourish. Because of poor governance there is no transparency or accountability of the
government to the public. As such the politicians, public and private employees all get involved with
corruption.
Poverty: Around 50 percent of the people of Bangladesh live under poverty line. They are unable to manage
their basic needs. Honesty, morality, virtue etc are meaningless to them. They need two meals a day for them
and their family. So they do not hesitate to adopt unfair means or offer bribe to fulfill their needs.
Unemployment: This is a vicious problem for Bangladesh. There are around 140 million people in
Bangladesh and most of them are unemployed. It is also not possible for the government of a poor country
like Bangladesh to create employment for all its peoples. The demand for jobs is much greater than its
availability. So people try to get a job by offering bribe.
Lack of patriotism: patriotism is a divine virtue of human being. It is normal that every citizen would love
his/her motherland. A true patriot loves his country and cannot indulge in activities like corruption. But in
our country the number of patriotic people are decreasing day by day and the number of corrupted people
are increasing due to lack of patriotism.
Lack in rules of law : There are hundreds of laws in Bangladesh but the proper application of law is rare.
Also there are lots of ambiguous laws that need to be amended. Besides the law enforcing agencies in
Bangladesh is also corrupted.
All these create an environment for corruption and corruption gradually have its roof deep in the society.
Political Unrest : Poly typical unrest is a common scenario of Bangladesh science independence. The
political parties in our country want to go power by any means. When they are in power, they indulge in
corruption in favour their party rank and files. When the opposition parties go to power they also follow the
same path and engage in corruption.
Poor remuneration : The government servants are paid very poor salaries which is barely enough to
maintain their families. Although the price of essentials is going up every day their salaries are not increased
in proportion to the market price. Besides, there are no arrangement for incentives for efficiency or
performance. Failing to maintain there families some of them indulge in unfair means. Of course there are a
segment of the government who are by nature corrupted
Global Programmed Against Corruption:

The Global Programmed contributes through programmers and projects that identify, disseminate and apply
good practices in preventing and controlling corruption and has produced multiple technical and policy
guides, including the Anti-Corruption
The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) creates the opportunity to develop a global
language about corruption and a coherent implementation strategy. A multitude of international anticorruption agreements exist, however their implementation has been uneven and only moderately successful.
The UNCAC gives the global community the opportunity to address both of these weaknesses and begin
establishing an effective set of benchmarks for effective anti-corruption strategies. The Global Programmed
against Corruption (GPAC) is a catalyst and a resource to help countries effectively implement the provision
of the UN Convention against Corruption. There are a rapidly growing number of countries that have
become parties to the Convention. The primary goal of the Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU)/Global Programmed
against Corruption (GPAC) is to provide practical assistance and build technical capacity to implement the
UNCAC and efforts will concentrate on supporting Member States in the development of anti-corruption
policies and institutions. This will include the establishment of preventive anti-corruption frameworks.
Corruption in Bangladesh in Socio-Economic and Political Perspective:
Political perspective;
Corruption has gradually increased in this country after the independence. Politics is one of the notable
sectors that corruption has seriously invaded. There is lack of transparency in the activities of political
parties of Bangladesh. The condition reminds us one of the proverbs: A person having no principle enters
into politics. It has become literally true in this country. Corruption is increasing here not only due to lack
of transparency but also because of poor practice of democracy within the political parties. Grab power by
winning votes on giving false hope to the people is the philosophy of the political parties the use of politics
for personal interest by government officials, taking advantage of bad politics to adopt unfair means are the
signs of corruption. If this vice has seriously invaded its political arena, the country concerned will never
turn into a developed one. Negligence in administrative jobs, failure to perform the duties properly,
receiving bribe and misappropriation of government money are also the signs of corruption. Poor salary of
government officials, discrimination in promotion, absence of appreciation for honesty and punishment for
misdeeds also help increase in corruption and inefficiency in the administration. The political conditions and
infrastructure positions of political parties of Bangladesh help in increasing corruption. Less meritorious
people are actively involved in student politics and the quality of national politics has been deteriorating due
to less participation of meritorious people in it. As a result, they have become corrupt in spite of leading the
society. So corruption-free political parties are essentials for a fair administration Corruption has increased
in the society due to inappropriate and inadequate application of law. There is no effective step to protest
crime. No activities are there to protest and remove corruption in Bangladesh. It is not easy to take action
against corrupt government officials. So they are being encouraged towards greater corruption.
b) Sociological perspective;
Social corruption is being spread by social organizations. Lack of trust between family members, corruption
in educational institutions and involvement in different anti-social activities by social organizations increase
social corruption. Social fraternity is being hampered as the social organizations are becoming increasingly
corrupt. Religious belief of the people of our country is very high. The Muslims, the Buddhists, the
Christians and the Hindus along with some tribes are living together here. So a large number of saints,
religious scholars and mosques, temples etc., are there in this country. For this, sometimes religions can be
easily misused.
Different unlawful activities in the name of religion are same as anti-social activities. Business in the name
of religion, cheating people using the cover of religion, using religion for personal and party interests are
among corrupt practices under the garb of religion. To cheat one and use someone in own interests are
instances of personal corruption. Receiving money from others in the name of giving jobs or freeing from
danger is also corruption at individual level.

Economical perspective;
Corruption is still present in Bangladesh in the spheres of trade and commerce and construction of economic
infrastructure and in the inclination to use politics for own interest.
Since independence, most of those who ruled the country were corrupt. The absence of honest, courageous
leadership to guide a nation is the major cause of increase in corruption. The youths of the country cannot
meaningfully participate in the development of the country for want of honest and dedicated leadership.
Conclusion : Corruption is a disease that has become so widespread in our society that it pervades all areas
of public life. It not only threatens our economic security, it also poses a threat to our national security.
Present situation of Corruption in Bangladesh
Introduction:
Corruption is among the most formidable challenges against development, democracy and rule of law. By
international comparison Bangladesh has been ranked amongst the countries where corruption is perceived
to highest in the world according to the Corruption Perception Index released every year by the Berlin-based
Transparency International. Scoring 2.0 in a scale of 0-101 Bangladesh was ranked on top of the list for five
successive years from 2001 to 2005, while it became third in 2006 and seventh in 2007. Research and
surveys conducted by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) have also demonstrated the depth and
breadth of corruption affecting the polity, economy and society over the years. The National Household
Survey on Corruption, conducted by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) in 2005, for instance,
revealed that Bangladeshi citizens had to pay Tk. 485 on an average in 2004 for receiving services from nine
specific sectors. TIBs diagnostic studies on institutions of public interest at the national level and Citizens
report Cards on key sectors of public service delivery at the local level reveal the nature, extent and process
of corruption at the level of specific institutions.
Extent of Corruption in Different Sectors:
The survey reveals that households in highest proportion (72.2%)interacted with or received services from
education sector, followed by electricity (60.0%), health (44.9%) and NGOs (39.6%). Around 11%
households had interactions with law enforcement agencies and the judiciary. Around one-fourth of
households interacted with different institutions under land administration.
Forms of corruption:
As earlier mentioned, the survey considered corruption in six common forms bribery ,negligence of duties,
nepotism, embezzlement, deception and extortion. The following figure presents an overview of different
forms of corruption experienced by the surveyed households. Bribery and negligence of duties were the two
most frequent forms of corruption experienced by the surveyed households, the two together claiming 76.9%
of the total. Bribery was reportedly the single most frequent form of corruption with 38.6% of the surveyed
households having such experience, followed by negligence of duties experienced by 38.3%, embezzlement
by nearly 10%, nepotism by 8% and deception and extortion by 3.5 and 1.7 percent respectively.

Manifestations of different forms of corruption vary among sectors. Bribery as a foremost form of
corruption prevails almost in all sectors in svarying proportions. Among different forms of corruption, the
distribution of bribery was found most prevalent in land administration (89.1%) followed by judiciary
(78.4%), law enforcement (56.1%) and tax(53.0%).
Incidence of corruption in different sectors:
Considering all sectors 66.7% households experienced corruption during interactions with different service
providers, with minimal urban-rural differentiation, although proportion of rural households who
experienced corruption was slightly higher than their counterparts in urban areas 43.8% compared to
40.2% respectively. Vulnerability to corruption has been found to vary insignificantly depending on the sex
of the household head. The survey showed that 32.6% of female headed household were victims of
corruption whereas 35.2% of male headed households had the same experience. Such locational and genderneutrality of the finding suggests indiscriminately deep and wide prevalence of corruption.
Sector-wise corruption and bribery experienced by households during interaction

In terms of specific sectors a staggering 96.6% of households who interacted with law enforcing agencies
experienced corruption, followed by land administration (52.7%) and judiciary (47.7%) as the next most
corrupt sectors. Nearly two-fifths of those households who had interactions in education and health services
experienced corruption. In electricity, around one-third of the households experienced corruption.

Briery:
Overall, 42.1% of households paid bribe during their interactions for receiving different services.
Vulnerability to bribery has been found to be marginally higher in rural areas (43.8%) than in urban areas
(40.2%). Payment of bribes was most prevalent in law enforcing agencies with as many as 64.5%
households forced to pay bribe during interaction with or receiving services from law enforcing agencies,
followed by land administration (51.1%), judiciary (41.7%) and local government (32.5%). According to
this study, an average Bangladeshi household paid Tk. 4,134 in a year for receiving services from different
sectors. The corresponding figures for urban and rural areas are Tk. 5,174 and Tk. 3,337 respectively. The
per capita bribery rate of bribes paid by an individual is estimated to be Tk. 861 per annum. Using the
surveyed data it has been estimated that the total annual amount of bribe paid by the entire population in all
sectors of service delivery in the surveyed period was Tk. 54.43 billion (5,443 crores).Bribery is estimated to
have claimed 3.84 percent of per capita income of an average Bangladeshi citizen. The incidence of bribery
and average bribe amount are found highest in land administration, claiming Tk. 16,063 billion (1,606
crores). The second and third largest collectors of bribe are law enforcement (Tk. 8.790 billion or 879 crore)
and judiciary (Tk. 6.710 billion or 671 crore) respectively. The lowest amount of bribe has been claimed by
the NGO sector (Tk. 204 million).
Period-wise comparison of prevalence of bribery:
The survey attempted to bring out a comparative picture of prevalence of bribery during July-December
2006 and January-June 2007. As the table below shows, the results are mixed. In some sectors corruption in
the form of bribery has increased, while it has decreased in some other sectors. The overall incidence of
bribery is found marginally higher in July-December 2006 than January-June 2007. The incidence of bribery
increased in education, health, land administration, local government and NGOs. The sectors that showed
decline in incidence of bribery include law enforcement, judiciary, electricity, bank and tax. This might have
happened due to anti-corruption drive by the caretaker government targeting the second group of sectors.
Sector specific overview of corruption:
Education
72.2% households interacted with educational institutions for the education of their family members.
Irregularities in enrollment/admission;
Overall 9% students of surveyed households encountered irregularities during getting admission in all
educational institutions. The corresponding figures in rural and urban areas are 9.1% and 8.6 % respectively.
Students in primary education experienced highest such incidences (11.2 %).
Donation or unauthorized payments transacted

Of those students, who experienced irregularities, overall 65.3% students had to pay donation or
unauthorized payments for admission and they paid on average Tk. 574. In term of residence, students in
urban areas made unauthorized payments almost three times higher than those of rural areas ((Tk.1149
compared to Tk.389).
Corruption for receiving Upabritty:
Overall, 25.1% students of surveyed households received upabritty (sub scholarships).Among them 22.0%
experienced harassment while receiving this. Harassment is most prevalent in the primary level (25.1%)
followed by the secondary level (21.1 %). Of those students who experienced irregularities, 74.6% paid on
average paid Tk. 90.72 as bribe/commission for scholarship.
Health Service (public sector)
Interaction with government health centers:
44.9% of surveyed households received services from different government health facilities. Proportion of
households interacting with public health facilities is higher in rural areas (50.1%) than in urban areas
(37.4%). Among the government health facilities, the Upazila Health Complex (UHC) serves majority of the
patients (40.6%), followed by the general hospitals (25.5%) and Upa-Shastha Kendra (20.3%).
Harassment and bribery:
According to the survey, two out of five service recipients faced harassment while visiting government
health facilities. 33.4% of the service recipient paid on average Tk.461 as bribe or speed money. Almost
all categories of professionals and workers engaged in the health centers are involved in bribery, doctors and
nurses being the major bribe takers. Among other bribe takers are the employees, ward boys and brokers.
About 13.6% of surveyed households reported that doctors in Government hospitals had taken money for
writing prescription during the consultations. In doing so, the doctors collected on average Tk. 95 per
consultation.
Private business by public health professionals:
22.7% service recipient from government health facilities reported that they had been advised to visit private
chamber/clinic of the doctor. This phenomenon is relatively higher in urban areas, presumably for the
existence of more private facilities, then rural areas.
Pathological tests:
39.5% households were asked to do pathological tests when they consulted with doctors. Among them,
55.8% household members could have the tests from government hospitals while 44.2% had to take the tests
from privately-owned hospitals and clinics, nearly all of them compelled to go to specific pathological
centre or clinic of the service providers choice. 24.6% of service recipients had to make unauthorized
payments in addition to official rates. The average additional amount paid for pathological tests was Tk. 260
in government hospitals/facilities.
Land Administration:
Interaction with land administration and incidence of bribery:
25.20% of the surveyed households interacted with a land office or received services from various outfits
within and administration.
Among those, 53.03% experienced bribery. On average, each of them paid Tk. 4,409.The rate of bribe was
reportedly highest for allotment of Khas land, i.e., Tk.5,680 to receive allotment of Khas land, followed by

land registration and mutation Tk. 4,237 and Tk. 3,303 respectively. The highest proportion of households
(70.0%) experienced bribery for obtaining documents, followed by Khash land allotment (65.6%), land
survey (64.7%) mutation (63.4 %) and payment of land tax (26.0%). Tahsilders involvement was leading for
services like tax payment (77.6%), mutation (56.4%) and withdrawal of documents (36.3%). Deed writers
were found in highest proportion in dealing of bribery for services like land registration (48.7%) and selling
and purchase of land (80.0%). Involvement of Sub-Registrars was found highest in land registration. In
cases of mutation, Assistant Commissioners involvement in bribery was found in highest proportion.
Law Enforcement Agencies:
Among the surveyed households, 10.7% interacted with law enforcing agencies.
Harassment/corruption by law enforcement agencies
The survey revealed that 96.6% among the surveyed households experienced harassment and corruption
during interacting with or receiving services from law enforcing agencies. Among them, the overwhelming
majority of households (93.4%) had the experience of being victims of corruption. Among the victims, 62%
are male and 38% female. The households reported bribery (41.5%) as the most prevalent form of corruption
indulged by the law enforcement agencies. The other forms of corruption committed by law enforcing
agencies include misbehavior (21.5%), threat for torture (10.7%), arrest without warrant or case (8.0%),
filing of false FIR/charge sheet (6.7%) and negligence in filing cases (4.3%). Most of these harassments and
irregularities were committed by the police. The joint force personnel mostly involved in misbehavior and
threat of torture.
Extent of bribery
The survey found that 64.5% households who interacted with law enforcement agencies were forced to pay
bribe.

Police verification or clearance certificates and avoiding arrest are the most prevalent occasions that bribes
are collected by the police. On an average a household paid Tk. 3,940 during receiving services or
interacting with law enforcing agencies.
Physical torture:
The survey identified 78 households whose member(s) were arrested by law enforcing agencies. Among
them 22.1% were reported to have been tortured physically while in custody. This aspect has also a gender
dimension. Among the respondents 34.1% mentioned that women members of their families were harassed
by members of the law enforcement agencies.

Judiciary:
Interaction with judiciary:
10.7% households received services from judicial system during the surveyed period. Among them 46.0%
were plaintiff, 51.9% were accused and the rest 2.1% werewitnesses.More than half of the cases for which
the surveyed households interacted with judiciary relate to land disputes (56%). The survey revealed that
among the households who received services from judiciary, majority went to the lower courts (41.7% to
Magistrates courts and 49.6% to Judges Court) followed by the High Court and the Supreme Court(5.4%)
and specialized courts (2.5%).
Incidence of bribery:
The survey shows that 41.7% of the households who interacted with the judiciary had topay bribe for
receiving services. This proportion is higher in rural areas (48.3%) than inurban areas (37.3%). The amount
of was Tk. 4,825 on an average. Average amount ofbribe paid was found higher in urban households (Tk.
6,104) than in rural households (Tk3,966).

Bribery is most prevalent in judge courts with 47.6% of interacting households having to pay bribes,
followed by magistrate courts in which case the ratio was 45.2%.
Actors involved in bribery:
36.9% of households reportedly paid bribe to court officials, followed by middlemen (31.1%), own lawyers
(10.7%), public prosecutors (10.7%), opposition lawyer (2.1%)and judges (1.2%). In most of the cases
(64.3%), the households reportedly paid bribe directly unless lawyers (22.3%), court officials (5.8%) and
middleman (7.6%) functioned as intermediaries.
Local Government
Interaction with local government:
19% households had interactions with local government bodies. The main services the households members
received from them include birth/death registration, trade license issuance and renewal, holding tax payment
and VGD/VGF and old age endowment.The highest proportion of households (32%) went to local
government bodies to obtain birth/death/citizenship certificates, followed by collection of fertilizer (28.8%),
old age support (13.2%) and VGD/VGF cards (11.8%).
Harassment and bribery:

Harassment was reported to be the most prevalent (57%) form of irregularities experienced by households in
interactions with local government bodies, followed bribery (41.8%). However, bribery was found more
prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas for the services of local government. More that 60% of those who
had to pay bribes did so for collection of birth/death/citizenship certificates. For other services like obtaining
trade license, fertilizer and old-age allowance nearly one in ten households had to pay bribe.Average amount
of bribe paid was the highest for obtaining clearance for a house building plan (Tk. 5005) followed by
installation of tube well (Tk. 3120), VGF/FGD card (Tk. 840), collection of fertilizers (Tk. 828) and
obtaining trade license (493). Even the senior citizens had to pay Tk. 310 on an average to avail boyoshko
bhata (old-age allowance).
Salish (Informal arbitration):
About 51% of the surveyed respondents reported that they experienced irregularities during Salish
administered by the Union Parishad. Such irregularities include nepotism, biased decision and bribery.
Among them, nepotism is the most prominent, experienced by 43% respondents, followed by biased
decision by the arbiters (34%). Incidence of bribery in arbitration was reported by 17% respondents and they
had to pay on averageover Tk. 5,000.
Relief:
Among the households who registered for relief, about 8% had to pay bribe for enlistment. On the other
hand, 17% got enlisted through the patronage of the Chairman/Member. The households who had to be
registered through bribery paid on average Tk. 399. It was also reported that among the recipient
households, 42% got less than allocated amount of relief goods.
Taxation
Income tax:
Among the income-tax payers, 20.7% paid bribe in the process of tax payment, with the average amount of
bribe estimated at Tk. 5,282. Incidence of bribery and amount of bribe was higher for urban households.
Most of the households (62.5%) reported that they resorted to paying bribe in order to avoid harassment.
Holding tax:
Overall, 14% of the surveyed households paid holding tax during the reference year, the proportion being
higher in urban areas (31%). While paying the holding tax, abut 3% of the households paid bribe. The
average amount of bribe annually paid by the households was Tk. 619, which is over 79% of the gross
amount of tax. The single most important reason mentioned by holding tax payers for paying bribe was to
reduce tax amount (41%). Over 18% households mentioned that paying bribe seemed to be mandatory.
UP tax:
The study shows that 38% percent rural households paid Union Parishad (UP) tax. The average annual
amount paid as tax was Tk. 151 whereas additional amount paid as bribe averaged at Tk. 56, which is 37%
of the amount of tax. The surveyed households reported that they paid bribe in order to pay lower amount of
tax, to avoid harassment, or it was imposed as mandatory.
Banking
Credit service:
Among the borrowers, 85% received loan from government banks. Urban borrowers have comparatively
higher access to private banks than their rural counterparts. Most of the loan recipients took loan for
agricultural activities (64%). Among other activities where households invested money borrowed from

banks are business (17%), housing (9%) and industry (6%). Government banks provided agricultural loan to
71% of their loan recipients, whereas business loan (36%) was the main financing area for private banks.
Effect of Corruption in Bangladesh
INTRODUCTION:
Patterns of corruption vary from society to society and over time. This is Particularly the case when we
consider the South, the Third World of the developing countries like Bangladesh. In order to understand
the immense diversity of its origins, forms and effects across developing countries, we should examine the
roles of both the internal stakeholders in developing societies (such as politicians, business cliques and
junior civil servants) as well as external actors (including western multinational companies and international
financial institutions). In addition, reform strategies should take account of widely differing economic, legal
and political contexts. Effective anticorruption strategies need to be tailored to the social environment in
which corruption occurs. As a result of this variety in patterns of corruption, there are problems in evaluating
the current diversity of corruption and anti-corruption efforts; many advocate a single universal strategy to
fight corruption. I want to discuss in this article in briefly some combating corruption strategies in
Bangladesh.
CORRUPTION AND ITS EFFECTS:
The corruption of government institutions threatens the common aspirations of all honest members of the
international as community. It threatens our common interests in promoting political and economic stability,
upholding core democratic values, ending the reign of dictators, and creating a level playing field for lawful
business activities(President George W. Bush, Statement to the Second Global Forum, The Hague, May
2001)
Corruption has a wide effect on economics,politics,administration, culture, and social life and over
development of a country. When corruption and economic growth coexist in a country, pay off of corruption
introduces additional costs and distortions that hit poor hard and worsen bureaucratic inefficiency (Modal:
2002). There have been claims that not everything is bad about corruption. Its effects can be positive too.
Corruption, among other things, assists in capital formation; fosters entrepreneurial abilities, allows business
interest to penetrate bureaucracy and permits the logic of market to insinuate itself into transactions from
which public controls exclude it (Theobald,1990). But overwhelming evidence in recent decades suggests
that the impact of corruption has been and continues to be negative on all fronts. Corruption has a negative,
deleterious and divesting influence on investment and economic growth, administrative performance and
efficiency and political development. Continuance of corruption in a country leads to economic malaise and
squandering of public resources, lowers governmental performance, adversely affects general morale in the
public service, jeopardizes administrative reform efforts and accountability measures, and perpetuates social
and economic inequalities (UN, 1990). Corruption reinforces political instability and underdevelopment
(Ouma, 1991). In short, corruption impedes economic growth, stifles entrepreneurialism, misuses scarce
national resources, weakens administrative capacity, contributes to serious political decay and undermines
stability, democracy and national integration.
Corruption is a majored international problem that demands attention it is also the number one obstacle on
the way to national development of Bangladesh. Corruption has breakout as an epidemic in every socio
economic fled Bangladesh. The grip of corruption has reached even at the grass-root level. However, the
major effects of corruption are discussed bellow:
Corruption deprives the poor from government services : The greatest impact of corruption is on the
poor those less able to absorbed its cost. Illegally diversion of the scarce resource corruption undercuts
government ability to provide basic services, such as health, education, public transportation or local
policing to its citizens. Petty corruption provides additional cost for citizens for delivery even the most basic
government activities. Moreover it can jeopardize the health and safety of citizens through, for example
poorly designed infrastructure projects and scarce or outdated medical supplies.

Corruption lowers investment: Corruption increases the cost of investment and lowers the returns of
investment. Investment is essential for the socio- economic development of the country. The Reduced level
of investment retards economic growth and thus hampers national development.
Corruption hampers government activities: Corruption like bribery, embezzlement, negligence in duties,
nepotism etc reduces the efficiency and competency of the concerned government officials. This in turn slow
downs the normal speed of government activities.
Corruption destroys the morality: Wholesale corruption destroys the moral base of the people. The
citizens forget about their duties and responsibilities their motherland. They only think about their personal
gain and benefit, which damages the natural qualities of the people.
Corruption is wastage of public money: Corruption is rampant in Bangladeshs. In a poor country like
Bangladesh the effect of corruption is devastating. A large amount of the founds allocated for various
development programmers is wasted because of corruption.
Conclusion:
Corruption is a complex multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. It takes place as
an outcome of deficiencies in the existing public administration apparatuses and systems as well as cultural,
economic, political and social factors. Differences of opinion still exist as to the meaning of the term
corruption. This is primarily because individuals look at corruption from their own vantage points
influenced by surrounding environment. But what is heartening is that in recent years corruption is viewed
from a much broader perspective rather than looking at it from moral and functional angles only. The causes
of corruption are as varied as the phenomenon itself. Corruption results from the presence of a number of
factors. There are many forms of corruption. To understand the dynamics of so many types of corruption
attempts have been made to classify different forms of corruption into broad categories. What transpires
from such a categorization is that outsiders can sponsor corruption resultant of political scandal,
institutionalized and administrative malfeasance. Thes government needs a well-coordinated, wellunderstood overall strategy that limits opportunities for abuse of public office, increases the likelihood that
individuals will be able to profit from corrupt acts, whether they are giving and receiving bribes. Moreover,
the civil societies of the country should come forward to establish the right of the people and to ensure the
rule of law in Bangladesh. The professionals, the intellectuals through meetings and sittings, attending and
participating the seminars and symposium and writing and contributing to the media can raise a general
awareness to build up a corruption-free prosperous Bangladesh in future
Ways of combating Corruption in Bangladesh
Introduction:
Combating corruption is not easy task. Still no one denies the need to check corruption effectively. It may
not be possible to eradicate corruption completely but then vigorous and determined actions will go a long
way to minimize it. It also requires Courage and long-term commitment by a variety of anti-corruption
actors. Political Leaders, champions amongst public servants, civil society, media, academics, the private
sector and international organizations all play important roles in addressing corruption. To reduce the
corrosive impact of corruption in a sustainable way, sit is important to go beyond the symptoms to tackle the
causes of corruption.
COMBATING CORRUPTION STRATEGIE:
Since 1996, the World Bank has supported more than 600 anti-corruption programs and governance
initiatives developed by its member countries .We believe that an effective anti-corruption strategy builds on
five key elements which is given blew-

Increasing Political Accountability : A Political accountability refers to the constraints placed on the
behavior of public officials by organizations and constituencies with the power to apply sanctions on th Sem.
As political accountability increases, the costs to public officials of taking decisions that Benefit their
private interests at the expense deferent disincentive to corrupt practices. Ensuring political accountability
the following steps should be taken(A)Political Competition
Effective sanctions on politicians can be enhanced most effectively through a meaningful degree of political
competition in the electoral process. Such competition increases the likelihood that alternative candidates
and parties will seek to expose corruption in government of hold politicians accountable for the poor
performance associated with high levels of corruption. Historically, anti-corruption and accountability
measures were a by-product of these political struggles. While perceived corruption of a particular party of
candidate has shown to influence voters decisions considerably and therefore exposure of cases of political
corruption is an effective deterrent to corrupt behavior, there are limits to the benefits of political
competition. Excessive political competition can become a destabilizing factor if it undermines the
legitimacy of existing state institutions. Excessive political competition can undermine state can undermine
state capacity and thus create conditions especially conducive to administrative corruption. Political
competition is most effective in promoting accountability when it is channeled through organizations that
provide broad constituencies with vehicles such as mass-based political leaders. Political parties than lack
broad-based support are more likely to be dependent on powerful firms and financial interests for sources of
financing and no electoral tactics such as vote-rigging, intimidation, and acquiring a monopoly over election
coverage by the media. It is thus imperative that political parties be held to high standards of accountability.
(B)Transparency
Transparency via public scrutiny has proven to be one of the most powerful forms of monitoring public
officials. Such transparency can be fostered by a number of measures, including: opening sessions of the
parliament, government, and the courts to the public; registering lobbying activities; and publishing the
voting records of parliamentarians, annual reports of government bodies, A free and vibrant media is another
important factor in making transparency work for the general public.
(C)Political Party Financing
Many Countries have established partial public funding, recognizing that political parties play a public
interest role; they make an essential contribution to political contestability and the decentralized expression
of divers values and interests. Public funding reduces the scope for private interests to buy influence and
can also help reinforce limits on spending, because of the electorates resistance to excessive public
expenditure. Ensure oversight. Set up an authoritative and independent Electoral Commission of Court to be
responsible for the integrity of all issues regarding party finance and electoral rules,Such commissions have
been set up in Canada, India, and South Africa.
(D)Rules and Legal Instruments
There is a range of legal instruments as well as agency-specific rules which can be effective in deterring
corrupt behavior. Ethics codes, regulations on lobbying disciplinary committees, prohibitions on and
disclosure of conflict of interest, including the receipt of gifts and other benefits received form private
resources, asset declaration laws, procurement laws and party financing laws are amongst the most
prominent ones. Freedom of information laws, whereby citizens can demand the disclosure of information
regarding government activities and a whistle-blower protection law in order to encourage the reporting of
corruption cases can further reinforce the impact of increased transparency on accountability.
Strengthening Civil Society Participation:

As stakeholders in good governance and institution mediating between the state and the public, the
organizations that comprise civil society- citizen groups, nongovernmental organizations, trade unions,
business associations, think tanks, academia, religious organizations and last media- can have an important
role to play in constraining corruption. This is true at the country level as well as internationally. Civil
Society Organizations (CSO), with Transparency International spearheading the fight against corruption is
the most prominent example of what an international civil society organization can achieve in awarenessraising, pressuring government as well as international organizations for change and pressuring governments
as well as international organizations for change and working with various sectors to implement innovative
anti-corruption reforms. Civil society as a third sector in a new governance structure can play a vital role in
limiting corruption but they also have their limits. Without being elected democratically they lack formal
legitimacy of political parties as well as accountability measures a potential entry point for various civil
society groups with questionable motives. A high degree of public scrutiny is thus important to hold civil
society groups to the same accountability standards as the following steps(A)Civil Societys Role in Fighting Corruption
Since most cases of corruption involve public officials and private companies, Civil Society as an
independent actor representing the interests of the general public is uniquely positioned to investigate and
bring to light cases of corruption.
(B)The Role of the Media
A free and open media help expose levels of corruption by uncovering and shedding light on abuses. In
transition economies on Eastern on Eastern and central Europe, greater openness felt by the media since the
rail of communism has brought with it a plethora of stories of fraud, corruption, and criminal activity,
making the media perhaps the most persistent institution in the fight against corruption. The Internet
provides unprecedented opportunities of disseminating knowledge and increasing transparency across
national borders in a timely fashion at low cost.
(C)Empowering civil society
For Civil society to realize its full potential it requires an appropriate legal and regulatory framework,
including basic human rights such as the freedom of expression, association and the freedom to establish
non-governmental entities. Requirements for registering should be reasonable and not constitute a serious
hindrance in setting up a new CSO. In addition to the necessary breathing space, CSOs must further have the
opportunity to mobilize funding. Tax exemption for donations is one way in effectiveness of CSOS is a
function of access to information and knowledge as well as the ability to attract talent. Capacity constraints
such as a lack of well-educated and highly motivated people can severely compromise the positive role civil
society can play in combating corruption.
(D)A Word of Caution: Accountability and Legitimacy Issues
Civil Society Organizations (CSOS are not democratically elected. It should be in the interest of CSO to
adhere to high standards of accountability, transparency and democratic management structures. The
increasing availability if donor funding for CSO but it can also set wrong incentives. Some CSO are founded
to attract donor funding for the personal benefit of founders and stuff. It would further be naive to assume
that CSOs are immune to corruption. If co-opted by businesses of powerful elites they can be part of the
problem, too. The public as well as donors should apply scrutiny in funding and working with CSOs. A
strong track record and transparent business practices are usually good indicator of serious commitment and
trustworthiness.
Creating a Competitive Private Sector:

The degree to which powerful elites influence decisions and policy-making of the state constraints the
implementation of a fair, competitive, honest and transparent private sector and thus hinders broad-based
economic development. The ability of powerful economic interest to capture the state can be constrained by:
(A)Economic Policy Liberalization
Deregulation of process of other aspects of production of trade are important steps toward reducing
opportunities for corruption. Implicit price subsidies, in the form of tax and utility arrears, provide
politicians and bureaucrats with discretionary power that is highly subject to abuse. Liberalization can help
to reduce this discretionary power, but only if reform is undertaken in a transparent and non-discriminatory
power, but only if reform is undertaken in a transparent and non-discriminatory way; otherwise there is a
risk that the reform process itself will be corrupted.
(B)Enhancing greater competition
Enhancing competition, especially in concentrated sectors, by lowering barriers to entry, requiring
competitive restructuring and clarifying ownership structures are important elements toward creating a
vibrant and corruption free private sector. Competition can also be strengthened by introducing greater
transparency in the ownership structure and operations of firms and banks, through requirements of financial
disclosure and arms-length relationships, efficient registries, and better supervision of their operations by
independent regularly bodies.
(C)Regulatory Reform
Proper regulation of utility companies and other industries in which competition remains. Imperfect is
important to reducing corruption. The establishment of independent regulator agencies, both at the central
and at the local level where regulatory capture is most pronounced, can be effective in promoting efficiency
and limiting opportunities for corruption,as long as such institutions operate with transparency simplicity
and accountability. Similar practices for regulating more routine aspects of business operations, such as
registration and workplace safety are crucial limiting harassment of businesses by bureaucrats and
promoting new entry and growth. For all types of regulation, firms should be provided with low-cost
methods of disputing administrative decisions.
(D)Good Corporate governance
Weak institutions for corporate governance not only result in inefficiency they encourage corruption. Poorly
governed managers often use their positions to extract favors from the state which they can later expropriate,
rather than reinvest into restructuring their own firms, to avoid sharing their gains with other stakeholders.
Corrupt behavior is often difficult to detect, especially in countries where transactions are obscured through
the use of barter and other money surrogates as the means of payment. A wide array of corporate governance
reforms have proven directive in curbing both incentives and opportunities for corruption, including: public
disclosure of share ownership and cross-holdings; strong penalties for insider trading and pyramid schemes;
the appointment of outsiders to boards of directors; the introduction of regular published independent audits
of financial accounts based on standardized rules; the establishment of an effective legal framework for the
exercise of creditors rights; and the strong enforcement of ethical standards.
Institutional Restraints on power:
The Institutional design of the state can be an important mechanism in checking corruption. Of particular
importance is the effective development of institutional restraints within the state, which is most effectively
achieved through some degree of separation of powers and establishment of crosscutting oversight
responsibilities among state institutions. Effective constraints by state institutions on each other can diminish
opportunities for the abuse of power and penalize abuses if they occur. For ensuring institutional restraints
on power the following steps should be taken-

(A)Independent & Effective Judiciary

Obey justice and restrain reckless wrongdoing, for such wrongdoing harms the poor, and even the noble
find it an unwelcome burden that weighs them down and brings them ruin. ( Hesiod, cirea 800 BCE)
Corruption has a devastating effect on the legal system. It distorts law making, court ruling and law
enforcement and in the end, erodes the rule of law. This has devastating consequences for the society as well
as economic activity. The legal system is one of the fundamental Polaris of a market economy whose role as
arbiter of the law encompasses both the formulation and implementation of public policy. In addition to
deciding criminal cases the courts are responsible for upholding property rights enforcing coruscates, and
settling disputes. Failure of any of these roles is costly, reducing incentives to invest or forcing firms to
resort to more costly private means of contract enforcement and protection. In addition to these direct
economic costs, a corrupt legal system has a wider impact, undermining the credibility of the state and
making the implementation of public policy more difficult. Paradoxically, any anti-corruption strategy needs
a functioning legal system to build on if it is to introduce real change. The challenge is therefore to clean up
the legal system and turn it from being an arena of corruption into an effective tool for can be used as an
effective first step within broader governance reform is outlined. An independent competent and clean legal
system is key in every anti-corruption strategy.
(B)Anti-Corruption Legislation
While a well-functioning, competent and clean judiciary is key in upholding the rule of law on a day-to-day
basis, anti-corruption laws turn out to be an effective means prosecute of an anti-corruption strategy. Anticorruption laws work to deter corrupt actions, prosecute and resurrect a sense of justice, which has become a
rare commodity in endemically corrupt countries. Legislation supporting the transition towards a corruption
free society includes a freedom of information law, whereby citizens can demand the disclosure of
information regarding government activities; a whistle-blower protection law in order to encourage the
reporting of corruption cases; conflict of interest law, procurement laws and party financing laws. Antimoney laundering regulations also contribute towards curbing fraudulent practices.
(C)Independent prosecution and Enforcement
Independent prosecution remains a crucial challenge for many developing countries. Often the legal
framework for anti-corrupt acts is often difficult to obtain, many countries have criminalized activities that
are often associated with corruption, such as laundering proceeds from corruption and other crimes.
(D)Audit Organizations
Audit organizations can also have an important role. For full effectiveness, State Audit Offices should be
backed by parliamentary committees that review and follow up on their reports. By contrast, watchdog
enforcement agencies have a mixed record and have too often been subject to capture themselves. A
condition for their effectiveness is the prior establishment of a core of strong, independent and credible
professionals in the judicial, prosecutorial, and police arms of the state.
(E)Transparency and Recourse in Administrative Decision making
A frequent complaint is favoritism of the state in cases brought by citizens. Government decisions are less
prone to corruption when they are predictable, transparent, and accountable. Administrative procedure law
provides the legal foundation for sound government decisions providing rules for the way government
bodies behave. These procedures protect the rights of citizens by guaranteeing participation in government
decisions by interested parties, openness and transparency of decisions, adequate responses to public
inquires, and the availability of recourse. Mechanisms of recourse include appeal within government bodies,
judicial scrutiny and ombudsmen. Explicit administrative procedures allow citizens who are affected by
administrative decisions to know that decisions will be made according to predictable rules rather than the
will of theadministrator.

Prevention of corruption under International Law:

To prevent Corruption international community has taken steps in recent time .The 1988 UN Convention
against Drug Trafficking established that illicit trafficking is drug and laundering of the proceeds from such
trifling shall be criminal offence in the state parties and require the state parties to render the mutual legal
assistance with respect to prosecution of such offence .On Dec 1996 the UN General Assembly adopted the
United Nation Declaration Against corruption and bribery in International Commercial Transaction. The
Declaration highlights the economic cost of corruption and bribery and points out that a stable and
translation environment for international transactions in all countries is essential for the national borders.
The Anti-Corruption Commission: There has been major changes recently brought about the anticorruption regime in Bangladesh pursuant to the enactment of the Anti-Corruption Commission Act,2004
which has come into force on 09-05-2004 vide serial no-126-Law/2004dated9-5.2004 published in official
gazette .An indefinite commission has been established there under for the purpose of effecting detection
,enquiry ,investigation and conduct of the corruption cases before the court.On the commencement of the
Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2004,Anti Corruption Act 1957 has been repealed and the Bureau of
Anti-Corruption BAC has been abolished with the powers there under hitertho before exercise by the BAC
and the government have been vasted in the Anti Corruption commition. Corruption has been marked as a
great problem in the public administration and in the society. In this reason the present government had an
election promise to check corruption and accordance to this forming a self Anti corruption Commission. At
present to prevent the corruption and other offences more effectively, there is a govt. organization named
Bureau of Anti corruption to investigate and inquiry under the Anti corruption Act, 1957 (Act No. XXVI of
1957). But for the reason of application and legal complexity, it is not possible to carryout perform its duty
of Bureau of Anti corruption. Consider to all to check and prevent corruption, it has been seemed to need
more firm, strong of the prevailing law system. So that, it will possible to prevent and check the corruption
from the administration and in the society if there establish a self Anti corruption Commission. A bill titled
Anti corruption Commission Act 2003 has been proposed instead of abolishing the prevailing Anti
corruption Act, 1957 (Act no. XXVI of 1957) to prevent the corruption and correctional act and
investigating of the definite offences in the country. It will possible to prevent and check the corruption from
the society if the proposed bill become an Act and establish the Anti corruption Commission under this Act.
Moreover this Act will keep an important role in the society to build good governance and conforming
transparency in the administration along with preventing prevailing corruption. At the described situation,
the bill titled Anti Corruption Commission Act, 2003 is presented at the great National Assembly.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
Public Sector:
A. establish the office of Ombudsman for curving corruption fairly;
B. reform the anticorruption bureau of Bangladesh for active against corruption;
C. develop comprehensive national strategies for combating corruption;
D.strengthen law enforcement mechanisms, including the role of the judiciary and provide witness
protection programmes;
E. increase transparency through the establishment of competitive public procurement procedures and
encourage the adoption of international rules in this area;
F. improve conditions for international investment through simplification of government procedures,
G. improve transparency and accountability in budget preparation, execution, and oversight of expenditure,
H. develop codes of ethics in public administration to be enforced by strong sanctions;

I. strengthen procedures for an effective and merit-based civil service, particularly recruitment, promotion
and pay,
J. adopt Freedom of Information laws and provide access to public information,
K. strengthen parliamentary oversight, independent audit and investigative bodies to be backed by sufficient
human and financial resources.
Private Sector:
A. establishing public-private partnerships to develop anti-corruption strategies, goals and processes;
B .promoting good corporate governance on the basis of international standards and principles;
C. strong commitment by top management of companies to implement anticorruption strategies;
D. developing and implementing codes of ethical conduct and ensuring their effectiveness through internal
control mechanisms, training of personnel and sanctions;
E. accounting and auditing rules and standards to ensure transparency in business transactions;
F. building coalitions for business integrity, including business ethics centers.
Media and Civil Society:
A. mobilizing civil society (media, NGOs, business, labor, and professional associations) to monitor good
governance;
B. creating an anti-corruption network of NGOs to share information on regional/country anti-corruption
initiatives;
C . conducting surveys of businesses, consumers and public opinion to provide feedback for delivery of
public services and fostering competition;
D. implementing education programmes aimed at fostering an anti-corruption culture in society;
E. enabling the media to effectively exercise public scrutiny;
F. improving ethical and professional standards of journalists and promoting training in investigative
journalism.
Recommendations for Minimizing Corruption:
Corruption is criminal activities; it taints the giver and the taker in equal measure. Corruption has permeated
the entire social system in our country. So, alleviating corruption is the prime concern for not only the
government but also the nation as a whole. A single measure is not sufficient to remove existing corruption
and prevent corruption. So the following measure can be adopted in this regard:
A. Political commitment is the sine qua non to prevent corruption. Democracy is the basic requirement of
good governance. At present, democracy is passing miserable days. Long practices confrontational politics
and political repression have made democracy paralyzed. But elected and effective parliament can play
effective role in preventing and removing corruption. For that reason national consensus and restoration of
democracy is needed without making any delay.

B. Independent and strong judiciary is the most effective safeguard against corruption. Independent judiciary
is the indispensable requisite of a free society under rule of law.
C. Sometimes the National Human Rights Commission can play a role on the work of government officials
with its watch dog mechanism. But for the last one decade, the bill relating to establishing NHRC has been
pending with the hand of government high ups.
D. Departmental accountability of the government servant must be ensured. Corruption technology should
be quickly introduced in public administration to assist in efforts for ensuring transparency and
accountability and reduce red-tapism. Coordination between different departments at the district level should
be strengthened. Attendance at the district coordination meetings should be made compulsory for all
departmental heads. The local governments should be made stronger and the power of the administration
should be effectively decentralized.
E. Effective parliament can be the vital mechanism against corruption. A special parliamentary standing
committee on corruption can be formed headed by an MP from the opposition so that parliamentary control
can be effectively ensured against the corruption activities of government officials.
Conclusion: Corruption is a complex multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. It
takes place as an outcome of deficiencies in the existing public administration apparatuses and systems as
well as cultural, economic, political and social factors. Differences of opinion still exist as to the meaning of
the term corruption. This is primarily because individuals look at corruption from their own vantage points
influenced by surrounding environment. But what is heartening is that in recent years corruption is viewed
from a much broader perspective rather than looking at it from moral and functional angles only. The causes
of corruption are as varied as the phenomenon itself. Corruption results from the presence of a number of
factors. There are many forms of corruption. To understand the dynamics of so many types of corruption
attempts have been made to classify different forms of corruption into broad categories. What transpires
from such a categorization is that outsiders can sponsor corruption resultant of political scandal,
institutionalized and administrative malfeasance. The government needs a well-coordinated, well-understood
overall strategy that limits opportunities for abuse of public office, increases the likelihood that individuals
will be able to profit from corrupt acts, whether they are giving and receiving bribes. Moreover, the civil
societies of the country should come forward to establish the right of the speople and to ensure the rule of
law in Bangladesh. The professionals, the intellectuals through meetings and sittings, attending and
participating the seminars and symposium and writing and contributing to the media can raise a general
awareness to build up a corruption-free prosperous Bangladesh in future trial records, an the decisions of
judges.