Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By
Dr.Suvarna P.Nidagundi
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
RASASHASTRA
Under the guidance of
Dr.M.C.Patil
M.D. (Ayu)
J.S.V.V. SAMSTHES
2004-2007
MD
(Ayu),
Professor and HOD, Post - Graduate Department of Rasashastra and under the coguidance of Dr. Girish N. Danappagoudar
M.D
Department of Rasashastra.
Date:
Place: Gadag
I here by certify that this dissertation entitled Preparation, Physicochemical analysis of Rasakarpoor and its antimicrobial activity is a bonafide
research work done by Dr.Suvarna P. Nidagundi in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D (Ayu) in Rasashastra of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka under my
Guidance.
Guide
Date:
Place: Gadag
I here by certify that this dissertation entitled Preparation, Physicochemical analysis of Rasakarpoor and its antimicrobial activity is a bonafide
and genuine research work done by Dr.Suvarna P. Nidagundi in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D (Ayu)
in Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka under my Guidance.
Co-Guide
Date:
Place: Gadag
MD
(Ayu) Professor & HOD, Post Graduate Department of Rasashastra and under the CoGuidance of Dr.Girish N.Danappagoudar
MD
Department of Rasashastra.
Dr.G.B.Patil
Principal /C.M.O
D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College
Hospital and P.G.Research Center
Gadag.
Date:
Date:
Place: Gadag
Place: Gadag
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print
or electronic format for academic/research purpose.
Dr.Suvarna P.Nidagundi
Date:
Place: Gadag
Acknowledgement
Any research is never an individual effort. It is contributory effort of many
hearts, hands and heads. It gives me inexpressible pleasure to offer my sincere thanks
to all those who have rendered their wholehearted support, guidance and Co-operation
in completing my thesis work.
I utililize this opportunity to express my full respect and regards to my Mother
in law who is not with us Smt.Vajreshwari.M.Shedagatagi, who gave me confidence
and encouragement to do this course. It is beyond the words to express my gratitude
towards my Father-in-law for his support and never ending love, which are the driving
forces behind my success and achievement.
I express my enormous earnest gratification and heart felt thanks to my
Husband and my Children for their dedication, support and sacrifice.
My deep sense of gratification is due for my Parents who are the architects of
my career, culture and discipline, which i could imbibe, are solely because of their
painstaking, upbringing and strong moral support.
I am extremely happy to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my beloved
and respected HOD and Guide Prof. Dr.M.C.PatilMD whose sympathetic, scholarly
suggestions and guidance at every step have inspired me not only to accomplish this
work but in all aspects.
I
express
gratitude
beyond
words
to
my
Associate
guide
MD (Ayu)
MD (Ayu)
step of this thesis work and given valuable informations wherever necessary.
I convey my sincere gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr.G.B.Patil whose
valuable suggestions during the course of my academic career has shown me the way
of perfectness.
I
take
this
opportunity
to
thank
HODs
of
other
departments
am
grateful
Dr.S.H.Doddamani,
to
all
the
PG
teachers
Dr.ShivaramuduMD.(AYU),
Dr.K.S.R.PrasadMD.(AYU),
Dr.R.Y.ShettarMD.(AYU),
MD.(AYU),
Dr.Kuber.
Dr.A.Samudri
extend
my
immense
gratitude
to
Dr.G.S.Hiremath,
Dr.S.A.Patil,
would
like
to
express
my
sincere
thanks
to
Librarian
Dr.Koteshwar,
Dr.Sasvihalli,
Dr.R.B.Pattanashetti,
Dr.M.S.Hiremath,
My
Dr.Ganti,
classmates
Dr.Pradeep,
Dr.S.V.Teggi,
Dr.Anand.D,
Dr.Gangur,
Dr.Channaverswami,
Dr.Vijay,
Dr.Suvarna P.Nidagundi.
iii
AH
--
Astanga Hrudaya
AP
--
Ayurveda Prakash
ASS
--
BP
--
Bhava Prakasha
BPN
--
BR
--
Bhaishajya Ratnavali
BRJ
--
Basavarajium
BRRS
--
ChSm
--
Charaka Samhita
DhN
--
Dhanwantari Nighantu
KN
--
Kaideva Nighantu
MHN
--
Maha Nighantu
MPN
--
Madanapala Nighantu
PaSa
--
Parada Samhita
RaChi
--
Rasendra Chintamani
RaPu
--
Rasendra Purana
RCh
--
Rasendra Coodamani
RHT
--
RJN
--
RK
--
Rajakamadhenu
RM
--
Rasendra Mangala
RMJ
--
Rasamanjari
RN
--
Raja Nighantu
iv
RPS
--
RRK
--
Rasaratnakar
RRS
--
RSM
--
Rasamrut
RSN
--
Rasarnava
RSS
--
RT
--
Rasatarangini
PV
--
Parada Vignana
SSMK
--
SuSm
--
Sushruta Samhita
YR
--
Yogaratnakara
Abstract
Background:
Rasashastra is known for many valuable Herbal or Herbomineral and their
varied preparations. Many of such formulations have been obscured for lack of proper
apprehension of the therapeutic uses and also due to the complexity in their
preparations. Kupipakva Rasayanas fall under such category, out of which
Rasakarpoor is one. It is one of the Nirghandha Kupipakva Rasayana, which is
neglected in Pharmaceutics, because of its toxicity. When Rasakarpoor processed
properly and administered in minimal dose it is highly effective against diseases. It
has properties like Krimigna, Bahubootavishapaha, etc. The above diseases caused by
Microorganisms. Therefore present study was undertaken as Rasakarpoor against
microorganisms.
Objectives:
The present study was planned with the following Aims and Objectives
1. Preparation of Rasakarpoor.
2. Physico chemical analysis of Rasakarpoor.
3. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Rasakarpoor.
Methods:
Pharmaceutical study:
1. Hingula shodhana according to Rasatarangini -- 9/16-17, Page No 202.
2. Hingulotha parada according to Rasatarangini -- 5/39-39, Page No 82-83.
3. Preparation of Rasakarpoor according to Rasatarangini
-- 6/68-71, Page No
115-116.
vi
Analytical study:
Rasakarpoor is subjected to physico chemical analysis i.e. organoleptic
characters, loss on 1100C, Solubility, pH, and fineness of the particles etc.
Experimental study:
Cup plate method was selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of
Rasakarpoor. For the study 2-gram +ve, 2-gram ve bacteria and 2 fungi were
selected. Antimicrobial activity was carried out in Microbiology department of
S.C.S.collage of Pharmacy Harapanahalli.
Results:
Results of Antimicrobial activity of Rasakarpoor were expressed in terms of
Zone of inhibition. Zone of inhibition was calculated with the help of measuring
transparent scale.
1. Rasakarpoor has shown less significant activity for all bacterias except E-coli,
the standard drug cefotoxium in both the concentrations(50gm/ml and
100gm/ml).
2. Rasakarpoor has shown significant activity for fungai both the concentrations
compared to fluconozole.
Interpretation & Conclusion:
Hingulotha
Parada
is
equivalent
to
Asthasamskarita
Parada
and
When Rasakarpoor was processed properly, is very effective drug in the minimal
dose.
Rasakarpoor subjected to modern physico chemical analysis.
Rasakarpoor has best antimicrobial activity.
Keywords:
viii
Contents
Sl No
Index
Page No
Introduction
1-4
Review of Literature
6-118
Methodology
119-161
Results
162-169
Discussion
170-179
Conclusion
180-181
Summary
182-184
Bibliography
185-200
10
Annexure
201-203
ix
List of Tables
Sl.
No
1
2
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Page
No
9
10
11
12
14
15
15
16
18
19
25, 26
27
27, 28
31
31
32
35
35
35
36
39
55, 56
56, 57
77
79
80-81
90
93
121
123
125
125
127
127
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
136
141
148
157
158
159
162
Efficacy of standard and tested drug against gram +ve & gram ve
organisms
Efficacy of standard and tested drug against Fungal organism
Results of Rasakarpoor
168
163
164
165
166
167
168
174
xi
List of Graphs
Sl No
Page No
139
2
3
4
5
6
7
162
163
164
165
166
167
List of Photos
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
5
Title of Photo
Rasakarpoor Nirmana Vidhi Photo No 1.
Rasakarpoor Nirmana Vidhi Photo No 1.
Rasakarpoor Nirmana Vidhi Photo No 1.
Antimicrobial Activity Photo No 1.
Antimicrobial Activity Photo No 2.
xii
Introduction
Introduction:
Science is not a sudden invention but gradual evolution. Ayurveda as a science
is not an exception for it. It is not just a curative medicine, but also it teaches the way
to live long a healthy and happy life. The imperishable fundamentals of Ayurveda,
which were laid down by the great sages of the olden days, are still applicable because
of their scientific eternal background. Such fundamentals must be subjected to
scientific research not only to prove its certainty but also to add something to the
existing knowledge.
The ancient literature of Hindu system named as Vedas have been classified
into four categories that is Rugveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.
Ayurveda is a branch of Atharvaveda and it can be divided into two sampradayas that
is Atreya sampradaya and Dhanvantari Sampradaya. Further Nagarjuna sampradaya,
which deals with the Rasashastra, was slowly absorbed into the stream of Ayurveda
and now in the present era we get an integrated form of Ayurveda and Rasashastra.
The oath of Nagarjuna is SIDDHE RASE KARISHYAMI NIRDARIDRYAM
GADAM JAGAT. I will make this world free from the disease and poverty through
the attainment of absolute control over the mercury.
The main aim of Rasashastra is not only lohavada but to attain the
Jeevanmukti by means of dehavada. And for vigorous health physic that is deahavada,
Rasoushadis play an important role in the medicine. As it has been stated in many
Rasashastra text that mercury kills diseases and death when it is itself in a state of
swoon. But mercury is not administered directly, it always in the compound form.
Hence Rasoushadis have been termed as Daivabhaisajya and Daivichikitsa. There fore
it is rightly stated that UTTAMO RASAVAIDYASTU .
Introduction
Among Rasaushadhis, Kupipakva rasayanas hold the top place. The effects of
these Kupipakva rasayanas are really a miracle. Their efficacy is good if they are
prepared by proper procedures. In the preparation of Kupipakva rasayana, agni is an
important factor, which changes the natural physico chemical properties of the drug,
which depends on its chemical combination and dissociation, which can be brought
about by the duration and type of contact of heat. This agni is varies from one
preparation to another preparation. Many Kupipakva rasayanas are explained in
classics such as Rasasindur, Rasakarpoor, Sameerpannagarasa, Talasindhur etc.
Kupipakva rasayanas are classified into two types viz. Sagandha and Nirgandha.
Rasakarpoor is a Kupipakva rasayana, which is said to be of Nirgandha type i.e.
during the preparation of Rasakarpoor, Gandhaka (Sulphur) will not be used directly.
Few of the authors have recommended utility of Gandhakamla (Sulphuric acid) in the
process of Rasakarpoor.
According Rasatarangini Rasakarpoor is having a property krimigna,
bahubhootavishapaha, atisar, pravahika, tvachagatarog, raktadoshamana, grahi, spota,
kandu, mandala, phiranga, kushta and vrunanashana and mentioned it as
sarvarogahara. Considering above all the properties we can assess Rasakarpoor is one
of the Rasaushadi.
Krimi and bahubhootvisha of Ayurveda are correlated with microorganisms.
The krimis are explained under two broad headings as visible and invisible in our
Vedas. According to the recent authors of Ayurveda bhootas are those disease causing
organisms, which cannot be seen through the naked eyes.
According to modern science some infectious diseases are affected by
organisms these are also visible or invisible. Infection is a result of interaction
between microorganism and the natural defense mechanism of the body.
2
Introduction
In underdeveloped countries especially in the tropics infection continues to be
one of the commonest causes of disease and death. Microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites, are present everywhere in the soil, water, atmosphere and
on the body surfaces, and are responsible for a large number of infectious diseases in
human beings. Particularly in children and determines the strength of working man,
the health of the mother and pattern of systemic disease in the community. Multiple
disease entities are the rule and the clinical pattern of illness differs in many ways
from those in temperature zones. These cause respiratory diseases diarrhoea,
dermatological problems, tuberculosis, malnutrition and other immunosuppressive
effects.
Chronic infections do cause serious damage to important organs such as liver
and kidneys in schisthomiasis, the heart in trypanosmiasis, cruzi the lungs, bones and
lymph nodes in tuberculosis, malaria and hook worm infections. Despite improved
living conditions, wide spread vaccination and availability of effective antibiotics,
infectious diseases continue to take very high rank as a cause of death in the world,
which is more than ten million persons each year.
For such life threatening conditions, many antibiotics such as penicillin
cephalosporins, fourquinolones, antiprotozoals, antifungal etc are heavily prescribed
by modern medical practitioners, which are considered as the weapons of the
Allopathic medical Science. But these drugs cause many hazards to the body such as
nausea, vomiting, gastric irritations, metallic taste, destruction of gastric flora,
anaphylactic reaction causing even death. There are some good medicines in terms of
antibiotics in Ayurvedic treasure of therapeutics to treat the infection by killing Krimi
(Microorganisms) without or less complication.
There fore Rasakarpoor has been selected to treat the infection against
3
Introduction
Krimi (Microorganisms) without complications in vitro for the study.
Review of Previous works:
At Jamnagar:
i)
ii)
At Jaipur :
i)
At BHU:
i)
Drug Review
Hingula:
Introduction:
Hingula is compound of parada and gandhaka, which occurs as a mineral in
nature and also prepared artificially. This is a chief source of mercury since ancient
times to this date. In ancient times, mercury was obtained from it through patana
process. Many varieties of this mineral have been described in ancient texts. Out of
these Hamsapada variety is considered best.
Historical Background:
The man started usage of 'Hingula' for several purposes even before Christ in
many parts of the World. Rather than a medicine the usage of Hingula attained
popularity in other fields. At first, Arthashastra, a textbook written in 200 B.C.has
given the methods of testing of valuable metals using Hingula. Attracted towards its
beauty, the Indian ladies were using this for face make-up. The ore was directly used
at first. The invention of synthetic preparation of Hingula came later.
Vedic Period:
No reference about HINGULA is available in any of the Vedas.
Purana and Upanishad Period:
No reference is available about the HINGULA in this period.
Samhita Kala (100 B.C.):
No reference available in Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga Samgraha and
Ashtanga Hridaya. But, we get references of parada. It is assumed that in olden days,
it was imported from other countries.
Koutilya Arthashastra (200 B.C.):
The author of Kautilya Arthashastra, Chanakya has mentioned hingula in his
text for the first time. Ghanasuahire vaa rope swarna mrit valuka hingula kalko vaa
taptovatishthate(kou arth 2/14/40).
6
Drug Review
This reference of hingula is found in the methods for testing of suvarna and
other metals rather than medicine.
He mentioned it for testing various metals. He did not describe the use of
Hingula as a medicine. He has mentioned four types of testing methods namely
1) Parikuttanam (Hammering)
2) Avachahadana (Cutting)
3) Ullekhana (Scratching)
4) Parimardana (Rubbing)
Here Hingula is mentioned under Parimardana (Kou Arth 2/14/54)
Nighantu Period:
Dhanwantari, Madanphal nighantu & Rajanighantu has mentioned about
Hingula in Suvarnadi Dhatu varga, Kaidevnighantu & Bhavaprakash nighantu
classified under dhatvadi varga and we find explanation about Synonyms,
Properties etc.
Rasakala (Starts from 8th century) :
Rasendra Mangala (8th century A.D.):
The oldest text of Rasashastra, Rasendramangala described for the first
time about shodhana and the therapeutic usage of Hingula and this is also used
for the preparation of Loha bhasma. He has considered Hingulottha Parada is
the satwa of hingula.
Rasa hridaya tantra (10th century A.D.):
Acharya Bhagvata Govindpada has mentioned in list of eight
rasadravyas.
Rasarnava (12 th century A.D.):
He has considered Hingula as a maharasa; he also described the synonyms,
varieties,
properties
and
satvapatana
of
hingula.
He
utilized
the
term
7
Drug Review
rasagandsambhotam which indicates the awareness about chemical composition of
Hingula.
Rasaratnakar (15th century A.D.):
Rasaratnakar described the Hingula and also mentioned the artificial
preparation.
Other Granthas:
Rasaratnasamuchchaya, Rasaprakasha sudhakara, Rasendra sara sangraha,
Rasendrachudamani, Bhavaprakash etc and naveen rasagranthas like Rasatarangini,
Rasamritakara, Ayurved prakasha, Siddha bhaishajya manimala, Rasajalnidhi,
Itrochemistry of Ayurved have mentioned the Synonyms, varieties, properties,
shodhana, grahyalakshana and uses. These texts also mentioned the artificial
preparation of hingula.
Vernacular Names:1& 2
Sanskrit
Hindi
-- Hingula, Singarpha,
Latin name
Sulphuatumhydrargyrum
English
Kannada
-- Ingalika,
Marathi
-- Hingula,
Assami
-- Janophar
Telagu
-- Ingulikam,
Gujarati
-- Hingula
Malayalam -- Sedilengam,
Arabic
-- Zunjefer
Nepal
-- Sabita,
Persian
-- Shengherf
Drug Review
Synonyms
Table No 1 Synonyms of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl.No
Synonym
RT 3
RSS4
AP5
KN9
BP10
01.
Hingulam
02.
Hingul
03.
Hingula
04.
Ingula
05.
Hingulaka
06.
Mleccha
07.
Rakta
08.
Gairika
09.
Suranga
10.
Chitranga
11.
Churna parada
12.
Rasodbhava
13.
Rasasthana
14.
Ranjana
15.
Kapishirshaka
16.
Raktakaya
17.
Hamsapada
18.
Darada
19.
Barbara
20.
Shuka tunda
21.
Jati
Rasagandha
22.
sambhuta
23.
Daitya raktaka
24.
Maraka
25.
Maniraga
26.
Rasagarbha
27.
Ati rakta
28.
Parvata
29.
Saikta
Drug Review
Table No 2 Synonyms are classified on the basis of appearance, Guna, Karma,
Constituents, and Habitat:
Names based on
Appearance
Constituents
Habitat
Synonyms
Kapishirshaka, Chitranga, Chinapishta, Churna Parada,
Makshi Vanga, Daitya Raktaka, Manohara, Markata Shirsa,
Rakta, Raktakaya, Rakta Parada, Shukatundaka, Supittaka,
Suranaga, Hansapada, Hansandhri, Hansaka, Hingulu,
Hinguli, Hingula, Kuruvinda.
Charmanuranjana, Maraka, Maniraga, Ranjaka, Ranjana,
Lohaghna, Ratna Ragakari, Raga Dravya, Vishesa, Barbara,
Sagara, Charmara, Charmaragandhika, Charmarabandha
nam, Charmaravardhana, Uru Charmaka.
Rasagandha Sambhuta, Rasa Garbha, Rasasthana, Siddhi
Parada, Rakta Parada, Rasodbhava, Rasa.
Mleccha, Darada, Chinapista
Origin of Hingula:
According to Rasa Ratna Samuccaya, an interesting mythological story has
been described for the origin of Hingula. The Hingula is the Virya of Lord Siva,
which was received by God Agni but due to unbearable intensity he omitted it. The
omitted material fell in 'Darada Desha' and became known as Darada, a synonym of
Hingula.
In ancient days, Hingula was available in Darada country. There is a
controversy regarding the interpretation of Daradasthana. Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
commentator of R.R.S. consider an area of Kashmir nearby Hindukusha
Mountain as Darada Desa while author of Rasa Prakasa Sudhakara gives Rome
as Darada Desa.
Classification:
Different authors have included Hingula under the various titles. The
classification of all rasa dravyas done generally, according to their usage and
importance in the procedure related with parada. The important rasa texts have
included Hingula under following classes
10
Drug Review
Table No 3 Classification of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl No
Authors
Rasahrudayatantra
Rasarnava
Rasakamadhenu
Gorakshasamhita
Anandkanda
Rasaratnakar
RasaprakashSudhakar
Rasendrasarsangraha
Rasmanjari
10
Rasendrachintamani
11
Ayurvedprakash
12
Bhavaprakash
13
Rasaratnasamucchaya
14
Brihatyogtarangini
15
Rasarajsundara
16
Rasendrachudamani
17
Rasajalnidhi
18
Bharatiyrasashastra
19
Dhanvantarinighantu
20
Rajanighantu
21
Madanphalnighantu
22
Rasamruta
23
Yogaratnakara
24
Kaidevnighantu
25
Bhavaprakashnighantu
A: Rasa
E: Suvarnadivarga
B: Maharasa
F: Rasadhatu
C: Uparasa
G: Dhatuvarga
D: Sadharanarasa
11
Drug Review
Hingula Bheda:
Table No 4 Types of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Anand Kanda
Rasendra Chudamani
Ayurveda Prakasha
Rasaprakash Sudhakar
Rasatarangini
Rasamrita
Rasakamedhenu
Bhavaprakasha
Rasa Ratna Samuchaya
Parada Vignyana
Ayurveda Sarasangraha
Ayurveda Prakasha
Yogaratnakar
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Anya
Kritrim,Khanija
Mlecha
-
Charmara Hingula:
Shuka Varna i.e. Greenish colour. Adham
Shukatunda Hingula:
Sapeeta Varna i.e. Yellowish colour. Madhym
Hamsapada Hingula:
Uttam
It has Pravala samana and having sweta rekhas on the surface of Hingula. It is
considered to be best for therapeutic purpose. Among these three are having the
quality of uttarottara gunavan.
12
Drug Review
Occurrence:11,12& 13
It is obtained from the mines as a natural mineral and also prepared artificially.
In ancient days hingula was available in darada desh at present it can be found at
many places all over the world i.e., Spain (almandine), Italy, Russia, Yugoslavia,
Jechoslovia, Germany (idria mines), Japan, china, USA, Australia, Nepal etc.
But, now a days no deposits of cinnabar are detected in India. Artificial
hingula is prepared in Surat and Calcutta. The hingula what we get from market is
most of the time artificial prepared.
Chemical Composition (HgS):
According to Rasarnava Rasagandha Samnbuthamby this we assume that
hingula is a compound of parada and gandaka,
Chemically it is red sulphide of mercury. It contains 86.2%of parada and
13.8% of gandaka and trace amount of arsenic, iron pyrite, clay, gypsum, and black
earthy material.14
Artificial Preparation of Hingula:
Preparation of artificial Hingula prepared since rasaratnakara period15, next
after this number of texts also mentioned the artificial preparation of Hingula. Here
the ratio of parada and gandaka is differing from text to text.
According to Rasatarangini16 ---- 42 Part parada and 8 Part gandaka subjected
to paka in mrudangayantra.
According to Ayurveda prakasha17
1 part ashuddha parada and 4 part ashuddha gandaka, subjected to pachana in
loha patra. After paka 1/10 part manashila was added and make mardana & fill in
kachakupi. After filling kept in valuka yantra and subjected to paka karma (mridu,
madyam, teevra).
13
Drug Review
Grahya Hingula:
Most of the Acharyas opine that the Hamsapada variety is best among the
others.
emM x q uh p : m w h x q l W U : |
qW e eus pUm h W l as : Cwri | | R.T.
Hingula Shodhana:
Table No 5 Grahya laxana of Hingula according to different Authors:
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Author
Grahya
Laxanas
Japakusum
Varnabha
Mhojwala
Bharapoorn
ShwetaRekh
Pravalabha
Bimbiphala
Sadrusha
Sumanohar
Uttama
BP 18
BPN 19
RPS 20
RRS 21
+
-
AP 22
RT 23
RSS 24
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
PV 25
YR 26
ASS 27
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
Meshidugdha,
Nimbuswarasa,
Ajamutra,
Ardhrak
swaras. 32
6. Ardhrakaswarasa or Lakuchaswarasa.33
7. Ajadugda and Amlavarga, Ardrakaswarasa or Lakuchaswarasa.34
8. Meshikshira one time + 7 times Nimbu swarasa.35
9. Meshikshira and Amlavargadravya.36&37
14
Drug Review
Table No 6 Different process according to different Texts:
Name of Author
Process
Swedhana Mardana Bhavana
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RSN28
RPS29
RRS30
RT31
RSS32
RCH33
AP34
8
9
RST35
SSMK36
+
+
10
YR37
Pachana
+
-
Symptoms
Andhata
Kshinata
Kushta
Klama
Bhrama
Moha
Klaibhya
Hridayavasada
BRJ
+
+
+
+
+
-
AP
+
+
+
+
+
-
YR
+
+
+
+
+
-
PaSa
+
+
+
+
-
RJN
+
+
+
+
+
-
RPu
+
+
+
+
+
-
RT
+
+
+
+
-
BRRS
+
+
+
+
-
Drug Review
Shodhita gandhaka should be administered till the complication subsides.
Satvapatana of Hingula:
Table No 8 Different types of Satvapatana of Hingula according to different
Texts:
Sl
No
Yantra
Author
Drugs Used
PA
PA
dhar
RCh 39
Aardhraka,Swarasa, Bhavana
RRS 40
SSMK41
BPN 42
ASS43
AP44
Patra Swaras
7
RST45
Nimbu swarasa
RSS46
RRK 47
Gomutra,Mahishamutra,Tiltail
a,AmlavargaKumariswarasa
& Triphalakvat
Rasataranginikara has explained Urdvapatana yantra for extraction of Mercury.
I selected this procedure for my study. The detail explanation is mentioned in
pharmaceutical study.
Method of Parada Nishkashana (Prachin granths):48
In ancient days the only source of Mercury was Hingula (Cinnabar). Since
olden days it is accepted that Hingulakrushta parada is pure, devoid of saptakanchuka
doshas & believed to possess with the property of jeernagandha gunaha (jeernagandha
samo gunaiha). In Rasaratnakara, it is also advised to use Hingulakrishta parada for
all purposes without doing ashtasanskara. Almost all Acharyas have explained about
16
Drug Review
Hingulakrishta parada with the help of many yantras. The above mentioned yantras
are more or less similar.
Prior to the extraction of parada from hingula, it should be done mardana up to
three hours, either with the nimbu swarasa or nimbu patra swarasa, which enables to
reduce the hingula to its fine state of division; By this maximum amount of parada
can be extracted. Nimbu swarasa contain citric acid where as Nimbu patra contains
organic sulphur. The effect of bhavana with these juices has to be evaluated
scientifically, which is a separated entity. It is advised to keep cold pads over the top
of Urdvapatanayantra, by which parada collects over the inner surface of the upper
vessel of Damaru yantra. It is assumed to be free from doshas with this procedure.
Brief description of modern methods:
From ancient description, it is very clear that the source of extraction of
mercury was only Hingula (cinnabar). In Spain, Italy etc Parada is extracted by
various methods.
First method, It was heated with oxygen.
HgS + O2 Hg + O2
Second method was heating of hingula with loha(Fe) or sudha(Ca).
By these two methods most part of the parada separates from sulphur and
remained parada is taken out by distillation. For this purpose various types of furnaces
are employed. There is vast change in the methodology and equipments employed for
this purpose now a day.
The equation of heating hingula in air is as follows
1) 4HgS +4CaO 4Hg 3CaS+CaSO4
2) HgS+Fe+O2 Hg +Fe +SO2
After these methods the ramnant unsepareted part of mercury is obtained by
distillation. This process of distillation is called vaccum distillation. In purification of
17
Drug Review
mercury reduced pressure and vaccum distillation is major invention. Now a days
readymade equipments are available for this purpose.
Superiority of Hingulotha Parada:
Parada extracted from Hingula is considered to be the best because it is free
from various types of doshas. Hence, the same does not need any further samskar for
the removal and could be used even without subjecting it to Astasamskaras and is
claimed to be capable of performing all the action attributed to it. More over
according to Rasaprakash Sudhakar, Parada extracted from Hingula may posses all
those properties, which are seen in Shadgunabalijarit parada thus it is considered
superior to ordinary Parada.
Marana of Hingula:
In Bruhat Rasaraja Sundara total 3 methods are described for Hingula
Marana. But in other texts Satvapatana is given instead of Marana.
In Yogaratnakara Hingula Bhasma Vidhi has been described.
Properties of purified Hingula:
The properties of shodhita Hingula are equal to property of Rasasindhura and
parada extracted from this equal to Gandhaka jarita parada.
Rasa -- We have different opinions regarding the rasa of hingula
1. Most of the authors opine that it is of Tikta Katu Kashaya rasa.
2. Some other opine Madhura Tikta rasa.
3. Least references are available about katu and only Tikta rasa.
Table No 9 Rasa of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
Rasa
Katu
Tikta
Kashay
Madhura
Tikta
Tikta
Rasagranthas
Bhava
Prakash,
Ayurveda
Prakash,Aryuveda
Chintamani, Parada Samhita, Rasendra purana,
Rasadhatu Prakasha, Brihat Yoga Tarangini
Rasarnava,
Basavarajiya,
Danwantharinighantu,
Rajanighantu
Rasendra Chintamani,
18
Drug Review
Guna
:Ushna Guna49
Veerya
:Ushna Veerya49
Vipaka
: Katu vipaka49
Kapha
Rasagranthas
Basavarajiya, Rasendra Chudamani, Rasendra
Sara sangraha, RSS, Danwantharinighantu,
Rasamrita, Rasachandanshu, Rasadhatu prakasha
B.P., A.P., Aryuveda Chintamani, Parada
samhita, Rasendra Bhaskara, rasoddhara tantra,
Si.Bh.Ma.Ma. Bha.Ra.Sha, Bri YoTarangini,
Rasatarangini
Karma:
Sarvadoshaghna, Agnivardhaka, Rasayana, Balya, Medhya, Kantivardhaka,
Garavishnashaka, Netrya, Ruchya, Hriudayotsadaka, Hrillashanashaka.
Upayog:49 & 50
Prameha, Jwara, Hridroga, Kusta, Garavisha, Amlapitta, Kamala,
Pleehavraddi, Mandagni, Aruchi, Amavati, Sandhivata, Hrillasha.
Lohamarnarta, Lohajaranarta, Paradaniskashanartha, Dehavadatmaka,
Swarnapariksanarthaka.
Matra:51
1 ratti (125mg)
Anupan:52
Maricha,Guda, Pipali,Guduchi swarasa, Madhu, Ardraka swarasa, Tambula
Swarasa.
Toxicity of Hingula:
Improper administration of Hingula will lead to the toxic manifestations. The
use of Hingula without purification, higher dose of administration, no follow up of
Pathyas etc. are the idea behind the word 'Improper administration'. Such drug will
cause certain diseases to the human body. Many Rasashastra texts specified this 19
Drug Review
Basavarajiyam,
Ayurveda
Prakasha,
Yogaratnakara,
Parada
Samhita,
and
Rasatarangini etc.
These texts mentioned about following diseases caused by improper
administration of Hingula. Andhyata, Akulata, Kanthashosa, Kustha, Klaibya,
Hritspandana, Kshinata etc.
Some authors have mentioned the antidote to tackle these problems. Rasendra
Bhaskara and some other acharyas advised to follow the procedures used for the
mercury in toxication i.e. purified Gandhaka is advised orally.
Modern aspect of Hingula:53
Cinnabar is only important ore of mercury, it is massive or oarthy. Some
times it occurs beautifully crystallized in small complex and highly modified
hexagonal crystals. Usually the crystals are rhombohedral or prismatic in habit. It is
also transparent, translucent or opaque, sometime cochineal red in colour often
inclining to brown its streak is scarlet to reddish brown. Adamantine to luster prefect
prismatic cleavage. Sometimes with an earthy coatings.
Variety:
According A textbook of Rasashastra by Dr Vilas Dole, the varieties of HgS
are made according to colour and percentage.
1. Cinnabar native This is one of the most important ore of mercury. Chemically
it contains 84% mercury sulphide. It is bright and dark red in colour it contains other
impurities like Carbon, Silica, Quartz etc.
2. Hepatic cinnabar When percentage of carbon impurities is higher in cinnabar,
its colour becomes darker like liver colour, such an ore is called as hepatic cinnabar.
3. Meta cinnabar This type contains muddy dust in more percent and that makes
its colour still darker almost to a black shade.
20
Drug Review
4. Coral ore This ore especially occurring in Germany and Italy. This ore is in the
form of rose colour earthen material. When mercury sulphide in coral ore is
separated, it is rosy in colour, it contains about 5% of mercury.
5. Idrialate The variety called idrialate, always occurs cinnabar at Idria, as white
and crystalline in structure when toward and it is found in impure with clay, pyrite,
gypsum as a brownish black earthy material because of its combustibility and
presence of mercury it is called inflammable cinnabar.
Mineralogical Findings Of Cinnabar:
According to Inorganic chemistry, Cinnabar crystallizes in rhombohedral
trapezohedral crystals. Crystals are also thick tabular. In habit sometimes it occurs as
twins and acicular prismatic grains, in crystal incrustations, granular, massive and
sometimes with earthy coatings.
Cleavage
- Prismatic perfect
Fracture
Hardness
- 2 to 2.5
Specific Gravity
- 8 to 8.2
Lustre
Colour
Streak
- Scarlet
Transparency
- Opaque
Drug Review
In the presence of a strong oxidizing agents like potassium chlorite forming
mercuric chloride
3. Roasting usually the unconcentrated ore is roasted in air. Cinnabar is
oxidized to mercuric oxide and sulphur dioxide is released at the temperature
of the furnace and mercuric oxide so forms decomposes to give mercury and
oxygen.
2HgS + 3O2
2SO2 + 2HgO
2HgO
2Hg + O2
K2HgS2
22
Drug Review
PARADA:
Parada is the most important and foremost ingredient of compounds of
Rasashastra, without which the science of Alchemy Rasashastra perhaps would not
have existed. Considering Soota to be semen of Shiva which was thrown on earth at
various places,54 during the creative conjunction between Shiva and Parvati myth
logically, adds more to its importance. Since Shiva is the first Physician and his
semen parada is considered to be so divine that it destroys diseases, old age and even
death.55 various authors mentioned different doshas of parada.
Parada in the crude form, in the earth is with the admixture of Naga, Vanga
etc. During the medieval period the dealers sold mercury with these adulterations.
Presently these adulterants are not seen, but Oupadika and Kanchuka doshas are
present.56 In most of the preparations, parad is either in the shodhita form, or
ashtasamskar or Hingulottha parada. Usually for curing a disease, shodhita parada is
taken.57 For Rasayana and dhatuvada purposes Ashta-dasha-samskrita parada is
preferred.
58& 59
Mythological Origin:
Lord Shiva and Parvati were in the process of cohabitation to have a strong
son for the destruction of Tarakasur by whom all Devatas were disturbed. During this
period the parada was originated. This parada is amrutatully samana.
Historical Background:
Rasopanisad quotes that as soul plays an important role in body, like wise
Parada is the soul of Rasashastra and without Parada, existence of Rasashastra could
not be imagined.
23
Drug Review
Vedakala:
There is no such direct evidence of Parada in Vedic age. But in Atharvaveda the
reference like
Aq m erlr: mii x Auvi mwq |
iSixr pweqpr: xixr c ||
Indicates whenever the Veeshalpaksha lost its life, it enters the other body and
acts like Rasayana for both Swastha and rogi. Here this word Pakshi could be
considered for both Parada and Atma because of their high volatile nature.
Smruti:
According to Yagnyavalka Smruti text, indirect evidence of Parada could
be traced. The commentator opines that
24
Drug Review
Nighantu period:
Dhanvantari nighantu, Rajanighantu and Madanaphal nighantu have
explained synonyms, properties and doshas of parada under suvarnadivarga.
Kaiadev Nighantu & Bhavaprakash Nighantu has explained Synonyms,
Properties & Doshas under the heading of Dhatuvarga.
Rasakala:
But the proper utilization of Parada for Dehavada and Lohavada started
from 8th century A.D. onwards. Thereafter, Parada has become an impeccable part of
Rasashastra.
Table No 11 Description about Parada according to in different text:
RM10 cent AD
n
-
RHT 10thcent AD
RSN 10thcent AD
RCh 12thcent AD
RPS 12thcent AD
RRS13thcent AD
RRK 13thcent AD
RSS 13thcent AD
10
RaChi14thor
+
15thcent AD
RPU 19th cent AD +
11
BRRS18thcentAD
12
YR 18thcent AD
13
RJN 20thcentAD
14
RK 17th cent AD
15
BP 16thcent AD
16
PV 20th AD
17
AP 17thcent AD
Sl.
No
1
Authors /Kala
th
25
Drug Review
18
SSMK
19
RT 20thcent AD
20
PS 20th cent AD
21
RSM 20thcent AD
22
Reference:
a-
utpatti,
b-paryay,
c-shodhana,
d-marana,
e-grahyalakshana,
f-rasabhandha, g-rasapanchaka, h-samskara, i-parada pooja phala, j-dhatuwada, kmoorchana, l-paradayogas, m-dosha, n-jarana.
These Acharyas mentioned synonyms varieties properties shodhana,
marana, grahya lakshana, dhatuvadartha, dehavadartha, upayoga, patyaa patya, matra,
and yogas with the same opinion about parada in their text.
Vernacular Names:
60
Sanskrit
Parada
Hindi
Para
English
Kannada
Padarasa
Gujarati
Paro
Marathi
Para
Latin
Hydrargyrum
French
Mercure
German
Merkure
Arab
Abuk; Zibakh
Parsian
Simab; Zeebag.
Bengali
Para
Malayalam
Rassam
Telugu
Padarasam
Tamil
Padrasa
Konkani
Padrasa
26
Drug Review
Synonyms:
61
Swaroopa
Swarupatmaka
Gatyatmaka
Dehavadatmaka
Dhatuvadatmaka
Visista Gynantmaka
Darshanika/Aadhyatmika
Dharmika/Devatmaka
Synonyms
Galadroupyanibham, Mahavanhi, Mahateja,
Suvarna
Kheehara, Chapala, Chala, Dhoorthaka.
Rasayana, Amrtim, Mrtyunasana, Jaiva,
Dehada, Paramamruta, Parata, Parada,
Rasayana Shreshta
Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta, Divyarasa,
Rasarasendra,Rasesha, Rasadhatu, Rasaraja,
Rasanath,Sidhadhatu, Soota, Sootaka,
Sootaratha, Mishraka, Chamara.
Ananta, Suksma, Saubhagya, Amara,
Kalikantaka,
Divya, Acintyah, Jeeva, Jaiva
Trinetra, Trilochana, Deva, Dehaja, Prabhu,
Rudraja,
Lokesh,
Vijendra,
Budha,
Rajaswala, Shanta, Shiva, Shivaveerya,
Skandha, Harateja, Harabeeja, Shivahaya,
Shivabeeja
Synonyms
RSS 62
DN63
KN64
BPN65
BP66
MPN67
RT68
SSMK69
Rasendra
Parada
Sootaraja
Sootama
Shivateja
Soota
Rasa
Rudraretashy
Rasaloha
10
Maharasa
11
Chapala
27
Drug Review
Sl No
Synonyms
RSS 62
DN63
KN64
BPN65
BP66
MPN67
RT68
SSMK69
12
Paradiya
13
Rasottama
14
Hemabija
15
Rajaswala
16
Trilochana
17
Hemanidhi
18
Shivaputro
19
Lokanatho
20
Gnanreto
21
Mahanalha
22
Rasadhatu
23
Shivaveerya
24
Shivji
25
Shivahvaya
26
Rasa
27
Raseshwar
28
Rasaraja
29
Haraja
30
Sutaka
31
Misraka
32
Trinetra
33
Roshana
34
Swamy
35
Harabeeja
Meaning of Synonyms:70
1. External Features of Mercury
a. Galadrupyanibham: It means like liquefied silver. The English synonym
Quick Silver implies the same meaning
b. Mahavahni: A big Fire Implied meaning asbringht as big fire
28
Drug Review
c. Suvarna: Su means good one, Varna means Colour.Actual meaning
Gold, Implied Meaning One which is having required colour
d. Mahateja: It means having great brightness.
2.
Various Motions:
a. Khechara:
Dehavada:
a. Amrita: Which never dies (immortal). Implied meaning is with the use of
which one achieves longevity.
b. Jarita: Meaning is Victorious. Implied meaning is which has
achieved victory over death and diseases.
c. Dehada: Which gives healthy body.
d. Paramamrita: Amrita of ultimate quality.
e. Parata & Parada: One, which helps in completing successful & long life.
f. Mrityunashana: Which destroys death.
g. Rasayana: By definition it means one, which destroys old age, death &
pain.
4.
Dhatuvada:
a. Divya Rasa: Liquid of Devine nature.
b. Rasa: The liquid.
c. Rasendra, Rasesh, Rasottam: Best liquid.
d. Rasanath, Rasaraja: Master of the liquids.
e. Mishraka: One, which mixes with and assimilates others. It is also
a notion that it has properties of all metals, in mixed form and hence mishraka.
29
Drug Review
f. Maharasa: The great liquid.
g. Suta, Sutaka, Sutarat :In Sanskrit the verbal form Su means to produce,
to form.
SWsWqr x xi xixii: xqi: (U. U. x)
It means it is instrumental in forming both Deahasiddhi & Lohasiddhi and
hence called as Suta.
5.
Special Properties:
a. Ananta: Meaning One without end. Implied meaning One that has
unending good virtues.
b. Amara: Actual meaning is one who never dies; the word is usually used to
mean God. Here the Implied meaning is which has Devine, God like
properties.
c. Soubhagha: Goodluck.Implied meaning With which good luck can be
achieved in Treatment.
6.
Indian Philosophy:
a. Jiva, Jaiva: Concerning life.
b. Divya: Divine
c. Achintya: Beyond thinking.
Occurrence:
In rasaratna Samucchaya, it is mentioned that in ancient times mercury was
found mainly in Darada desha and also in Himalayas in small amount. But now a day,
it is obtained mainly from the mines of Spain, America, Italy, Australia, British
Bornea, China, Russia, and Japan.
30
Drug Review
Types of Parada:
71&72
The varieties of Parada described in different text are based on the 2 factors
1. Depending on the Colour.
2. Depending on the place of Origin.
Table No 14 Types of Parada depending on the Colour:
Sl No Types
Colour
Caste
Karma
Sweta
White
Brahmana Swetakarma
Rakta
Red
Kshatriya Therapeutics
Peeta
Yellow
Krishna Black
Shudra
Variety
Rasa
Rasendra
Suta
Parada
Mishraka
Colour
Rakta
Peeta
Isatpeeta
Sweta
Mayur,Chandrika,Vama
Impurities
Which is free from all
types of impurities.
Free from impurities.
With impurities.
With impurities.
With impurities.
Uses
Rasayana
Rasayana
Deharogaharana
Servarogaharana
Sarvasiddidayaka
Vargikarana:
In Kaideva Nighantu, Parada has been categorized in Dhatuvarga, whereas
Dhanvantari Nighantu has classified it as Suvarnadivarga. Most of all the Rasashastra
texts have considered Parada in Rasa Varga.
Doshas of Parada:
73
Parada (Mercury) procured from its original sources or from the market may
contain various types of admixtures. Sometimes the Parada is found associated with
some metallic elements in nature, while the profiteers deliberately adulterate it for
commercial purposes. The ancient chemists knew this fact very well and as such
most of the authorities have described impurities of Parada, which run as follows,
31
Drug Review
Doshas of Parada
Yougika Doshas
Naisargika Doshas
Aupadhika Doshas
Visa
Vahni
Mala
Naga
Vanga
Bhumija
Girija
Varija
Nagaja(2) Vangaja(2)
Parpati
Patani
Bhedi
Dravi
Malakari
Andhakari
Dhwanksi
Dosha Karma
Dosha
RM74
RaPu75
RRS76
RPS77
AP78
RT79
RCh80
RSN81
RSS82
Visa
Mrutyu
Mrutyu
Marana
Mrutyu
Mrutyu
Mrutyu
Mrutyu
Marana
Mrutyu
Vahni
Jalana
Santapa
Santapa
Bhaya
Daha
Tapa
Daha
Kushta
Daha
Mala
Murcha
Murcha
Murcha
Murcha
Ruja
Jadya
Murcha
Udararog
Jadata
Mada
Sphota
Vispota
Darpa
Siroruja
Sirobrama
Naga
Galaganda
Jadata
Jadata
Jadata
Vruna
Unmad
Vruna
Vanga
Kushta
Kushta
Mahashool
Kushta
Capalya
Viryanas
Giri
Viryanas Bijanasa
Jadata
Sphota
Sphota
Jadata
Jadata
10 Asahyagni
Moha
Moha
Spota
11
Bhoomija
Kushta
Kushta
12
Shailaja
Vata
13
Jalaja
Vataroga
14
15
16
Tamraja
Ayaja
Varija
Vatavikar
Daha
Aasittakrit
Kantaroga
Shodhana:
Introduction:
The word Shodhana is originated from the word Shuddha, Which means to
purify, to wash, to clean, to filter, to refine etc.
Shodhana is a process of dosha nirharana. Shodhana, which literally means
purification, is a procedure necessary for Rasadravyas, before they are used
32
Drug Review
therapeutically and for further process like Bhasmikarana, Satvapatana and
Amrutikarana. The Shodhana process is not only to remove the physical and chemical
impurities of the mineral drugs, but it may also lower the toxicity of the Rasadravyas
to greater extent. It includes different process like swedhana, Nirvap, Dhalana,
Bhavana, Patana, Bharjana etc.
Principle adopted in shodhana to Rasadravyas:
1. To remove physical and chemical impurities.
2. To reduce or to neutralize the toxicity.
3. To enhance the therapeutic properties.
4. To impart organic qualities in the inorganic mineral.
5. To achieve desirable effects from single drug.
Importance of Sodhana of Parada:
lxaMxi r Sw r clr MlcMr:|
iwli mUWUr xqlr vklq xqiq ||
According to RT 5/14 by Samanya Sodhana of Parada, the Naisargika and Kanchuki
doshas of Parada can be eliminated.
Akurkulvj mraj Uxw c |
xqlr vkl vxi UxiluvUS:||
RT (5/21) states that for the eradication of diseases from body, Samanya
Sodhana of Parada is essential.
There are two types of Shodhana
1. Samanya Shodhana.
2. Vishesh Shodhana.
Drug Review
Shubha Dina and worshiping Lord Shankara and Bhairava then the procedures are to
be carried out. Because the studies shown those particular days, time and worshipping
will impart the efficacy in medicine. So every Ayurvedic Pharmacologist should
follow these.
Samanya Shodhana:
Acharyas mentioned Different Procedures like
1. Parada & Sudha raja (Lime powder) should be taken in equal quantity and
mardana should be done for 3days.
Parada should be filtered through two folded cloth.
Add equal quantity of Nistusha lushana and half quantity of saindhav
lavan subject it for mardana, until it becomes black coloured kalka.
Prakshalana should be done.83
2. The mixture of triphalakwata, choornas of chitraka, rakthasarshapa, brihati,
Gritha Kumari and parada should be triturated for 3 days, the parada obtained
by this method will be devoid of sapta malas.84
3. Parada should be triturated with Nagavalli Swarasa, Ardraka Swarasa and
Ksharadraya for 3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining
like mukta and devoid of Sapta dosha.85
4. Parada should be triturated with lasuna & Saindava lavana in Tapta
Khalvayantro for 7days.86
Vishesh Shodhana of Paradha:
Specific process of shodhana done is to remove specific doshas separately is
Vishesh Shodhana. This is done for Rasayana purpose.
34
Drug Review
Table No 17 Shodhana process according to Rasarnava:87
Sl No
Dosha
1
Visha
Vanhi
Mala
2
Naga,Vanga
Girisindhur
Kanchukadoshas
Naga,Vanga
Karpas swars +
Trikatuchurna
Tamra
Process
Mardan
Mardan
Mardan
Mardana+Patana
Mardana(7times) or
Patn (7times)
Swedana
Patana
Vanga
Chapalya
Girija
Asahyagni
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Drugs
Triphala Choorna
Kumari Swaras
Chitrak Choorana
Kumari Swarasa
Aragwadha Phalmajja
Kumari Swaras
Girihadoom
Ishlika
Haridra
Bhasma of Wool
Kumari Swaras
Indravaruni
Ankola Choorna
Haridra Choorna
Kumari Swarasa
Krishna dhatura beeja
Kumari Swarasa
Trikatu Choorna
Kumari Swarasa
Gokshura Choorna
Kumari Swarasa
Process
Mardan and Parada for 1 day
Mardan and Parada for 1 day
Mardan and Parada for 1 day
Mardan and Parada for 1 day
Dosha
Saptakanchukadosha
Drugs
Jayanti, Eranda,Ardraka,
Makoyaswarasa.
Process
Each Drug 7 times
Mardana and kanji
prakshalana.
35
Drug Review
Table No 20 Shodhana process according to Ayurveda Prakash90 &
Rasendra Sarasangraha:91
Dosha
Naga
Vanga
Mala
Agni
Drugs
Istikachoorna,Haridra choorna
, Nimbuswarasa.
Indravaruni & Ankol choorna
Amalatasa choorna
Chitraka moola choorna
Process
Mardana for 1 day, Parskalan
with Ushrakanji
Mardana for 1 day
Mardana for 1 day
Mardana for 1 day
Chanchalya
Visha
Giri
Asahyagni
Samskara:
The process of subjecting a substance to add specific qualities is called
Samskara. Almost all Rasacharyas opines that, bala, teja, qualities of Parada can be
enhanced. According to various authors Ashtadashasamskar i.e. 18 Samskaras of
Parada have been explained, among them. 1st eight are for roganivaranarth and
rasayana. Last ten are rasayana & dhatu vada purpose as indicated below.
Roga Nivaranartha & Rasayana
1. Swedana
2. Mardana
10. Charana
3. Moorchana
4. Utthapana
12. Bahyadruti
5. Patana
13. Jaarana
6. Bodhan
14. Ranjana
7. Niyamana
15. Sarana
8. Deepana
16. Sankramana
17. Vedha
18. Bhakshana
Drug Review
Shuddha Parada from inside seems blue tinged, but from outside it is lustrous
and shines like a mid day sun, which resembles with the properties of mercury
explained in modern chemistry texts. Mercury is a silver white liquid metal, with a
slight bluish tinge. In thin films, it transmits violet lit. (Dict of Applied chemistry vol
IV page No 270).
Rasapanchaka:
According to Rasmruta, Rasa Jala Nidhi and Bhavaprakash.
Rasa
--- Shadrasa
Guna
Veerya
--- Ushna
Vipaka
--- Madhura
Karma
94,95&96
Aahar:
Mudga, Dugda, Shali, Shak, Punarnava, Meghanad, Saindava, Shunti,
Musta, Padmamula, Jeera, Ardraka, Hamsodaka these are all Pathya aahar.
Vihara:
Aatmajnana, Shivapooja, Shivakatana these are all Pathya Viharas.
37
Drug Review
Parada Apathya:
97&98
Aahar:
Ateemadhyapana,Bhojana,Shayana,Ratrijagarana,Krodha,Kakarashtakagana,
Pittavardhak, Vatavardhaka aahar, Kanji, Takra these are all Apathyas.
Vihara:
Jalakrida, Ativyayam, Vyavaya (Streesonga Vargya) etc, these are all
Apathyas.
Matra:
According to RPu
Mrutaparada - 2 Ratti
Abrakasatvajarita parada - 1 Ratti.
According to RT
Swarnajarita parada - Ratti.
Vikrantjarita Parada - Ratti.
Vajrajarita parada - Ratti.
Ores of Mercury:
Mercury is available in two forms
1.Native mercury.
2.Ores mercury.
Generally Mercury is found in the form of Ores, the most important Ores are
Cinnabar and Meta Cinnabar, which are in Sulphide form.
38
Drug Review
Table No 21 Important ores of Mercury:
Sl
No
I
II
a
Text book of
% of Mercury
Rasashastra (Dole)
Calomel
Cinnebar
Cinnebar Native
-
Sl
No
1
2
3
Siddhinandan
Mishra
Cinnebar
Meta Cinnebar
Calomel
Chemical
Composition
HgS
HgS
Hg2Cl2
b Hepatic Cinnebar
Living Stonite
2Sb2S3HgS
c Meta Cinnebar
d Coral Ore
e Montroydite
5
6
7
Montroydite
Falh Ore
Barsenite
HgO
Gevadal Kajrite
Steel Ore of
Mercury
Liver Ore of
Mercury
Carolline
Brick Ore
f Brick Ore
2%
Mercuric Oxide,
Main content.
8%
g Steel Ore
75%
68%
10
i Montraydite
Oxide form
11
12
-- 80
Atomic weight
--200.61
Symbol
-- Hg
Specific gravity
-- 13.595 at 250C
Boiling Point
-- 3570C
Freezing point
-- 38.90C
Configuration
-- 2,8,18,32,18,2
Co ordination No
-- 4
39
Drug Review
Valency
-- +1: +2
-- 5d
State
Melting point
--
English name
-- Quick Silver
Latin name
-- Hydrargyrum.
Colour
-38.870C
Chemical Properties:100
1. Action of Air: At ordinary room temperature, with low or high humidity mercury
is not at all affected chemically, but when heated above 3500C. It is slowly
combines with O2, forming mercuric oxide.
2Hg + O2
2HgO
40
Drug Review
4. Other chemicals action on Mercury:
Halogen and Halogen compounds i.e. Iodine, Bromine, Fluorine, Chlorine
and their compounds do have effects on Mercury to formIodines, Bromides,
Fluorides and Chlorides.
5. Action with Metals:
Mercury form alloys with many metals and these are called Amalgams.
6. Action with Sulpher:
On rubbing mercury with Sulpher in required proportions and a little caustic
potash solution it gives mercuric sulphide. The color changes slowly from black to
red.
Simple test of Mercury:101
1. Boiling point of mercury is 357.250C. When impurities, especially metallic
impurities are mixed in the mercury its boiling point changes to lower
temperature.
2. Pure Mercury does not stick to a clean glass, on the contrary impure mercury
leaves behind its track on the clean glass.
3. Impure mercury when shaken for some time in open air forms a thin film of
blackish powder over its surface. This is due to oxidation of the metallic
impurities. If mercury is pure this does not occur.
Pharmacology:102&103
It was an important constituent of drugs for centuries as an ingredient in many
diuretics, antibacterial, antiseptics, skin ointment and laxatives. Elemental mercury is
absorbed primarily a vapour through the lungs. Absorbed mercury is lipid soluble and
readily crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta. The half-life of elemental
41
Drug Review
mercury is 60 days; inorganic mercury is absorbed through G.I.tract and
percutaneously. The half-life of inorganic mercury is approximately 40 days.
Organic mercury is absorbed readily through the intestine and skin. The halflife of organic mercury is about 70 days.
Absorption:104
Most of the soluble salts of Mercury are absorbed slowly from the intact
mucous membrane of the alimentary tract and produce their systematic effects. The
insoluble mercuric salts however are very sparingly absorbed mercurous chloride and
iodide are known to be absorbed as mercury can be detected in the urine after their
administration. In case of sulphides however, a great deal of doubt exists as to
whether they are absorbed at all. The sulphide ion is very inert and it is clear that
unless and until the salt is dissociated into its constituent ions, mercury will not be
able to exert its influence on body tissues. Sulphide of mercury is not used in any of
the pharmacopoeias of western countries, as it is considered to be devoid of
therapeutic activity. In the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia on the other hand, mercury is
predominantly used in the form of sulphides. Investigation was therefore carried to
determine whether this salt is at all made soluble under ordinary physiological
conditions in the gut and whether the mercury ion liberated from this so-called the
tissues can utilize inert combination. Small doses of mercury diminish the amount of
oxidation of the tissues as evidenced by the variations in the gaseous interchange.
Further administration of small doses of mercury to rabbits, dogs and men causes an
increase in the number of RBCs while the body gains wt and general nutrition is
improved. Larger doses, however, have been found to act in the reverse way by
causing a diminution in the amount of HB%, RBCs and wt.
42
Drug Review
Mercury in Syphilis:105
Mercury was formerly the main remedy for the treatment of Syphilis.
Mercury had the advantage that small amount of them could be kept in the circulating
blood almost continuously So that anti Spirochete action could be maintained after
the arsphenamine had been excreted until it would safe to administer another arsenical
injection. This method of the treatment was based on the view, which still prevails,
that it is necessary for an antisyphillietic remedy to be present constantly in body
fluids for a considerable period to ensure destruction of all the spirochetes of syphilis.
Diuretic action of Mercury:105
It is a contraindicated in renal inefficiency or acute nephritis absolutely the main
use of mercurial diuretics is in edema of cardiac origin. Good results are some
times obtained in chronic stage of glomerulonephritis and ascitis due to hepatic
cirrhosis and portal obstruction.
Medico legal aspect:106&107
Mercury has always been considered to be a toxic drug to humans. Medicolegally it is said that metallic Hg, which is perfectly pure, can hardly be considered
poisonous.
In
exceptional cases mercury may undergo chemical changes in the body and operate as
a poison. Normal range of urinary mercury is up to 80 mg / lt and above 100 mg/lt it
is abnormal. Among the compounds of mercury, the chlorides, nitrates are always
responsible for acute poisoning.
Acute poisoning of Mercury:
The soluble salts of mercury in activate sulphydryl enzymes & thus interfere
with cellular metabolism & functions.
43
Drug Review
Metallic taste, construction or choking in throught, swollen and grayish,
whitish coating of tongue, hot burning pain nausea vomiting, blood and mucoid
material, diarrhea with blood stained stools, suppressed, scantyurine, circulatory
collapse, uremia, gangrenous colitis may be observed.
Excretion of 500 micro gm of mercury in urine in a day suggests poisoning.
Fatal dose - verities according to compound.
Fatal period Usually fatal period is 3 to 5 days.
Chronic Poisoning of Mercury:
This is more common to those who are exposed to the vapours of dust of
Mercury in factories where mercury & its salts are largely used. Also occurs among
those who have taken internally for a prolonged period of excessive doses of mercury
compounds. Symptoms begin to appear at 100/g of mercury per 100 ml of blood.
Symptoms: Nausea, digestive, disturbances, colicky pain, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Salivation, lossness of teeth etc.
Mercurialentis This is the brownish deposit of Hg through the cornea on the
anterior lens capsule, mercurial tremors detected early in the writing of the patient.
Erythrism Mental symptoms such as shyness, timidity, irritability, loss of
confidence, mental depression, mental disturbances, Hallucinations and delusions,
which may result in insanity.
Fatal dose108 - 0.5 to 1 gms/ 70 Kg
Fatal period108 Death may occur within a few hours or 3 to 5 days
Treatment:
1.Give egg white, milk or animal charcoal to precipitate Mercury.
2. Gastric leavage with 5% solution of sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate. This
reduces mercury chloride to metallic mercury. Gastric leavage can be done
44
Drug Review
with egg white solution or 2% to 5% solution of sodium bi-carbonate.
3. 10 gm of sulphoxilate in 100 to 200 CC of distilled water may be given by slow iv
injection & repeated after 4 to 6 hrs.
4. Penicillamine.
5. Demulcents.
6. High colonic leavage with 1:1000 solution of sulphoxilate twice daily.
7. Symptomatic treatment should be given as indications arise.
45
Drug Review
NIMBUKA:109,110,111,112,113&114
Botanical Name Citrus, Lemon (Linn)
Family - Rutaceae
Gana
Nimbuka,
Hindi
Nimbu,
Kannada
Nimbe Hannu,
English
Lemon,
Telagu
Nimma Chettu.
Description:
A strangling, bushy, small tree 3-4 meter high with thorny branches, Leavesovate, Petiole margined or winged flowers small white or pinkish sweet scented
fruit-oblong or ovoid, usually with a nipply shaped extremely bright yellow rind thick
pulp acid pale yellow.
Distribution:
Cultivated/grown in U.P, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, found wild
in the North West regions of India.
Phyto chemistry:
Citric richer juice 90% and the average amount of citric acid available 3.7%
from 100 cc lemon juice. A pale yellow volatile oil derived either by distillation or by
sample expression from the fresh outer part of the pericarp.
46
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Pharmaco dynamics:
Rasa
Amla, Katu.
Guna
Laghu, Tikshana,
Virya
Ushna,
Vipaka
Amla
Fruit
Dosage
Formulation
47
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
HARIDRA:
Vernacular Names:115&116
Sanskrit
---------- Haridra
English
---------- Turmeric
Hindi
---------- Haldi
Kannada
---------- Arashina
Family
---------- Zingiberacae
Telagu
---------- Pasapu
Bengali
---------
Ilud
Gujarati
---------
Haldar
Latin name
Synonyms:117
Kanchani, Peeta, Nishakhy, Varavarnini, Krimighna, Haldi, Yoshitpriya,
Hattavilasini, Gouri.
Vargikarana:118
Tiktaskanda, Kusthaghna,Lekhaniya, Kandughna,Visaghna (Ca), Haridradi,
Mustadi, Slesmasansamana (Su), Haritakyadi Varga(Bha,Pra).
Ghataka:119
Haridrakanda,Dasamularishta,Asvaghandharista,Kumayasava,Punarnava
Mandura,
Mahasudasanachurna,
Chandraprabhavati,
Basantkusumakararasa,
Dasangalepa.
Chemical Composition:120&121
It contains essential oil, Resin, an Alkaloid, Curcumin the yellow colouring
matter, Turmeric oil or Termerol. Turmeric oil is thick, yellow viscid oil. In Haridra
5-6% Vortile oil, 24% starch, 30% albuminoides present. Chemical formula is
C21H20O6.
48
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
----
Tikta, Katu
Guna
----
Ruksha,Laghu
Veerya
----
Ushna
Vipaka
----
Katu
Part used
----
Kanda
Carminative,
Anthelminthic, Purulent
blood
purifier,
Tonic,
Alterative
antiperiodic,
49
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
ACIDS:
Introduction:124
The term acid has become so common and routinely applied to wide variety of
substances. Unfortunately several definitions of acids have been proposed from time
to time and this has confused the concept of acids. Each definition is correct within its
own framework and we should apply the one, which is the most suited under the
given circumstances.
Historical Background:
Going back to the historical development of the subject, acids were earlier
characterized by their sour taste, ability to dissolve substances insoluble in water,
action on vegetable dyes till Lavoisier in 1787 characterized acids as substances
containing oxygen as a constituent. The German name for element oxygen is
Sauerstoy meaning acidic substances. It is based on Lavoisier definition of acids in
1811, Davy observed that not all acids contain oxygen and proposed hydrogen as the
common constituent of all acids. In 1838 Liebig established protonic concept of acids
and defined as a substance composed of replaceable hydrogen.
Modern definitions of acids started the Arrhenius approach between 18801890. The new concept of ionization based on Arrhenius model was the first
sophisticated view on acid behaviour. According Arrhenius an acid is a substance
which gives hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous solution
Ace to Bronsted Lowry Definition:
Bronsted & Lowry, in 1923, independently defined acids as proton donors.
This definition is same as Arrhenius definition.
50
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Lewis Definition:
In 1923, Lewis gave a general definition of acid behaviour in terms of
electron-pair donation and acceptance but this received due attention in 1938.
Acc to Lewis, an acid is defined as any molecule, ion or radical that can accept
one or more electron pairs, that is, an acid is an electron pair acceptor.
industry,125
manufacture of sulphuric acid and is one of the most important world industries. It is
manufactured either by the lead chamber process or by the contact process.126
Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid:127
1. It is a colourless syrupy liquid (density 1.84 at 288K)
2. It boils at 611K when it is found to contain only 98.3% of the acid. Thus boiling
cannot effect concentration beyond 98.3%. Pure 100 percent acid is obtained by
dissolving sulphur trioxide in the dilute acid.
3. Concentrated acid fumes strongly are moist air.
Chemical Properties of Sulphuric Acid:128
Action of metals
The action of sulphuric acid on metals depends to some extent on
The strength of the acid
The nature of the metals
Metals like iron, zinc, aluminium, tin & magnesium react the dilute acid
liberating hydrogen gas.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Metal like lead, copper, mercury & silver react without concentrated sulphuric acid
51
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
to produce sulphur dioxide gas & respective metal sulphate.
H2SO4 H2O + SO2 + [O].
Hg + 2H2SO4 HgSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
These reactions, the sulphur in sulphate ion So2-4 is reduced and the metal are
oxinated to respective cautions.
Cu + SO2-4 + 4H+ Cu2+ + SO2 + 2H2O
Noble metals like gold & platinum do not react at all.
Dehydrating nature:
Sulphuric acid dissolves in water with evolution of heat. It form hydrates with
water like H2SO4, H2O, or H2SO4.2H2O etc. Therefore, sulphuric acid can be used as
dehydrating agent it extracts the elements of water (i.e. hydrogen & oxygen) from
many organic substances.
Oxidation Reactions:
Sulphuric acid is on oxidizing agent, because it can easily supply an atom of
oxygen according to the following equation.
H2SO4 H2O+ SO2+ [O].
Action on salts:129
It is a strong acid and decomposes the salts of the more volatile acids, eg:
chlorides, nitrates, sulphites, carbonates etc. The corresponding acid is liberated in
each case.
Cl + H2SO4 HSO4 + HCl
Uses or Importance of Sulphuric Acid:130
Sulphuric acid is used in a large number of Industries. So important is this acid
and so varied are its uses that it is often called the King of the Chemicals. The early
consumption of sulphuric acid is an index to industrialization, prosperity or
52
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
civilization of a country. The chief uses of the acid are
1.
2.
3.
4.
In dyes and Drugs: The acid is used in the manufacture of coal for dyes and
drugs. It is used there for susphonation and dehydration purposes.
5.
For Pickling: It is used for cleansing metals (removing the oxide layer from
their surface) before enameling, electroplating, galvanizing or soldering.
6.
In the manufacture of explosive: Dynamite, TNT and pienie acid are obtained
by the action of sulphuric acid and nitric acid mixture on organie compounds.
7.
8.
In storage batteries.
9.
10.
Additional Points:131
The sulphur trioxide gas is not absorbed directly by water, because it gives a
dense fog of sulphuric acid particles. A large amount of heat is liberated during
hydration of sulphuric acid. If water is added to concentrated sulphuric acid, it spurts
53
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
out because of the formation of syteam. To prepare dilute sulphuric acid solution,
concentrated acid is added slowly to plenty of water with stirring and cooling, if
necessary.
The structural formula of sulphuric acid is
54
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
SAINDHAVA:
It is one among the Lavantraya and also Lavana panchaka.
Vernacular names:132,133&134
Sanskrit
--
Saindhava
English
--
Rock Salt
Hindi
--
Senholon, Sedhalon
Kannada
--
Saindhava uppu
Arabic
--
Mil - he tabazard
Persian
--
Namake sang
Gujarati
--
Sindhaluna
Telagu
--
Saindhalavanam
Tamil
--
Indu Uppu
German
--
Natrium Chloricum
Synonyms:
Table No 22 Synonyms of Saindhava lavana:
Sl No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Paryaya
Saindhava
Sindhu
Sindhutha
Nadeya
Sindhuja
Shiva
Vimalavar
Sheetashiva
Shuddha
Lavanavara
Shilatmaka
Manimanth
Dhouteya
Patuttama
Shivatmaja
Pathya
Patuttama
Sindhulavana
Sindhuphala
Sindhutta
Sindhudeshaja
DhN135
KN136
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
55
Drug Review
22
23
24
Sindhubhava
Sindhumantaja
Vashira
Sr No
Rasa
Ishatmadhur
Madhur
RN146
-
Ruchikar
2) VEERYA:
Sr No
1
Veerya
Shita
ChSm
SuSm
AH
RN
KN
MPN
BPN
DhN
RSM
56
Drug Review
3) VIPAKA:
Sr No
Vipaka
ChSm
SuSm
AH
RN
KN
MPN
BPN
DhN
RSM
ChSm
-
SuSm
+
+
-
AH
+
+
-
RN
-
KN
+
+
+
+
BPN
+
+
+
-
DhN
+
+
-
RSM
+
+
-
Madhur
4) GUNA:
Sr No
1
2
3
4
5
Guna
Laghu
Snigdha
Sukshma
Ushna
Shitala
MPN
+
+
+
5) DOSHAGHNATA:
Sl No
1
Doshaghnata
ChSm SuSm
Tridhosh Shamaka
AH
RN
KN
MN
BPN
DhN
RSM
6) KARMA:
Sl No
Karma
1 Rochana
2 Deepana
3 Vrusha
4 Chakshushya
5 Hrudya
6 Vrana Ropaka
7 Vibandhahara
8 Pachaka
9 Avidhahi
10 Aarogyaprada
ChSm
+
+
+
-
SuSm
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
AH
+
+
+
+
-
RN
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
KN
+
+
+
+
+
-
MN
+
+
+
+
+
-
BPN
+
+
+
+
+
-
DhN
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
RSM
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
USES:
1) Used in diet as well as in Medicines.
2) In Ayurveda it is considered best amongst all the lavanas for internal use.
3) In compound preparation when particular type of lavana is not mentioned in
literature, then saindhav is recommended for use.
4) Used in Nirghandha Kupipakva preparations.
5) Used in treatment of Aruchi, Hrudrog, vranaropan, vibandh etc.
57
Drug Review
Modern Concept:152
According to Inorganic chemistry: Sodium Chloride (NaCl):
Common Salt is found in seawater, in salt wells, island lakes (eg; Sambar in
India & Lake Elton in Russia) & in deposits of rock salts in Himachal Pradesh
(Mandi) and Khewra (Punjab, Pakistan). Rock Salt is duged out or dissolved in water,
if found very deep. The saturated solution is pumped out and evaporated to get the
salt.
Common salt is also manufactured from seawater & water of certain lakes by
evaporated by solar heat and wind when sodium chloride separates out. Seawater is
run into lagoons with beds of clay to prevent percolation & allowed to evaporate, clay
deposits here and the saturated solution is made to flow into other lagoons and
evaporates further when crude salt is deposited & is raked up. The mother liquor
known as bittern may be used for the manufacture of magnesium & bromine.
In cold countries like Russia, seawater is taken into pits where only freezes at
night leaving a concentrated solution. The percentage rise daily till it is 22% & about
90% of water has been removed. This is heated to get salt.
Properties:
Drug Review
Uses:
59
Sagni
Those Rasayanas, which are
Niragni
Those Rasayanas, which are prepared
When the herbal drugs combine with mercurial compounds or with sulphur,
their activities may last for very longer period. The Rasagranthas clearly indicate that
Parada with its very powerful yogavahi properties, when mixed with other substances
increase their properties immensely and the self-life period for indefinite period.
60
61
62
Ingredients
Manufacturing Method
a) Sagandha
(Prepared with
the use of Gandhaka)
a) Antardhuma
(Cork is applied in the
beginning and the
eg.Hinguliya Manikya
Rasa, RasaSindhura etc.
b) Nirgandha
(Prepared without use
of Gandhaka)
b) Bahirdhuma
(cork is applied after
burning of Sulphur)
eg. Rasapushpa
Rasakarpoor
eg.Hinguliya Manikya
Rasa, SilaSindhura
Place of Finished
product
a) Kanthastha
(The finished product
deposited at the neck)
eg.HinguliyaManikya
Rasa, Rasasindhur etc.
b) Talastha
(The product is obtained
from the bottom of the
kupi)
eg.Svarnavanga.
Samirapannaga rasa,
c) Ubhayastha
(Find products obtained
from both the sitas)
eg. Makaradhwaja
Purvakarma
(B)
Pradhanakarma
(C)
Paschat karma
(A) Purvakarma:
During Purvakarma following points should be considered.
i.
ii.
Shodhana of ingredients.
iii.
Preparation of mixture.
iv.
Preparation of Kupi.
v.
with a hollow space of 5 Gulpha (20") inside and should have many holes in its lower
portion. There should be an opening for introducing fuel, of about 12 angulas. In the
Bhatti heat of the burning fuel should properly reach the center as well as surrounding
the Valuka Yantra. There should be sufficient air ventilation inside the furnace. An
out let for the fumes should be there from inside. The flame should go up rather
coming down. Bhatti can be made with the fireproof bricks, which minimizes the loss
of heat and fuel consumption.
Types of Bhatti:
1. Wooden furnace.
2. Sikata yantra furnace.
3. Coal furnace.
4. Movable or immovable gas furnace.
5. Electric furnace.
Fuel used:
1) Wood,
2) Coal (Hard coke or soft coke)
3) Gas
4) Electricity.
64
65
2.
In terms of temperature.
The term duration indicates the time limit for maintenance of Kramagni
and in terms of temperature indicates the temperature limit for maintenance of
Kramagni.
69
73
25 Sq inch
Iron Bars
12
10
7
Earth
8
13
28 Sq inch
74
Drug Review
Rasakarpoor:
Rasakarpoor is systematically methodized, arranged and presented as a science
during the period of Nagarjuna. However, the few references of Rasoushadhis as
therapy are available in Vedic period. The available literature of Rasashastra does not
reveal the exact history of Rasakarpoor. The name Rasakarpoor appeared only after
Nagarjuna (8th century onwards).
Definition of Rasakarpoor:
Rasakarpoor comprises of two words viz Rasa and Karpura. We shall look
into the meaning of these two words separately.
Rasa:
The meaning of Rasa should be taken as Parada. It is named as Rasa, as it has
the capacity to dissolve or absorb all the metals in it and also can overcome old age,
disease and death.167
Karpoora:
This gives the following meanings,
1) A substance, which is white in colour.
2) Substance with particular smell.
In shabda kalpa Dhruma, the meaning of Karpur is given as Chandra,
Lokatusarah,
Gourah,
Kumudah,
Chandrabhasma,
Renusarakah,
Tarabhrah,
Drug Review
Synonyms:
All most all acharyas mentioned as Rasakarpoor.
According to Rasaprakasha sudhakar
Rasakamadhenu
Ghanasara rasaha
Apurva rasaha
Historical background:
Vedic period, Smruti, Koutilya Arthashastra, Samhita period we does not have any
reference about Rasakarpoora.
Rasakala: - Few are of the opinion that the exact time of Rasakarpoora can be traced
by dating the instruments. Damaruyantra, which is a must for the preparation of
Rasakarpoora, was known to siddhas of 8th century A.D. However, this will not solve
the problem as these instruments were used for other purposes also.
If one considers the time of the text in which first reference of the
Rasakarpoora is available, then it will be very easy to say when exactly the
Rasakarpoora was prepared. Vaidya swamy Harisarananda, in his book Kupipakva
rasa nirmana writes that an arab prepared Rasakarpoora by using Parada and several
other drugs through Damaru Yantra in 8th century A.D. But according to his another
book Bhasma Vijnana, the date of the Rasakarpoora is 12th century A.D. It is named
as Ghanasara Rasah under the heading of Parada preparation in Rasa prakasha
sudhakar (12th ). The term Rasakarpoora is first used in Rasendra chintamani (14th
century A.D). Then onwards the other various Rasashastra texts have explained
elaborately the preparation and pharmacological action of Rasakarpoor.
There are about 40 references about Rasakarpoor in Rasa texts. Most of the
acharyas after 12th century have explained about the Rasakarpoor with little bit
variation in the preparation as well as ingredients as shown in the below table.
76
Drug Review
Table No 24 Different methods of preparation explained by different Texts:
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
Author/Reference
Ingredients / Quantity
Yantra
Damaru
Yantra
BP/PoorvaKhanda,
Sloka No184-189,
PageNo 846-847
RSM/Chapter No 1,
Page No 24-25.
RMJ/Chapter No 1,
Sloka No 40.
10
RSM / Chapter No 1,
Page No 26,
(Kondapalli)
11
RT / Chapter No 6, Page
No 115-116.
Valuka
Yantra
Damaru
Yantra
Lavana
Yantra
Damaru
Yantra
Damaru
Yantra
Damaru
Yantra
Valuka
Yantra
Valuka
Yantra
Valuka
Yantra
Valuka
Yantra
Drug Review
swangasheeta collect Rasakarpoor in kanthabhaga.
According to Bharateeya Rasashastras, Parada Vidnyana have mentioned
preparation of Rasakarpoor same as of Rasatarangini.
Pariksha:169
To test/examine the Purity and genuinity of Rasakarpoor, take a clean, shiny
Iron pan and put a drop of water on it. Then add a pinch of Rasakarpoor on that drop.
After a moment throw away the water drop and if there is blackening at the site of the
drop then the Rasakarpoor sample would be considered as pure.
Lakshana:
Karpooranibham,
Kundendusannibham,
Spatikanibham,
Succhyakara,
78
Drug Review
Matra:
According to Rasendrasarasangraha 1- 2 Gunja is common matra.
According to
For Virechana
---
2 Ratti,
Vireachana (Balaka)
---
1/4 Ratti
Hikka
---
1/8 Ratti
Avashyakatanusara
---
1. Rasatarangini
---
2. Rasendrapurana
---
3 to 3/2 Ratti.
3. Ayurveda Prakash
---
3 to 3/2 Ratti.
4. Rasaratna samucchaya
---
3 to 6 Ratti.
5. Bharatiya Rasashastra
---
1/4 to 2 Ratti.
Anupana:
Table No 25 Different types of Anupana of Rasakarpoor:
Author
Sl
Anupana
No
Guda
Dugdha
Nagavalli
Navaneeta
Jatirasa
Gruta
Lavanga
Chandana
Swarnakshirimula
10
Tvak
11
Devakusuma
12
Kasturi
13
Jala
79
Drug Review
Patya:
According to the Rasaratna samucchaya and Anandakanda, Pathyas are
Dugdha, Dadhi, Gruta, Madhu, Sharkara are taken in heavy quantity. Shali, Yava,
Mudgha, Draksha, Narikel jala, Patola, Padmamoola, Punarnava, Nagarmotha, Jeera,
Dhanya, Haridra, Saindhava lavana, Ardraka Swarasa and Hamsodaka. These pathyas
are for all mercurial preparations.
Apathya:
According to the Rasaratna samucchaya and Anandakanda, Apathyas are ati
madyapana, Bhojana, Nidra, Jagarana, Maithuna, Krodha, Chintana and Kushmanda
Karkati, Karabooja, Karavallika, Kusumbakancha, Karkota, Kadali, Kakamachi.
Indication:
Table No 26 Different indications mentioned by different Texts:
Sl
No
1
Name of Author
Indication
RPS
Bahoobhothvisha
paha
177
AP
178
RSM
179
BRRS180
BP181
YR182
RT183
RK184
Tvachagataroga
Atisara
Ruchivardhana
Kruminashana
Pravahikahara
Phiranga /
Upadousha
Kushta
Kandu
10
Agnidipaka
11
Vrunanashaka
12
13
Sankramakarogan
ashaka
Sarvarogahara
80
Drug Review
14
Kantivardhaka
15
Veeryabalavrudhi
16
Tridoshanashaka
17
Vishahar
18
Raktavikarhar
19
Kshayanashaka
20
Udararoghar
81
Drug Review
According to Rasayogasagara
Oral administration of Gandhaka taila.
Gargling with the Kwatha of Babbula or Badaratwak along with Kankshi and
Tutta.
According to Bruhat Yoga Tarangini
Oral administration of Kushmand, Kumari and Kadalikanda Swarasa.
Yoga:
Rasakarpoor vati: Keshara, Krishna maricha, Raktachandana, Lavanga all are
taken in each 1 masha, mix with 1 ratti Rasakarpoor and mardana with
Nimbuswarasa, make 1 ratti vati taken along with Navaneeta.
Kesharadhi gutika: Rasakarpoor, Ela, Lavanga, Trikatu, Javitri all are taken in
equal quantity. Make powder and bhavana with Ardraka swarasa, subjected to
mardana. Afterwards make vati of 4 Masha Pramana, take along with Madhu
and Ghruta.
Rasakarpoor, Lavanga, Chandana, Satyanashinimoola all are taken equal
quantity and Bhavana with Nagarabela swarasa subjected to Mardhana
continuously for 3 days. Make 1 ratti pramana vati.
Rasakarpoor drava: Rasakarpoor 1 ratti and 200ml of shudda jala.
82
Drug Review
Mercurial salts:185
Two varieties of Mercurial salts are there viz. Mercurous chloride (HgCl
orHg2Cl2) and Mercuric chloride (HgCl2). These salts can be prepared by sublimation
process.
Definition of Sublimation:
Sublimation is the process of converting a solid directly into its vapour and
condensing the vapour into solid state having the same composition. The substance
does not pass through the intermediate liquid state.
Mercuric chloride:
Corrosive sublimate, Mercury bichloride, Mercuric bichloride, Mercuric
dichloride, Mercury dichloride, Dichloro mercury, Mercury perchloride.
Physico chemical properties:
1. Molecular weight
271.5
2. Physical state
3. Colour
White
4. Odour
Odourless
5. Solubility
6. Boiling point
3020C
7. Density
5.4 g/cm2
8. Reactivity
9. Structure
Cl
Hg
Cl
83
Drug Review
10. Melting point
2760C
11. pH
4.7
1.859
Dose:
186
Drug Review
respiratory mucosa, small and large intestine, skin, salivary glands, heart, brain and
lungs contain decreasing amounts.
Mercury compound is stored in the bone, bone marrow and liver for a short
time. A special affinity for absorbed mercury in the frontal and basal cerebral regions
of the brain has been noted. A week after exposure 85-95% of all Mercury in the body
is stored in the kidney with continued absorption the concentration in the kidney
increases. Further absorption results in higher levels in other organs without affecting
renal levels.
The concentration of mercury in hair is about 300 times that in the blood, and
the most recent growth of hair reflects past blood mercury levels.
All forms of mercury cross the placenta to the foetus. Foetal uptake of
elemental mercury in rats has been shown to be 10-40 times higher than uptake after
exposure to inorganic compounds probably because of lipid solubility of mercury
vapour.
Biological Half-life:
Biological half-life for inorganic mercury is about 40 days. For elemental
mercury or mercury vapour the biological half-life is linear with a range of values
from 35-90 days. The biological half-life is different for different organs. A fraction
of the absorbed mercury will remain in the body for a longer time.
Elimination:
Excreted mainly in the urine but considerable amounts are also passed in the
faeces through secretion by the gastro intestinal tract, particularly in the colon, bile,
saliva and intestinal fluid.
Kidneys: - 50% of the dose had a half time of 30 days and was excreted in the urine
85
Drug Review
following renal accumulation. The remaining 15% with a half time of 100 days was
accounted for by renal excretion.
Preparation of Mercuric chloride:
Mercuric chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury
chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a hot concentrated solution of
mercury nitrate.
HgNO3 + 2HCl
Or
chloride then sublimes and condenses in the form of small rhombic crystals.
The violent poison sublimate, mercuric chloride, first mentioned by Geber,
was used by paracelsus (1493-1541) and the Iatro chemists.
1. Geber, who obtained it by subliming a mixture of finely divided mercury,
calcined green vitriol common salt and nitre, describes the preparation of
mercuric chloride.
Hg +2NaCl + 2KNO3 + Fe2S2O9
Drug Review
HgSO4 + 2NaCl
HgCl2 + Na2SO4
HgCl2
87
Review of Krimi
Krimi
By deep examination of the Ayurvedic concepts of disease etiology, one can
find the reference regarding exogenous cause as a major one. Among these Agantuja
nidanas krimi is included. If we make an attempt to search the reference of krimi in
our texts we get vast explanation.188 Another fascinating fact is that our ancient seers
were not only having the idea of 20 types of disease causing organisms but also
another type called Sahaja krimi which are said to help the body to maintain its
integrity which simulates to the bacterias like lactobacillus etc.
These krimis are classified into four major types based on habitat, which grow
in feces, mucus, blood and nonfecal excreta.189 The main features of which are
indicated in below table.
Recent Ayurvedic scholars have explained the nature of the krimi as
microorganisms, which may be visible and invisible. This supports as to compare
krimi to helminthes, other visible and microorganisms viz viruses, bacteria & others,
which can be substantiated from the symptoms of each type of krimi manifestation as
told in the table.
Our ancient scientists were well versed with the knowledge of spread of
diseases i.e. infectious disease / epidemic disease concepts. These types of diseases
are termed as Oupsargika roga, which includes Jwara, Rajayakshma, Kushta and
Netrabhishandha.190 These diseases if tried to correlate in modern pathology it is very
evident that there will be contamination to the healthy being resulting in dieses
manifestation. The mode of spread is by Prasanga (Sexual coitus- STD HIV etc),
Gatra sparshaja (touch of body-Leprosy and other skin diseases etc), Nishwas (TB,
rhinitis & other RTI etc), Sahabhojana Taking food and drinks, (Typhoid, cholera,
Amabiosis etc) Asana, Vastra, Maala and Anurlepana (Contact dermatitis fungal
88
Review of Krimi
infection etc).
As for as the treatment of this disease is considered, it consists of the removal
of worms, eradication of the source of origin/breeding ground and prophylaxis against
curative source. The removal may be manual as for organism like lice. In some
locations it may be done by evacuative measures including Nasya, Vamana,
Virechana and Niruhabasti. The source is eradicated by the administration of kashaya,
katu and tikta medications and other agents opposite to kapha. Prophylaxis in
accomplished by personal conduct, which scrupulously avoids the contact with
nidana.
Apart from these, for infected wound treatment Ayurveda advocates
fumigation with krimiharadravya in order to kill disease causing microorganisms
locally. Also the fumigation was a routine process for cleansing shalyagara, sutikagar,
oushadhagar with krimihara dravya.
These substantiating evidence are enough to say that disease causing
microorganisms of present era can be equated with Krimi of old Indian system of
medicine.
For the convenience of present study, we have selected most prevalent disease
causing organism in the clinical practice.
89
Review of Krimi
Table No 27 Category & Features of Krimi:191
Category
Cause
Features
Habitat
Purishaja
Intestine
stale, Contaminated
Appearance
Colour
Example
Symptoms
Cylindrical, Thread
White/ Black/
Kakeruka,
like long
Blue/ Green/
Makeruka,
Yellow.
Leliha etc
through anus
White
Antrada,
& unwholesome
food
Shleshmaja Rice, Milk, Jaggery
Stomach
Contaminated &
udarada,
unwholesome food
earthworm or like
hrudayachara
Constipitation, loss of
thread.
Shonitaja
Similar to Leprosy
Blood
Minute, round, no
Vessels
weight.
Coppery
Keshad,
Lomad,
invisible
Oudumbara
Malaja
Poor Hygiene
Hair root,
Cloths.
many legs.
Lice, ants,
Itching, urticaria.
yuka, pipilika.
90
Micro Organism
Micro Organisms:
Microorganisms occur in large numbers in most natural environments and
bring about many changes some desirable and others undesirable. The diversity of
their activities ranges from causing diseases in humans, animals.192
History:
History is the achievements of men, people whose names have been forgotten
and whose accomplishments have been lost in the longer and deeper shadows made
many important contributions.193
Many explanations have offered for the origin of life on earth. One of the
more acceptable of these proposals suggests that life originated in the sea following
millions of years of a chemical evolutionary process. According to this hypothesis the
inorganic compounds of the atmosphere, under the influence of ultraviolet light,
electrical discharges, and / or high temperatures, interacted to form organic
compounds, which precipitated, into the sea, where they accumulated. These organic
compounds, subjected to additional physical effects of the environment, combined to
form peptides, polypeptides and other more complex organic substances which served
as the precursors of the first form of life.194
Microorganisms are the major causative factors for many infectious diseases.
The agents of human infectious diseases belong to five major groups of organism, viz
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminthes and viruses.195
Anthony van leevwenhoeks lucid reports on the ubiquity of microbes enabled
Louis Pasteur 200 years later to discover the involvement of these creatures in
fermentation reactions and allowed Robert Koch, Theobald Smith, Pasteur and many
others to discover the association of microbes with diseases. Koch is remembered for
his isolation of the bacteria that cause anthrax and tuberculosis. For this important
91
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Micro Organism
contribution to the creation of the science of the microbiology own him the 1905
Nobel Prize.
Though of relatively short duration, the history of microbiology is filled with
thrilling achievements. We have won many battles with microorganisms and have
learned not only to make them work for use but also to control some of those that
work against us.196
Bacteria:
Bacteria share a unique place in the world of living organisms. Bacteria are
considered as Prokaryotes which means primitive nucleus.197
Size, Shape and Arrangements:198
Bacteria are very small, most being approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mm in
diameter.
The shape of a bacterium is governed by its rigid cell wall. Typical bacterial
cells are spherical (cocci), straight rods (bacilli) or rods that are helically curved
(Spirilla). Although most bacterial species have cells that are of a fairly constant and
characteristic shape, some have cells that are pleomorphic i.e. that can exhibit a
variety of shapes.
Bacterial cells are usually arranged in a manner characteristic of their
particular species. Hence arrangement of bacteria is important. Eg.certain cocci occur
in pairs. (Staphylococci). These arrangements are determined by the orientation and
degree of attachment of the bacteria at the time of cell division.
Gram +ve and Gram ve organisms:199
Gram +ve and Gram ve bacteria can be identified by the cell wall structure. Cell
wall is the outermost component common to all bacteria. It is elastic and pores and is
freely permeable to solute molecule of less than 10000 molecular weight. It is about
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
92
Micro Organism
10 to 25nm in thickness and shares 20% to 30% of dry weight of cells.
The structure, chemical composition and thickness of the cell wall in Gram +ve
and Gram ve bacteria differ as follows
The peptidoglycan layer is much thicker in Gram +ve than in Gram ve
bacteria. Some Gram +ve bacteria also have a layer of teichoic acid outside the
peptidoglycan, where as Gram ve bacteria do not.
In constant, the Gram ve organisms have a complex outer layer consisting of
lipopolysacharide, Lipoprotein and Phospholipid. Lying between the outer
membrane layer and the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram ve bacteria is the
periplasmic space, which is the site, in some species of enzymes (e.g. - lactamases),
that degrade pencillines and other lactam drugs.
Table 28 Difference between Gram +ve and Gram ve Bacteria:
Sl No
1
2
3
4
5
Features
Thickness
Variety of amino acid
Aromatic & Sulphur
containing amino acid
Lipids
Teichoic acids
Gram +ve
15 to 25nm
Few
Absent
Gram ve
10 to 15 nm
Several
Present
Low 2% to 4%
Present
Grams strains are used to study, morphologic appearance of bacteria and thus
help in differentiating Gram +ve and Gram ve bacteria.
Incidence:
A normal healthy person is colonized by as many as 1012 bacteria on the skin,
1010 bacteria in the alimentary tract.
Gram +ve Bacteria:200,201&202
Staphylococcus aureus:
93
Micro Organism
staphylococci and proposed the appropriated nomenelature. Staphylococcus
aurous (Yellow) and Staphylococcus albus (White).
Most Staphylococci are non pathogenic and are called Stapha albus because
they usually produce white colonies on culture. Stapha albus usually causes
infection only the resistance of the patient is lowered and even then their
virulence is low.
The pathogenic staphylococci are called stapha aureus because they usually
produce golden colonies and culture. They are parasites occurring on the skin
and mucus membrane of humans.
organism is Pyogenic.
Three species of staphylococci are human pathogens: Staph aureus, Staph
epidemidis and Staph Saphrophyticus. Of the three, Staph aureus is the most
important. Staph aureus is distinguished from the others primarily by coagulate
production (Coagulase clots citrated plasma).
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
94
Micro Organism
Staph aureus has several important cell wall components and antigens, which includes
Protein A, Teichoic, Surface receptors.
Protein A: A is the major protein in the cell wall. It is an important virulence factor,
since it binds to the Fc protion of IgG, preventing the binding of complement. Protein
A is useful in the clinical laboratory because it binds to IgG and can be used to
Coagglutinate antigen antibody complexes.
Teichoic acid: Teichoic acids are polymers of ribitol phosphate Antibodies to tichoic
acids develop in certain Staphylococcal infections e.g. Endocarditis.
Surface receptor: Surface receptors for specific staphylococcal bacteria phages
permit the phase typing of strains for epidemiological purposes. Teichoic acids
make up part of these receptors.
Transmission:
Staphylococci are ubiquitous in the human environment and in the normal
human flora. Staphylococcus aureus is often found in the nose and sometimes on the
skin, Staphylococcal infections are shedding from human lesions and fomites
contaminated by these lesions. A heavily contaminated environment favors disease
production (e.g. Family members with boils) and a compromised immune system.
Pathogenesis:
Staphylococci cause disease both by producing toxins and by multiplying in
tissue and causing inflammation. The typical lesion of Staphylococcus aureus
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
95
Micro Organism
infection is an obsess. (e.g. Furuneles and boils), but organisms may disseminate via
the blood stream as well.
Several important toxins and enzymes are produced by Staph aureus. (Enterotoxin,
Toxic shock Symdrome toxin, Exfoliatin & alpha toxin)
Clinical Findings:
The important clinical manifestation caused by Staph aureus can be divided
into two groups: inflammatory and toxin- mediated. In the following list, the first six
are inflammatory in origin whereas the last two are toxin- mediated.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Smears from local lesions or pus reveal Gram +ve cocci in grapelike clusters.
Cultures yield white or golden yellow colonies that usually beta- hemolytic, Staph
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
96
Micro Organism
aureus is coagulase positive. The two coagulase-negative staphylococci are
distinguished by their reaction to the antibiotic novobiocin.
Treatment:
90% or more of Staph aureus strains are resistant to penicillin, which should
be used only if the organism is shown to be sensitive. Staphy aureus strains resistant
to all antibiotics except vancomycin. Some strains of staphylococci exhibit tolerance,
i.e. they can be inhibitated by antibiotics but are not killed (MBC/ MTC ration is very
high). Tolerance may be due to failure of drugs to inactivate inhibiters of autolytic
enzymes that degrade the organisms. Tolerate organism should be treated with a drug
combinations.
Prevention:
There is no effective immunizations with toxoids are bacterial vaccine.
Cleanliness, frequent hand washing and ascetic management of lesions help to control
spread of Staphy aureus. Dissemination from they nose and skin of carrier can be
reduced by topical application of antimicrobial agent (or by systematic treatment), but
is difficult to arrest all together. Shedders may have to be removed from high risk
areas. e.g. Operating room and newborn nurseries.
Streptococcus pyogenes:203,204&205
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, Spherical, nonmotile, non-spore
forming coccus that occurs in chains or in pairs of cells. Individual cells are round-toovoid cocci, 0.6-1.0 meter in diameter. Streptococci divide in one plane and thus
occur in pairs or (especially in liquid media or clinical material) in chains of varying
lengths. The metabolism of S. pyogenes is fermentative; the organism is a catalasenegative aerotolerant anaerobe and requires enriched medium containing blood in
97
Micro Organism
order to grow. Nutritional requirements are complex, including several amino acids
and vitamins.
Most Streptococci are parasites of humans and animals and several species
are pathogenic. There are many species of streptococci, few examples followStrepto pyogenus, Strepto mutons, Strepto faecalis, Strapto lactease and Strepto
creamorise, Strepto pnemoniea.
Clinical manifestations:
Streptococci produce a wide variety of infections. All species can cause
septicaemia.
Clinical manifestations:
S. Pyogenes (group A beta- hemolytic streptococcus) is the most common
bacterial cause of Sore throat, Skin and Tissue infection, Bone and joint infection,
Tonsillitis scarlet fever, Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatic fever, Puerperal sepsis.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Smears are useless in pharyngitis because viridans streptococci are members of
the normal flora and cannot be visually distinguished from the pathogenic
streptococci pyogenes. However, Stained smears from skin lesions or wounds that
reveal streptococci are diagnostic.
98
Micro Organism
Treatment & Prevention:
All group a streptococci are susceptible to penicillin G, but neither rheumatic fever
nor AGN patients benefit from penicillin treatment after onset. Endocarditis caused by
most viridans streptococci is curable by prolonged penicillin treatment; most of
streptococci infection has to be treated by combined drug treatment.
Prevention of rheumatic fever involves prompt treatment of group a
streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin. Prevention of streptococcal infection in
persons who have had rheumatic fever is important to prevent recurrence of the
disease. There is no evidence that patients who have had AGN require similar
penicillin prophylaxis.
There are no vaccines available against these streptococcal infections.
Gram ve Bacteria:206,207&208
Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Pseudomonas is a gram ve Aerobic, non-spore forming, straight or slightly
curved rods. They are typically motile by means of one or more polar flagella.
Generally, common to all constituent species of the genus. Pseudomonas is certain
physiological properties such as chemo organotrophic nutrition, aerobic metabolism,
absence of fermentation, absence of photosynthesis, inability to fix nitrogen and
capacity for growth at the expense of a large variety of organic substrates.
These bacteria widely distributed in soil and water several species are
pathogenic of humans or animals some cause spoilage of meat and other foods.
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
99
Micro Organism
Pseudomonas is able to grow in water containing only traces of nutrients, eg; Tap
water and this favours their persistence in the hospital environment.
Pseudomonas contains five genetically distinct groups. Among them
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P.cepacia have a remarkable ability to withstand
disinfectants; this accounts in part for their role in hospital acquired injections.
P.aeruginosa can be spread through fecal material. Also P.aeruginosa has been
implicated as sources of infection in hospitals.
P.aeruginosa produces two pigments useful in clinical and laboratory
diagnosis (1) Pyocyanin, which can colour the pus in a wound blue and (2) Pyoverdin,
a yellow green pigment that fluoresces under ultraviolet light, a property that can be
used in the early detection of skin in burn patients.
Strains of P.aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients have prominent
slime layer, which gives their colonies a very mucoid appearance. The slime mediates
adherence of the organism to mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and prevents
antibody from binding to the organism.
Characteristics:
It is a gram ve rod measuring 0.5 to 0.8 meter by 1.5 to 3.0 meter.
Its metabolism is respiratory and never fermentative, but it will grow in the
absence of O2 if NO3 is available as a respiratory electronacepto. It is tolerant to a
wide variety of physical conditions, including temperature. It is resistant to high
concentration of salts and dyes, weak antiseptics and many commonly used
antibiotics. It can grow at 420C produces a bluish pigment and a greenish pigment.
Characteristic fruity odour.
100
Micro Organism
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology:
P.aeruginosa found chiefly in soil and water, although approximately 10%
of people carry it in the normal flora of the colon. It is found on the skin in moist
areas and can colonize the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized patients and urinary
tract infections, GIT.
P.aeruginosa is primarily an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections in
hospitalized patients, eg; those with extensive burns, in whom the skin host defences
are destroyed; those with chronic respiratory disease (eg; cystic fibrosis), in whom the
normal clearance mechanisms are impaired; those who are immuno suppressed; those
with neutrophil counts of less than 500/ lt; and those with in dwelling catheters. It
causes 10% - 20% of hospital acquired infections.
Clinical findings:
P.aeruginosa can cause infections virtually anywhere in the body, but
urinary tract infections pneumonia, and wound infections (especially burns)
predominate. From these sites, the organism can enter the blood, causing sepsis.
Patients with P.aeruginosa sepsis have a mortality rate of over 50%. A severe
external otitis and other skin lesions occur in users of swimming pools and hot tubs in
which the chlorination is inadequate.
Treatment:
Because P.aeruginosa is resistant to many antibiotics, treatment must be
tailored to the sensitivity of each isolate and monitored frequently; resistant strains
can emerge during therapy. The treatment of choice is penicillin e.g. Ticarcillin or
piperacillin, plus an aminoglycoside, eg. Gentamicin or cemikacin.
101
Micro Organism
Prevention:
Prevention of P.aeruginosa infections involves keeping neutrophil counts
above 500/lt, remaining indwelling catheters promptly, taking special care of burned
skin and taking other similar measures to limit infection in patients with reduced host
defences.
Escherichia Coli:209&210
E coli is the Gram ve rod sepsis. It causes food borne illness. An estimated
73000 cases of infection and 61-death occur in the U.S.A. each year. Some strains are
harmless and live in the intestine of healthy humans and animals, some strains
produces a powerful toxin and can cause sever illness.
It is most abundant facultative anaerobe in the colonand feces. E coli occurs in a
lower portion of the intestine of humans and warm-blooded animals were it is part of
the normal flora. Some strains can cause gastro- enteritis and others can cause urinary
tract infections.
Pathogenesis:
E coli has several clearly identified components that contribute to its
ability to cause diseases, pili, a capsule, endotoxin and two exotoxins (enterotoxins).
Intestinal tract infections:
The first step is the adherence of organism to the cells of the jejunum and
ileum by means of pilithat protrude from the bacterial surface. Once attached the
102
Micro Organism
bacteria synthesize enterotoxins (exotoxins that act in the entric tract), which act on
the cells of the jejenumand ileum to cause diarrhea. The enterotoxin producing strains
do not invade the intestinal mucosa but some strains of E coli are enteropathogenic
and cause diseases by invasion of the epithelium of large intestine caseing bloody
diarrhoea.
2. Systemic infection:
The other two structural components, the capsule and the endotoxin, play
a more prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic, rather than intestinal tract,
disease. The capsula polysaeeharide interferes with phogocytosis, there by enhancing
the organisms ability to cause infections in various organs.
Clinical findings:
E coli causes a variety of diseases both with in and outside the intestinal
tract. It is the leading cause of communite acquired urinary tract infections. Ascending
infections into the bladder is common in women. On the whole gastroenteritis,
cystitis, pylonephritis, neonatal, meningitis, hospital acquired sepsis are most
common manifestations of E coli.
Treatment:
Treatment of E coli sepsis require treatment with parenteral antibiotics (eg;3rd
generation cephalasporins such cefotexime). In Neonatal meningities combination of
ampicilline and cefotoxime is given. Antibiotic therapy is not indicated in E coli
dicirrheal diseases as they are self limiting.
Prevention:
There is no specific prevention for E coli infections, such as active or
passive immunization. However, various general measures can be taken to prevent
certain infections caused by E coli and other organisms. For example, the incidence
103
Micro Organism
of urinary tract infections can be lowered by the judicious use and prompt with drawl
of catheters and in recurrent infections. Some cases of sepsis can be prevented by
prompt removal of switching the site of intravenous lines. Caution regarding
uncooked foods and unpurified water while traveling in certain countries is also
advisable.
Fungal organism:
Fungi are a large diverse group of heterotropic organisms that exist as
saprophytes, parasites or commensals. Most of them are found over decaying organic
material and in the soil. This is an independent group of organisms, differing higher
plants in structure, nutrition and reproduction between 50,000 to 1,00,000 species are
known though less than low human pathogens.211
The fungi are group of eucaryotic organisms that are of great practical and
scientific interest because of microscopic cellular dimensions. They lack chlorophyll.
Fungi have a diversity morphological appearances depending on the species. They
generally it produce both sexually and asexually.212
Fungi compromise the moulds and yeasts. Yeasts grow as single cells that
reproduce by asexual budding. Moulds grow as single cells that reproduce by asexual
budding. Molds grow as long filaments (hyphae) and form a mat (mycelium). Some
hyphae form transverse walls (septate hyphae), whereas others do not (non septate).
Nonseptate hyphae are multinucleated (coeneytic).213
Several important fungi are thermally dimorphic; i.e. they form different
structures at different temperatures. They exist as moldsin the saprophytic, free living
state at body temperature and as yeasts in host tissues at body temperature.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes; some are farultative anaerobes; but none are
obligate anaerobes. All fungi require a performed organic source of carbon, hence
104
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Micro Organism
their frequent association with decoying matter. The natural habitat of most fungi is,
therefore, the environment. An important exception is candida albicans, which is
part of the human normal flora.
The fungi are insensitive to antibiotics, such as penicillin, that inhibit
peptidoglycan synthesis. [Apart from C.albicans, the geneus candida includes over
100 species, most of which are neither commensals nor parasites in man]
Candida Albicans:214&215
Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus, i.e. it can take two forms. Most of
the time it exists as oval, single yeast cells, which reproduce by budding. Most yeast
does not produce mycelia (a mass of branching, threadlike hyphal filaments), but
Candida has a trick up its sleeve. Normal room temperatures favour the yeast form of
the organism, but under physiological conditions (body temperature, pH, and the
presence of serum) it may develop into a hyphal form. Pseudohyphae, composed of
chains of cells, are also common. In the video, you can see yeast cells and a few
elongated cells, which have begun to grow into a hypha. It measures about 2 to 6mm
3 to 9mm in size.
Transmission:
As a member of the normal flora, it is not transmitted.
Pathogenesis & clinical findings:
80% of normal individuals may show candida albicans as a saprophyte with
colonization of oropharynx, GIT and vagina. When local or systemic host defenses are
105
Micro Organism
impaired, disease may result. Overgrowth of candida albicans in the mouth produces
white patches (thrush). Vulvovaginitis with itching and discharging is favoured by
high pH, diabetes or use of antibiotics. Skin invasion occurs in warm, moist areas,
which become red and weeping. Fingers and nails become involved when repeatedly
immersed in water, persons and employed as dishwashers in restaurants and
institutions are commonly affected. Thickening or losses of the nail can occur.
It seems that predisposition factors such as other diseases, physiological
disorders, obesity, alcoholism and prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and
steroids can create conditions in which candida albicans can cause disease. This
makes the fungus an opportunistic pathogen.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
In exudates or tissues, budding yeasts and pseudohyphae are seen
microscopically. Such specimens grow typical yeasts when cultured Germ tubes form
in serum at 370C, which serves to distinguish candida albicans from most other
candida species.
Treatment and Preventions:
Treatment of local infections, eg, thrush, consists of oral or topical antifungal
drugs, i.e., clotrimazole or nystatin. Mucocutaneous candidiasis can be controlled by
ketoconazole. Treatment of disseminated candidiasis consists of either amphotericin
B, with or without flucytosine, or ketoconazole. Treatment of candida infections with
antifungal drugs should be supplemented by reduction of predisposing factors. Certain
candida infection or nystatin. There is no vaccine.
Aspergillus flavus:216&217
Aspergillus flavus are wide spread in nature, being found on fruits, vegetables
and other substance, which may provide nutriment. There are about 900 species in
106
Micro Organism
genus, only a few species are constantly associated with human disease. Some
species are involved in food spoilage.
Aspergillus flavus species exists only as molds, they are not dimorphic. They
have septate hyphae that form v-shaped (dichotoms) branches. The conidiophores or
fertile hyphae arise from foot cells, which may also septate or nonseptate. At the apex
conidiophore inflates to form vesicle. Conida are of various coloures and quite
characteristic of the species; the most common colours are black, brown and green.
Transmission:
Their molds are ubiquitous and can be isolated from all environments. They
grow on decaying vegetation.
Pathogenesis and clinical findings:
Aspergilli grow in high concentration of sugar and salt, indicating that they
can extract water required for the growth from relatively dry substances.
Aspergillus flavus growing on cereals or nuts produces aflatoxins that may be
carcinogenic or acutely toxic. Aflatoxins are coumarine derivatives are identified as
kinds B1,G1,B2,G2,B29 and G29 in decreasing order of toxicity.
Aspergillus flavus that cause liver damage and tumers in animals and are suspected of
causing hepatic carcinoma in humans. Aflatoxicins and ingested with spoiled grains
and peanuts and are metabolized by liver to the epoxide, a potent carcinogen.
Treatment and Prevention:
There is no specific means of prevention.
107
Drug Review
Cefotaxime:
Cefotaxime
is
an
antibiotic,
which
comes
under
cephalosporince.
108
Drug Review
Adverse reactions:221
In general Cephalosporins are well tolerated.
Local reactions: IM injections are painful and IV injections can cause
thrombophlebitis, allergy (skin rash, fever, Cosinophilia) super infections,
Nephrotoxicity, signs of cerebral irritation, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Rise in
SGOT, SGPT.
Contra indications:
Hypersensitivity to Cephalosporins and sever renal failure.
Dosage:222
Adults: 2 6 gram daily in 2 3 divided doses depending upon the severity of
infections. Maximum 12 gram daily.
Children: 100 150 mg / Kg / day in 2 4 divided doses.
Neonates: 50 mg / Kg /day.
Fluconazole:
Fluconazole is a fluorinated bistriazole antifungal drug. Fluconazole is triazole
derivative. It is effective both oral as well as IV route. It is highly soluble in water and
readily penetrates into the CSF. It is used in the treatment of local and systematic
candida and cryptococcal infections. The drug may cause nausea, gastrointestinal
disturbances and abnormalities of liver enzymes. It is known broad spectrum
antifungal drug.223&224
Therapeutic uses:
It is very effective in dermatophytic infections and in cataneous and
oropharyngeal candidasis. It is also effective in deep mycoses. In addition it prevents
the development of fungal infections in individuals predisposed to such infections
Fluconazole is the drug of choice for recurrent cryptococcal meningitis
109
Drug Review
and mucotaneous candidiosis in patients with AIDS.225,226&227
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion:228
It is most completely absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract. Concentrations
in plasma are essentially the same, whether the drug is given orally or intravenously
and bioavailability is not attached by food or gastric acidity.
Dose regimen:229
Oropharyngeal or Oesophageal Candidiasis 200mg on the 1st day followed
by 100mg once daily. Maximum 400mg/day. Vaginal candidiasis; 150mg once oral
dose. Deep seated candidiasis; 400mg on first day then 200mg once daily for 4 weeks
and for at least 2 weeks after resolution of symptoms. Cryptococcal meningitis:
400mg on first day followed by 200mg once daily. Maximum 400mg/day for 10-12
weeks. Thereafter 200mg once daily.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity
Special precaution: Liver dysfunction, immuno compromised patients.
Side effects:230
The common side effects are nausea, headache, pain in abdomen and
diarrhoea. Fluconazole is contraindicated in pregnancy and recent supports show that
even a single dose taken by a pregnant woman can lead to birth defects in infants. The
dose has to be regulated and should be decreased in patients with renal impairment.
Advantages:231
The advantage of Fluconazole over other antifungal is that it has high water
solubility, good oral absorption, approximately 90% bioavailability, longer half-life
permitting once daily or weekly dosage.
Cap
---
IV
---
200mg /100ml.
110
Antimicrobial Review
Antimicrobial activity:
Introduction:
Microorganisms are not visible to naked eye but they are present everywhere.
These are present in soil, air, water, and food. Among them some Microorganisms are
ubiquitous in distribution, some are harmless and useful, but some are harmful to
mankind. It is necessary to control unwanted microorganisms from our living
environment, as they may cause diseases and allergies. Some agents destroy the
microbes; where as others only inhibit their growth. In general these agents are called
Antimicrobial Agents. The antimicrobial agents may be naturally occurring or may
be synthesized.
Selection of these agents (drugs) from the literature were made on the basis of
their use in the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, skin
diseases etc.
To evaluate the efficacy of these agents for their antimicrobial activity
different scientific procedures are established.
Antimicrobial activity is a process by which response of an organism to a drug
or crude extract can be evaluated.
Screening method for Antimicrobial agents:232
The inhibition of microbial growth under standardized conditions may be
utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of different medicinal drugs. Any
subtle change in the antibiotic molecule, which may not be detected by chemical
methods, will be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence
microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change
in potency of antibiotics and their preparations.
111
Antimicrobial Review
The microbiological assay is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of
growth of microorganisms by measured concentrations of the antibiotics to be
examined with that produced by known concentrations of a standard preparation of
the antibiotic having a known activity. Many methods are employed for the evaluation
of antimicrobial (antibacterial & antifungal) activity.
Screening techniques:
1. Disc diffusion method.
2. Serial dilution method.
3. Solid dilution method.
4. Ditch plate technique.
5. Gradient plate technique.
6. Cup plate technique.
1. Disc diffusion method:
This technique is simple to perform and relatively in expensive. This test is
performed with the help of 8 mm discs prepared of Whatman filter paper. The discs
impregnated with specific quantities of drug and applied on the surface of agar plates,
which is already inoculated with test organisms. After proper incubation zone of
inhibition around the disc is determined.
2. Serial dilution method:
In the serial dilution technique, the graded doses of test substances are
incorporated in to broth and the tubes inoculated with test organism are incubated.
The concentration, at which no growth occurs, is taken as minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC).
3. Solid dilution method:
In this method the dilution of the substance under test are made in agar
instead of broth. The agar containing the substance under test is subsequently poured
into a petridish then incubated and observed for any failure of growth. It has the
112
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Antimicrobial Review
advantage for any one concentration of the test substance, several organisms may be
tested.
4. Ditch plate technique:
This test allows a single compound or formulation to be tested against a
range of organisms. A solution of the compound or compound mixed with agar or a
semisolid formulation is placed in a ditch cut in a nutrient agar plate. Various test
organisms are then streaked across the agar at right angles to the ditch. After a
suitable period of incubation at relevant temperature, the extent of inhibition is noted.
The ditch plate test allows spectrum of a compound to be obtained comparatively
quickly. Its main use, like that of agar cup test, is for semisolid formulations. E.g.
Oreams, Ointment and Powders.
5. Gradient plate technique:
In this technique the concentration of drug in an agar plate may be varied
infinitely between zero to a given maximum. It consists of an agar plate with two
layers of agar. The nutrient agar is melted mixed with the tests solution and the
mixture poured into a sterile petri dish and allowed to set in the form of wedge. A
second amount of agar is poured on to the wedge and allowed to set with the petri
dish flat on the bench. The plates are incubated over night to allow diffusion of drug
and to dry the surface. The test organism must be streaked in a direction running from
the highest to the lowest concentration. In this way up to six organisms may be tested.
6. Cup plate method:233
a) Inoculate a previously liquefied medium appropriate to the assay with the
requisite quantity of suspension of the microorganism add the suspension
to the medium at a temperature between 460C and 500C and immediately
pour the inoculated medium into petri dishes or large rectangular plates to
113
Antimicrobial Review
give a depth of 3 to 4 mm (1-2 mm for mystain) Ensure that the layers of
medium are uniform in thickness by placing the dishes or plates on a level
surface.
b) The prepared dishes or plates must be stored in a manner so as to ensure
that no significant growth or death of the test organism occurs before the
dishes or plates are used and that the surface of the layer is dry at the time
of use.
c) The test solution may be placed in a small cup sealed to the agar surface in
a well cut from the agar with a sterile cork borer.
d) After they are incubated for a specified period then plates were observed
for zone of inhibition.
Culture Media:234
Culture media gives artificial environment stimulating natural conditions
necessary for growth of bacteria. By appropriate produces they have to be grown
separately on culture media and obtained as pure cultures for study.
The requirement of culture media:
For the microbial growth certain consumable and suitable environmental
factors are required. The consumable represents the essential food or nutritional
requirements. They include sugars, starch, protein, vitamins, trace elements, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The main environment determinants of microbial growth
are pH and temperature. In short the requirements for the microbial growth are listed
as below
1. Energy Source.
2. Carbon Source.
3. Nitrogen Source.
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Antimicrobial Review
4. Salts like Sulphates, Chlorides and Carbonates of Sodium, Potassium,
Magnesium, Ferric, Calcium and trace elements like Copper etc.
5. Satisfactory pH 7.2 to 7.6
6. Adequate oxidation reduction potential.
The characteristics of an ideal culture medium are
1. Must give a satisfactory growth from single inoculums.
2. Should give rapid growth.
3. Should be easy to grow.
4. Should be reasonably cheap.
5. Should be easily reproducible.
Classification of Culture media:235
For the culture of microb many culture media have been devised: 1.
a) Solid media
b) Liquid media.
c) Semisolid media.
2.
a) Simple media.
b) Synthetic media or Defined media.
c) Complex media.
d) Semi defined media.
e) Special media.
Special medias are further divided as under
I. Enriched media.
II. Enrichment media.
III. Selective media.
IV. Indicator and differential media.
V. Sugar media.
VI. Transport media.
Antimicrobial Review
medium containing organic compounds (amino acids, Sugar, Vitamins). Some require
complex natural substance (peptone, east, blood cells or blood serum). Some
organisms cannot be grown in an artificial laboratory medium and can be propagated
only in a living host or cells. The host serves as a very complex medium for such
neutrionally demanding microorganisms.
In general it is best to use simple media because,
1. They tent to have less batch-to-batch variation.
2. Less likely to contain interfering or competing material.
Simple media:235
It is also called basal media. An ideal example is nutrient broth. It consists of
peptone, meat extract, Sodium chloride and water, Nutrient broth is used to culture the
bacteria.
Media used for fungal cultures:
For cultivation of the fungi, a medium bearing acidic PH has to be selected. It
facilitates the growth of fungi but is not optimal for the growth of bacteria.
Fungi can be cultivated by the same general culture methods used for bacteria.
Most of them grow slowly than bacteria. But to avoid the possible bacterial
contamination, it is good practice to use specific media for fungal culture namely
Potato Dextrose agar.
Potato Dextrose agar media is suitable for fungal culture as it has got low pH
and relatively high concentration of sugar, tolerated by Fungi but are inhibitory to
many bacteria. It consists of Potato, Dextrose, Agar & Distilled water. pH is
maintained at 5.6 to 5.8
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Antimicrobial Review
Solidification agents (Agar):236
Agar is introduced, as a solidification agent in microbiological media, just
about 100 years ago, has not been replaced by any other agent. Agar is as important
now as it was then.
The earliest solid medium was cocked cut Potato used by Robert Koch. This
proved unsatisfactory for variety of reasons. He tried gelatin as a solidifying agent,
but it was not suitable as gelatin is liquefied at 240C and also by many proteolytie
bacteria. The solution to this problem was provided in 1883 by a German House wife
Frau Hesse.Her husband was one of the investigators in Kochs laboratory. She
suggested her husband on use of agar, who had seen her mother using it for making
jellies.
From then agar is universally used for solidification Agar is obtained from
some types seaweed. It chief constituent is a long chain polysaccharide. It also
contains verifying amounts of inorganic salts and small quantities of a protein like
substance. It has virtually no nutritive valve and is not affected by growth of bacteria.
Its unique property is that it melts at 980C and usually sets at 420C depending on agar
concentration. Approximately 2% agar is employed for solid media.
Procedure of Antimicrobial activity:
The whole procedure of Antimicrobial activity can be revealed by following
points
1. Fresh cultures of selected organisms are prepared and incubated,
Bacteria 370C for 18 24 hrs.
Fungi
Antimicrobial Review
5. The media was shaken well and poured to respectively labeled sterile
petriplates.
6. After solidification the medium was bored with the help of sterile cork
borer at equidistance to each other.
7. Standard and trial solutions are applied up to 3/4th of the hole with the help
of insulin syringe.
8. The plates were kept in a refrigerator for 2 hrs for the diffusion of the drug
into the media.
9. After 2 hrs, the plates were kept in an incubator. Bacteria 370C for 18 24
hrs. Fungi are kept in room temperature for 270C for 42 72 hrs.
10. The plates were observed for the appearance of zone of inhibition measured
in mm.
118
Methodology
Methodology can be studied under three headings.
1. Pharmaceutical study.
2. Analytical study.
3. Experimental study.
Pharmaceutical study:
The Pharmaceutical study of Rasakarpoor was conducted in Rasashastra
Department of Post Graduate Studies in D.G.M.A.M.C.Gadag.
Ayurveda can be understood in two ways.
1. Theoretical
2. Practical
Methodology
Drugs: -1.Hingula:
: Hingula shodhana
Date of Commencement
: 01/08/2005
Date of completion
: 18/08/2005
Reference
Material
-- 1060 ml.
Equipments
Method
Procedure:
500 gms of Hingula was taken and finely powdered in Kalva yantra.
Required quantity of Nimbu Swarasa was extracted from the Lemons with the
help of juice extractor.
For the first Bhavan the sufficient quantity of Nimbu Swarasa to immerse
Hingula is added nearly 160 ml.
The mixture was subjected for continuous and cautious mardana till the
mixture was dried up.
When the powder was totally dried up, it was considered as the completion of
first Bhavana.
The same process is repeated for 6 times and total 7 Bhavanas are given.
120
Methodology
Observations:
The colour of Ashudha Hingula is shining dull red, which was changed after
every Bhavana.
Remarks
Gain 5 gms
Gain 7 gms
Gain 6 gms
Gain 6 gms
Gain 5 gms
Gain 6 gms
Gain 6 gms
After the completion of 7 Bhavanas, Hingula was removed from the Khalva
and later it was washed in steel vessel with water thoroughly and allowed to
settle.
Settling of Hingula at the bottom took 6 hours, after which the water decanted.
Precautions:
The quantity of Nimbu Swarasa taken for every Bhavana should be sufficient
enough for the immersion of Hingula churna.
Mardana should be carried out until the mixture gets dried for each Bhavana.
121
Methodology
At the end of each Bhavana, Mardana should be done slowly as the mixture
become sticky.
When the mixture was completely dried up by mardana, then it is called as the
completion of one Bhavana and fresh Nimbu Swarasa should be added for the
next Bhavana.
Results:
Initial quantity of Hingula
500 grams
541 grams
536 grams
Quantity gain
36 grams
Hingula shodhana
Practical No 2:
Name of the Practical
: Hingula shodhana
Date of Commencement
: 26/08/2005
Date of completion
: 10/09/2005
Reference
Material
Equipments
Method
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 1
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 1
122
Methodology
Table No 30 The observations done during Hingula Shodhana
No of
Days
Shodhana
1
1
2
3
3
5
4
7
5
9
6
11
7
13
150
160
150
150
140
150
150
Remarks
Gain 4 gms
Gain 5 gms
Gain 5 gms
Gain 6 gms
Gain 5 gms
Gain 6 gms
Gain 1 gms
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 1
Results:
Initial quantity of Hingula
500 grams
532 grams
526 grams
Quantity gain
26 grams
Probable cause of weight gain: Due to the addition of solid contents present in
Nimbu Swarasa.
Hingula Chakrika
Practical No 3:
Name of the Practical
: Hingula Chakrika
Date of Commencement
: 19/09/2005
Date of completion
: 03/11/2005
Reference
Material
Equipments
-- 200 ml.
Cold Water
Procedure:
800 grams of Hingula was taken in a Khalva Yantra and powdered.
To this powder 200 ml of Nimbu Swarasa was added, mixed well.
123
Methodology
It was subjected to Mardana continuously up to become a consistency of to
prepare chakrika.
Chakrikas were made about the size of 3 4 cm in diameter, 2- 3 mm in
thickness and allowed for drying under shade.
It took 8 hrs.
Observations:
1) The red colour powder of Hingula became brick red after adding the Nimbu
Swarasa, small bubbles and white streaks were appeared.
2) There were 32 Chakrikas; complete drying of Chakrikas took nearly 15 days.
3) After drying of Chakrikas, Hingula appeared Sindhura colour (dark reddish)
with smooth surface and it was observed that weight of Hingula was reduced
from 800 grams to 780 grams after drying of Chakrikas.
Precaution:
Wastage has to be minimized and mardana was uniform.
Probable cause of weight loss:
1) While preparing Chakrikas we lost 20 grams of Hingula due to adherence of
Hingula to Kalvayantra.
2) During the preparation of Chakrika.
Hingula Satvapatana
Practical No 4:
Name of the Practical
: Hingula Satvapatana
Date of Commencement
: 10/10/2005
Date of completion
: 13/10/2005
Reference
Material
Equipments
Methodology
chullika and Cloth pad.
Yantra
Procedure:
Weight of dried chakrikas was 780 grams. From these Chakrikas 400 grams
were taken. Chakrikas were placed in Urdwapatan (Damaru) Yantra and subjected to
moderate heat for 8 hours. The upper pot was kept cold by repeatedly replacing with
cold cloth pad. After shwangasheet, on the next day sandhi bandhana was carefully
removed, 2 pots were separated, parada with its globules were collected from the
upper pot by scrapping with a cloth. Parada was washed with water and filtered
through double cloth to get clear parada.
Observations:
Table No 31 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana
Temp
Initial Wt Parada
extracted (in 0C )
of
Hingula
360 to
400
212
400
Agni
given
(in hours)
Unburnt
Gained
Hingula left in Parada
lower pot
(%)
82 gram
53
Loss of
parada(%)
17
1) After 2 hours, the bottom of the lower pot appeared red hot.
2) The wet cloth pad was frequently changed as it gets dried during the procedure.
3) The temperature was maintained 3600C to 4000C.
Table No 32 Observations of heating pattern
Hours
Temp(in 0C)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
106
240
320
360
380
388
392
402
125
Methodology
4) When the sandhi bandhana was opened after swanga sheeta, the Parada globules
were found in the central portion of upper pot and in the lower pot about 82 grams
of unburnt Hingula was obtained.
5) Collected Parada was washed.
Precautions:
1) Completely dried Chakrikas were kept in Damaru Yantra. Sandhi
bandhana was done and allowed it to dry properly.
2) While heating upper pot was kept cool by placing wet pad over the pot.
3) Water was not allowed to fall on sandhi bandhana.
Results:
Initial quantity of Hingula
--
400 grams
--
212 grams
Gained Parada( % )
--
53 %
Quantity of Residue
--
82 grams
Loss of Parada( %)
--
17 %
Hingula Satvapatana
Practical No 5:
Name of the Practical
: Hingula Satvapatana
Date of Commencement
: 17/10/2005
Date of completion
: 20/10/2005
Reference
Material
Equipments
Methodology
Yantra
Procedure:
The same procedure was carried out as in Practical No 4 taking 380 grams of
Chakrikas of Hingula for the extraction of Parada.
Observations:
Table No 33 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana
Initial Wt Parada
Temp
of Hingula extracted (in 0C )
380
190
Agni given
(in hours)
Unburnt Hingula
left in lower pot
52 grams
360 to
400
Gained Loss of
Parada Parada (%)
(%)
50
20
--
380 grams
--
190 grams
--
50 %
Quantity of Residue
--
52 grams
--
20 %
127
Methodology
Parada Shodhana
Practical No 6:
Name of the Practical
: Parada Shodhana
Date of Commencement
: 19/12/2005
Date of completion
: 21/12/2005
Reference
Material
: Hingulotha Parada
400 grams
Haridra Choorna
25 grams
Equipments
Method
: Mardana
Procedure:
1) 400 grams of Hingulotha Parada and 25 gram of Haridra choorna were mixed.
2) Mardana was done for 20 hours.
3) After mardana, this mixture was filtered in four-fold cloth.
4) Collect it in a clean conical flask.
Observations:
1) After one hour Mardana a very little quantity of Parada started disintegrating
into small globules and left out Parada remains as it is.
2) When Haridra Choorna was done mardana with Parada for about 2 hours, the
mixture turns to light Brown colour.
3) Mardana continued for 2 days with 10 hours a day.
4) Parada was not mixed with Haridra properly.
5) After 8 hours Haridra powder was very dark brown colour and shining.
6) Large quantity of Parada remains as it is.
7) After 20 hours mixture was filtered with the help of four-fold cloth.
Precautions:
1) Mardana should be done slowly and cautiously to avoid loss of Parada.
128
Methodology
2) Mardana should be done in one direction throughout the procedure.
3) Kalva should be kept covered when the process is not in progress.
Results:
Initial quantity of Parada
--
400 grams
--
395 grams
--
5 grams
Preparation of Kupi
Practical No 7:
Name of the Practical
: Preparation of Kupi.
Date of Commencement
: 02/01/2006
Date completion
: 16/01/2006
Material
Procedure:
1) A clean and dry amber glass bottle was taken and paste of Gopi chandana was
applied to the base so as to level the concavity of the bottom.
2) A cloth smeared with paste of Gopi chandana measuring 12 cm in width and
64 cms in length was applied over the kupi such that both ends of the cloth
come at opposite side of the neck of kupi.
3) Such type smearing the mud cloth at stretch covering whole kupi helps in
uniformity of mrutkapata and was allowed to dry completely.
4) In this way all the 7 layers were applied.
5) In the same manner 5 kach kupis are prepared.
129
Methodology
Observations:
1) Fine powder of Gopi chandana helps in preparing uniform smooth surface of
the kupi.
2) Paste of mud was prepared by adding little water as per the requirement.
3) It took 24 hours for drying of each layer.
4) Measurement of cloth was remained same for all the 7 layers.
5) It took 8 layers to prepare kupi.
Precautions:
1) The amber glass bottle devoid of air bubbles were selected.
2) Adequate quantity of water was taken to prepare the gopi chandana paste.
3) No air space was left between the consecutive layers of cloth.
4) The bottle was completely allowed to dry after each covering while applying
the multani mitti paste smeared cloth, the mouth of the kupis were kept closed
to prevent any contaminations.
Date of Commencement
: 23/01/2006
Date of completion
: 25/01/2006
Reference
Material
: Parada
---
Temperature
: 1500C 2000C
Procedure:
1) 300 grams of Shodhita Parada was taken in pingani kalva yantra.
130
Methodology
2) Another sharava is taken, which was filled with valuka up to 3/4th part.
3) Shodhita Parada yukta pingani kalva yantra was kept on valuka bharita
sharava.
4) Gandakamla was poured slowly in to the pingani khalva yantra.
5) Pingani khalva yantra was kept on gas stove and mandagni was given i.e,
starting heat is 800C and increase this temp gradually up to 1500C. This temp
is maintained until the end of the procedure.
6) The mixture in the pingani khalva was stirred continuously with the help of
glass rod throughout the process.
7) The mixture became white powder and the fumes were completely
diminished.
8) The pingani khalva yantra was kept for swangasheeta.
9) White colour, very shiny and crystalline Parada choorna was collected in an
airtight container.
Observations:
1) White fumes started slowly after 10 minutes of heating.
2) Fumes increased after 30 minutes and are very irritative.
3) After 4 hours, the mixture in the pingani khalva yantra became paste and light
brownish colour.
4) After 8 hours, some portion of the material was turned into crystals and the
remaining portion was like a paste.
5) After 12 hours, the material became completely globules and attained light
brown colour and after 19 hours, it became partially white in colour.
6) But brownish thick fumes were continuously present.
131
Methodology
7) After 23 hours, all paste was converted into white crystals. At this time the
fumes are very thick and whitish colour.
8) Temperature was maintained at 1500C.
9) After 25 hours, white fumes were diminished (Decreased) and less irritative.
10) After 26 hours, white shiny crystals were formed completely.
11) The mixture was completely dried.
12) After 27 hours, the fumes completely disappeared and kept as it is for 1 hour.
13) The end product was white in colour, smooth and Shiny.
14) The quantity of the end product Parada choorna was 450 grams, after the
combustion of mercury and concentrated sulphuric acid.
15) Whole procedure was carried out continuously for 28 hours.
Precautions:
1) Heat should be maintained up to 1500C.
2) Mask was compulsory.
3) Conc. H2SO4 poured slowly into the pingani khalva yantra.
4) The mixture was stirred only with the help of glass rod.
Results:
Parada
--
300 grams
Conc H2SO4
--
450 grams
475 grams
Total quantity
275 grams.
--
132
Methodology
Rasakarpoor Nirmana vidhi
Practical No 9:
Name of the Practical
Date of Commencement
: 13/02/2006
Date of completion
: 15/02/2006
Reference
Material
: Parada choorna
50 grams.
Saindhava lavana
Equipments
-- 50 grams.
Method
Procedure:
The whole procedure was divided in to three phases.
1) Poorva Karma
2) Pradhana Karma
3) Paschat Karma
1) Poorva Karma:
a) Preparation of Kacha Kupi.
b) Preparation of Prematerial.
c) Filling of Prematerial into Kacha Kupi.
d) Placing of Kacha Kupi in Valuka Yantra.
The following measures were carried out in this phase of the study.
a) Preparation of Kacha Kupi:
The preparation of Kacha Kupi was done as in Practical No 7.
b) Preparation of Prematerial:
i. The Preparation of Parada choorna was done as in practical No 6.
ii. Take Parada Choorna 50 grams and add equal quantity of Saindhava
lavana.
iii. The prematerial was prepared and weight was 100 grams.
133
Methodology
c) 100 grams of prematerial was cautiously filled into the Kacha Kupi occupied
lower 1/5th part of Kupi.
d) Placing of Kacha Kupi in Valuka Yantra:
First gopichandana smeared cloth was covered the whole at half of the
Valuka yantra and sand was spread uniformly over it of about 3 angulis. Now
Kupi filled with prematerial was kept over the sand at the center and
remaining part of the yantra should be filled with sand up to the neck of the
Kupi. Care should be taken while putting the sand as it may contaminate the
ingredients inside the Kupi for which it is duly corked. The cork was
prepared by Istika exactly fitting to the mouth of the Kupi.
2) Pradhana Karma:
a) Heating schedule (Kramagni tapa)
b) Observation and recording of Temperature.
c) Corking, sealing of Kacha Kupi and self-cooling of the Valuka Yantra.
The Kupi in Valuka yantra was heated for 12 hours in 3 stages of graded
heating i.e. Mruduagni, Madhyamagni and Tivragni.
The temperature was recorded with the help of Digital Pyrometer by inserting
the thermocouple in Valuka yantra; the tip was kept nearer to the bottom of
Kupi.
The temperature was maintained in 3 stages from
Mruduagni
-- 1000C 1500C
4 hours
Madhyamagni
-- 1500C 3000C
4 hours
Tikshnagni
-- 3000C 4000C
4 hours.
Shalaka was inserted into the Kupi at the neck and stirred now and then to
avoid choking by fumes of prematerial.
134
Methodology
After Kupi paka lakshanas the corking of Kupi mouth was done with the help
of Ishtika cork, which was sealed with cloth smeared with multani mitti.
The Kupi paka lakshanas seen are
a) Complete off fumes.
b) Watery vapours are completely diminished.
c) Sita salaka are introduced into the kupi, which had not the white
granular coating of compound on it.
Teevragni was given for 4 hours after corking the Kupi.
Valuka yantra with Kupi was allowed for swanga sheeta for one day and was
removed later on.
Observations:
The Kupi pakwa was done for 12 hours continuously in Kramagni and the
observations made as follows
1) The gas stove was set to fire at 8 am on 14/02/2006
2) Initial temperature was 300C.
3) After 2 hours prematerial in the bottom started melting confirmed by sheeta
shalaka test.
4) At 3rd hour fumes started coming out from mouth of the Kupi along with that
little amount of watery vapours were seen when tamra patra was placed at the
mouth.
5) At 4th hour fumes are very thick and shalaka introduced now to clear the
choking of the neck of the Kupi.
6) At 8th hour watery vapours and fumes were completely disappeared; it is the
time of corking the Kupi.
7) Corking was done with cork and wrapped with two layers of Mrutkapat.
135
Methodology
Then sand surrounding the Kupi neck is removed up to 4 angulis.
8) Agni was increased. The temperature is ranging from 3000C to 4000C and the
same was maintained for 4 hours.
9) After 12 hours agni was stopped and valuka yantra was allowed to cool by
itself (Shwangasheeta).
10) It took nearly 12 hours for self-cooling i.e, after 24 hours, the Rasakarpoor
was collected and kept in airtight container.
Table No 35 Hourly temperature chart:
Time (in Hours) Temp (in 0C)
8.00AM (1st hour) 300C(Initial Temp)
9.00AM(2nd hour) 800C
10.00AM(3rd hour) 1480C
11.30AM(4,1/2th
hour)
12.30PM(5,1/2th
hour)
1.00PM(6th hour)
2.00PM(7th hour)
1800C
2120C
2660C
3.00PM(8th hour)
3000C
4.00PM(9th hour)
3900C to 4000C
2000C
Specific Observation
Agni started
No fumes seen outside and inside the
Kupi.
Scanty fumes present along with water
vapours.
Watery vapours & fumes are very thick
(large quantity).
Watery vapours were less in quantity.
Watery vapours were less in quantity.
Watery vapours & fumes were
disappeared. Copper foil test shows
presence of Hg particles.
Corking was done. Tivragni was given at
the end of 8th hour.
This heat was maintained for 4 hours.
Precautions:
1) Prematerial was mixed with saindhava lavana and mardana done for half an
hour just before it is filled into the Kupi.
2) Valuka Yantra should be placed firmly over the rim of the stove and
surrounding space was packed with the help of Isthik.
3) The thermo couple of pyrometer was inserted properly in Valuka yantra.
136
Methodology
4) The maintenance of temperature was done carefully with the help of
pyrometer.
5) The intensity of Agni applied was in proportion with respect to Kramagni.
6) Care was taken while inserting the shalaka so that it does not touch the bottom
of Kupi.
7) Corking was done properly.
8) Fumes should not be inhaled and this was avoided by wearing facemask.
9) Istika cork was scrapped properly in such a way that it was not too loose or
tight so that it should fit exactly to the inner surface of the mouth of the Kupi.
10) The sand was removed up to 4 angulis from Kantha Bhaga before corking.
11) Soon after completion of specific time i.e.Chatarayam(12 hour)Agni was
stopped.
11) The Valuka yantra was allowed for self-cooling over the gas stove.
3) Paschat Karma:
a) Removal of Kacha Kupi from Valuka yantra.
b) Breaking of Kacha Kupi.
c) Collection of the final product.
After complete cooling, Valuka yantra was removed from the Gas stove.
Kupi was removed carefully by taking out the surrounding sand.
The mrutlepita Kupi was uncovered by scraping with a knife.
Jute dipped in kerosene was tied to the Kupi 2-3 cm below the level of
sublimated product and ignited. When the whole thread gets burnt off. It was
wrapped in wet cloth.
The bottle was broken in to 2 halves with a breaking sound.
137
Methodology
From the neck region Rasakarpoor was collected, scrapping with the help of
Knife and was stored in a clean air container.
Observations:
1) The colour of the outer layer of the Kupi was orange red in colour except 4
anguli from the neck, which was black when removed from the Valuka yantra.
2) No glass piece was seen along with the medicine.
3) In the bottom of the bottle some quantity of residue was left.
Precautions:
1) Scrapping of the layers of mrutkapata over Kupi was done carefully.
2) Jute dipped in Kerosene was tied in only one circle.
3) No force was applied to break the Kupi and avoid mixing of glass pieces with
the final product.
Results:
Prematerial
End Product
--- 45 grams.
Residue
--- 40 grams.
Loss
--- 15 grams.
138
Methodology
Graph No 1 Showing the Temperature and Time duration of Valuka Yantra in
the preparation of Rasakarpoor:
397
400
350
300
266
300
250
250
200212
180
148
200
150
100
80
50
50
30
28
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
0
Time (in Hours)
Date of Commencement
: 27/02/2006
Date of completion
: 29/02/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial
End Product
--- 30 grams.
Residue
--- 50 grams.
Loss
--- 20 grams
139
Methodology
Practical No 11:
Name of the Practical
Date of Commencement
: 14/03/2006
Date of completion
: 16/03/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial
End Product
--- 32 grams.
Residue
--- 45 grams.
Loss
--- 23 grams.
Practical No 12:
Name of the Practical
Date of Commencement
: 18/04/2006
Date of completion
: 20/04/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial
End Product
--- 35 grams.
Residue
--- 46 grams.
Loss
--- 19 grams
140
Methodology
Practical No 13:
Name of the Practical
Date of Commencement
: 24/04/2006
Date of completion
: 26/04/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial
End Product
--- 46 grams.
Residue
--- 37 grams.
Loss
--- 17 grams
Mixture Temperature
Time
End product
Residue
Loss
No
(grams)
(hours)
(grams)
(grams)
(grams)
100
3600C - 4000C
12
45
40
15
10
100
3600C - 4000C
12
30
50
20
11
100
3600C - 4000C
12
32
45
23
12
100
3600C - 4000C
12
35
46
19
13
100
3600C - 4000C
12
46
37
17
Rasakarpoor was prepared five times. The quantity of prematerial & the
procedure was same in each practicals but the quantity of Rasakarpoor varies.
141
Methodology
Analytical Study:
Introduction:
Where science is challenged with the questions what and how, the discipline
of analytical science dares to solve the mysteries. Though put to practice rather
retrograde for the faculty of Ayurveda, the initiation of utilizing these modes of
evaluation, after a particular stage of awareness regarding the existence of structures
of the mineral, herbal and animal drugs, somewhat tallies with modern counter part.
Over the centuries, the communication gap has tremendously reduced
resulting in the large-scale manufacturing and wide distribution of Ayurvedic drugs at
different levels. The increasing need for drugs have made it incumbent that some sort
of uniformity in the manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicines should be brought about.
The need has also been felt for statutory control to ensure standards of Ayurvedic
drugs in the modern sense. Physical and chemical analysis of any drug should be
know to the confirm the genuinity and safety before experimented and administration
in human beings.
In the present study sample is collected after the completion of the preparation
and Physical analysis is carried out, subjected to modern analytical methods, in
Bangalore Test House and same physical analysis is carried out in J.T. College of
Pharmacy, Gadag.
1. Organoleptic characters:
Shodhita Hingula possess organoleptic qualities as red in colour, odourless
and fine in touch.
Rasakarpoor posses white in colour, odourless, fine in touch.
2. Loss on drying:
2 gram of Rasakarpoor accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up
142
Methodology
to 1100C and again weighed. The difference in weight was noted and calculated the %
loss on drying.
Result: 16.80 %
3. Determination of Total Ash:
Take about accurate 2-gram ground drug in a previously tared silica dish,
previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground dry in fine even layer on the
bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding dull red
heat (4500C) until free from carbon. Cooled and weighed. Calculated the % of ash
with reference to the air-dried drug.
Result: 0.19%
4. Acid insoluble Ash:
Boil the Ash obtained in the process described under determination of total ash
for 5 minutes with 25 ml dilute hydrochloric acid. Collect the insoluble matter on a
filtered Whatmann no 42, ash less filter paper and wash with hot water. The residue
was taken in a crucible, dried and ignited. The % of acid insoluble ash was calculated
with reference to the moisture free drug.
Result: 0.02%.
5. Determination of pH:
The pH value of the sample was determined by a digital pH meter. One %
solution was prepared, as a sample was dry and in the form of powder. The powder of
the Rasakarpoor taken accurate one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in
100 ml water and pH was noted in the digital pH meter.
Result (1% Solution): 4.40
6. Solubility:
About one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in 10 ml of
143
Methodology
the solvents. When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10 ml
quantity up to 100 ml was added and noted that was soluble in water (1 gram of
sample in 100 ml of water) and slightly soluble in chloroform (1 gram of sample in
600 ml to 1000 ml of chloroform) and soluble in water (1 gram sample in 600 ml to
1000 ml alcohol).
Results of Solubility tests
Water
--
Soluble
Chloroform
--
Slightly soluble
Alcohol
--
Soluble
Methodology
Angle of repose: It is maximum angle that can be obtained between the free
standing surface of a powder heap and the horizontal plane ie tan Q = 2h/D
When D is the diameter of the circle and h is the powder heap.
This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled by Rasakarpoor with one
end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis until
the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to prevent
preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200 400 indicates
reasonable flow potential.
Result:
Rasakarpoor = 32.010
9. Flow rates:
A sample indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow
is given by application of a compressibility index.
I = {(1-V) / Vo} 100.
Where V is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being
subjected to a standardized tapping produces. Vo = Volume before tapping procedure.
In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken & is filled with
Rasakarpoor. The level of the Rasakarpoor should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm,
continuous 10 tapings should be done, after that the level of the Rasakarpoor in the
cylinder is once again noted and the value I is calculated with respect to the Vo and V
value. If the value I is below 15 % usually having good flow rates.
Result: Rasakarpoor = 27 %
10. Determination of Mercury:
Procedure:
Dissolve about 0.3 gms of the sample Rasakarpoor in 5 ml of Aquaregia and
add 100 ml of water. Add 40 ml of 0.05N EDTA, 5 ml of Ammonia buffer solution
145
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
and 0.5 ml of solochrome black indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc
Sulphate until the blue colour changes to Purple (do not overshoot the end point), add
3 gms of Potassium iodide, swirl to dissolve. Allow to stand for two minutes. Then,
continue the titration with Zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before.
Each ml Zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before. Each ml Zinc sulphate
solution required after addition of potassium iodide
= 0.103 Hg.
Methodology
Transfer the ignited mixture completely as much as possible from the crucible
to a beaker containing 25 to 30 ml of water. Wash out the crucible thoroughly with
about 50 ml of hot distilled water and add the washings to the contents of the beaker.
Then test the supernatant liquid for complete precipitation by adding a few
drops of Barium chloride solution. If a precipitate is formed, add slowly further 3 ml
of the reagent, allow the precipitate to settle as before and test again, repeat this
operation until an excess of Barium chloride is present. When an excess of the
precipitating agent has been added, keep the covered solution hot, but not boiling for
an hour (Steam bath) in order to allow complete precipitation. The precipitation
should settle and a clear supernatant liquid should be obtained. Test the latter with a
few drops of barium chloride solution for complete precipitation. If no precipitate
obtained, the Barium Sulphate is ready filtration.
Filter the solution through an ash less filter paper (Whatmann No 42.) wash
the precipitate with small portion of hot water. Dry the paper and place it in a silica or
porcelain crucible, previously ignited to redness and cooled in desiccators and
weighed. Gradually increase the heat until the paper chars and volatile matter is
expelled.
Do not allow the paper to burst into flame as mechanical loss may thus ensue.
When charring is complete, raise the temperature of the crucible to dull redness and
burn off carbon with free excess of air. When the precipitate is white ignite the
crucible to red heat for 10 15 minutes. Allow the crucible to cool in air, transfer it to
desiccators and when cooled, weigh the crucible and contents. Repeat until constant
weight is attained. A blank is necessary calculated the % of Sulphur converting
Barium Sulphate 0.1374.
Result: Shodhita Hingula = 8.06 %
147
Physical State
Colour
Taste
Odour
Texture
Appearance
Solid
White
Odourless
Crystalline Powder
Shiny
2. Size of Particle:
Sample
Rasakarpoor
Arithmetic Mean
11.48meter
Angle of repose
Rasakarpoor
32.010
Compressibility
Index (I)
27%
4. Ash Content:
Sample (Rasakarpoor)
Total Ash
Acid Insoluble Ash
Water soluble Ash
0%
-
5. pH and Solubility:
SL No Test
1
PH
2
Solubility
V.K.Chandur.
(Dept of Pharmaceutics)
Results
4.5
Soluble in water & Acids
Suresh.H.M.
(Dept of Pharmacognasy)
Methodology
Qualititative Test for the identification of Rasakarpoor by N.P.S.Test:
Aim of NPS Test:
To test whether the contents of the container of Bhasma /Sindhura is the same
that is claimed of its label. In other words to verify the quality of the
Bhasma/Sindhura etc.
Definition:
When a drop of clear solution of a substance (Bhasma / Sindhura) that is under
examination is put on one of the chemical reacting papers, a spot with a series of
changes in colour and pattern will appear. It is the study of this spot and colour at
three successive phases spreading over three different time intervals is known as the
Phased Spot Test.
Material Required:
1) Reagents.
2) Whatman paper No 1.
3) Glass rod, Vessel, Tray glass Capillary.
4) Centrifugal & Semi-micro test tubes.
Procedures: It includes the following steps
a) Preparation of Reagents.
b) Preparation of drug solutions
c) Preparation of chemical reacting papers.
d) Direction for preparing the solutions.
e) Spotting and its observations.
a) Preparation of Reagent
Table No.37 Preparation of Reagent
To Prepare
5N HNO3
30 ml
100 ml
Conc. Acid
Distilled water
Conc. Acid
Distilled water
10 ml
20 ml
35 ml
65 ml
Methodology
Preparation of Aquaregia:
Mix 3 ml of conc. Hydrochloric acid with 1 ml of conc. Nitric acid.
b) Preparation of Drug solutions:
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into a test tube and add 0.5ml of 5N
HNO3.
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into another tube and add 0.5ml of
distilled water.
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into another tube and add 0.5ml of
aquaregia.
Heat the sample after adding the reagents, after the solution is cooled, it has to
be transferred into a semi-micro test tube.
Allow sufficient time to react with drug and to settle all the sediments at the
bottom of the test tube till a clear solution is seen above the sediment.
c) Preparation of 10% Potassium Iodide paper:
There are five types of chemical reacting papers. i.e.
1. 10% Potassium Iodide Paper.
2. 10% Potassium Bromide Paper.
3. 5% Potassium Ferrocyanide Paper.
4. 2.5% Potassium Ferrocyanide Paper.
5. Haridra Paper.
Since these readymade papers are not available in the market. So we should
know how to prepare these papers.
I selected 10% Potassium Iodide Paper for my study.
Take Whatman filter paper No 1 is suitable for this purpose. Cut the paper into
small pieces of size 14cm + 8cm.
Prepare the solutions according to the specific % given to the different papers.
149
Methodology
To prepare 10% Potassium Iodide Paper, take 10gm of Potassium Iodide and
mix with 100 ml of distilled water stir continuously until potassium iodide
dissolves.
d) Directions for preparing solutions:
1) Quantity of the Rasakarpoor
-- 0.25gms
-- 0.5ml
150
Methodology
2nd Phase: It is called delayed reaction. The brown periphery widens merging with
its
out side brown area and reducing the white space. The tiny and
151
Methodology
3rd Phase: Central pale brown spot with dark brown periphery between the two
pink colour spot exist.
Precautions:
1. Centrifuge test tubes were used to prepare solutions and transferred the solution in
semi micro test tubes.
2. While adding the reagent or preparing Aquaregia, the respective bottle must be
hold above the level of eyes / head to allow the fumes that came out of the
container to go above the level of head.
3. A small quantity of the clear solution drawn using the dropper.
4. The narrow end of the dropper, just below the surface of the solution was
introduced into the solution and the solution of the sediment not disturbed.
5. The center of the paper should not be hold to avoid level slightest folded or
wrinkled of the paper; otherwise the formation of spot disturbed.
6. Put a drop of the solution on the chemical reacting paper one centimeter from
above the level of the paper.
7. 2nd drop was put immediately and exactly over the 1st drop to make a spot.
8. The spot studied under open daylight.
152
Methodology
Qualitative Analysis of Mercuric Chloride:
Redical identification of HgCl2:
Qualitative analysis was carried out in Chemistry laboratory of Sri J.S.V.V.
Samsthes, Pre University Science College, Gadag.
Materials & Equipments:
Chemicals:
1) HgCl2 soln
2) Dilute HCl
3) H2S gas
1) Test tubes
2) Spirit lamp
3) Stands
5) Pipette
6) Glass rod
7) Measuring glass
Analysis for the presence of Hg++ and Cl ions was carried out by the following
tests:
Test for Hg++ ions:
Preparation of Rasakarpoor solution:
Take 10 ml of distilled water and add 1 gm of Rasakapoor powder stirring
continuously solution was prepared.
Take Rasakarpoor soln and add dilute HCl, pass H2S gas. The solution turns to
black PPT. The black PPT indicates Mercury ions (Hg++) may be present.
HgCl2 soln + dil HCl + H2S gas
Black PPT
153
Methodology
Confirmative Test for Mercury (Hg++) ions:
1. Take 2 ml of Rasakarpoor soln and add stannous chloride. It turns to white
crystalline PPT. This confirms Hg++ ion presence
HgCl2 soln + SnCl2
as ve radical.
154
Methodology
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY:
There may be wide variations in the susceptibility of different strains of
the same bacterial species to antibiotic. Several technologies are now available for
determination of microbial sensitivity to antimicrobial agent namely Cupplate
method, Serial dilution methods, Solid dilution method Ditch plate technique,
Gradient plate technique.
In the present study to asses the antimicrobial activity of Rasakarpoor is
performed by following Cup-plate method.
Anti microbial activity was carried out by Cupplate method and the following
procedure were conducted during Antimicrobial study at S.C.S.Collage of Pharmacy
Dept of Microbiology, Harapanhalli from 08/05/2006 to 15/05/2006.
Materials and Methods:
Materials:
1) Drugs:
a) Rasakarpoor
b) Cefotaxime
c) Fluconazole
2) Micro organism:
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Streptococcus pyogenes.
c) Escherichia coli
d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
e) Candida albicans
f) Aspergillus flavus
3) Media Ingredients:
a) Potato dextrose agar
b) Nutrient agar
c) Nutrient broth
d) Alcohol
4) Equipments:
a) Autoclave
b) Incubator
c) Test tubes
d) Petriplates
e) Conical flasks
f) Cork borer
g) Cotton
h) Vernier caliper
155
Methodology
Test and Standard drugs were prepared in distilled water.
Method:
Cup-Plate Method:
In this technique the test solution is placed in contact with agar, which is
already inoculated with test organism. After incubation, zone of inhibition
are observed. The cups were made aseptically with cork borer having 8mm diameter
and 3/4th part test solution was poured.
Procedure:
The complete procedure was carried out in 3 stages for both Antibacterial and
Anti Fungal activity of standard and tested drugs. All the chemicals used were of
High media company U.S.A and the glasswares used for study are sterilized by the
following standard procedure.
STAGE I
Preparation of inoculum.
Preparation of solutions of different drug concentration (Standard & Tested).
STAGE II
Preparation of agar media.
Inoculation of test organisms.
Application of solutions (Standard & Tested).
Incubation.
STAGE III
Reading of zone of Inhibition.
Interpretation of Results.
STAGE I
Preparation of Inoculum for bacteria:
2 gm +ve & 2 gm -ve bacteria were choosen for present study. Bacterias
selected for activity are as mentioned below.
156
Methodology
Gram +ve bacteria
1. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 87
2. Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 32
Gram -ve bacteria
1. Escherichia coli MTCC 46.
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 442.
Fresh bacterial cultures were prepared using sterile nutrient broth.
Nutrient broth composition:
Table No 38 Nutrient broth composition
Sl No
Ingredients
Quantity
Peptone
5gms.
Beef extract
3 gms
NaCl
5 gms
Distilled water
1000 ml
pH
7.2 0.4
Required quantity of Nutrient broth was prepared as per the standard composition.
Nutrient broths were taken in four conical flasks and are sealed with alluminium
files. Then they are sterilized by autoclaving at 15lbs/sq.inch for 15 min.
After complete cooling 0.1ml of selected bacterial cultures were inoculated and
shaken well.
It was tested for pH and was found 7.4.
They are incubated at 370C 20C for 24 hrs.
Preparation of Inoculum for Fungai:
Funguses are used in antifungal activity:
1. Candida albicans MTCC 35
2. Aspergilluss flavus MTCC 62
157
Methodology
Table No 39 Potato Dextrose Agar composition [HIMEDIA MO96]:
Sl No
Ingredients
Quantity
Peptone
200 gms.
Dextrose
20 gms
Agar
15 gms
Distilled water
1000 ml
pH
5.6 0.2
Methodology
STAGE II
Preparation of agar media:
Agar media was used for both antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Table No 40 Nutrient Agar media composition [HIMEDIA MOO1]:
Sl No
Ingredients
Quantity
Peptone
5 gms.
Beef extract
3 gms
NaCl
5 gms
Agar
15 gms
Distilled water
1000 ml
pH
7.4 0.2
Required quantity of Agar media was prepared as per the standard composition of
HIMEDIA REF MOO1.
The pH was maintained at 7.4
It was essential for solidification and media has to be sterilized by autoclaving 15
lbs / sq inch for 15 min.
Preparation of Inoculum:
For Bacterial culture:
Sterile Nutrient agar media was cooled to 450C and mixed with 20% of
respective bacterial culture individually (That is 80 ml media and 20 ml culture).
For Fungal culture:
Sterile Nutrient agar medium was cooled to 450C and mixed with 20% of
respective fungal culture individually (That is 80 ml media and 20 ml culture).
Applications of solutions:
The inoculation prepared has to be transferred to petriplates immediately of its
preparation. After solidification of the media 4 holes are made at equal distance with
the help of sterile cork borer (8 mm diameter). These wells are used to inoculating
159
Methodology
different concentrations of standard antibacterial drug Cefotaxime [S1 50 gm/ml,
S2 100 gm/ml] and antifungal drug Fluconazole [S1 50 gm/ml, S2 100
gm/ml] and Tested drug Rasakarpoor [T1 50 gm/ml, T2 100 gm/ml]
Inoculated media is poured in to the petriplates to a depth of 3 to 4 mm.
Ensure that the layer of media is uniform in thickness, by placing the plate on a level
surface. All the procedure was carried out under aseptic conditions by using Laminar
airflow.
Incubation:
After introduction of Test and Standard drugs, the plates were placed in a
refrigerator at 80C - 100C for diffusion of drugs into the media. After two hours of
cold incubation, petriplates are transferred to Incubator and maintained at 370C 20C
for 24 hrs for bacteria. The fungal petriplates were incubated at 270C 20C for 48 hrs.
After the incubation period, the petriplates were observed for zone of
inhibition and measured using the Vernier caliper.
Observations:
Bacterial culture was incubated at 370C 20C and fungi at 270C 20C
Zone of inhibition was measured by Vernier caliper
While mixing bacterial are fungal cultures, the temperature of Agar was
maintained above 450C
Inoculated media poured into the petriplates to a depth of 3 to 4mm & place
and platform to get uniform spreading of the media.
The growth of the bacterial & fungal cultures were indicated by the turbidity
of the media
160
Methodology
Precautions:
1. pH of all the media was accurately maintained for normal ions uptake by
microorganisms.
2. Petridish, conical flask etc were properly sterilized by autoclaving at 15lbs/sq
inch for 15 minutes.
3. Activity was conducted by using gloves & mask and it was carried in the
Laminar airflow.
4. Zone of inhibition was recorded by placing the petriplates on colony counter.
161
Results
Results and its interpretations:
Antibacterial activity:
Table No. 41. Efficacy of Cefotaxime and Rasakarpoor against Staphylococcus
aureus (+ve):
Zone of Inhibition (in mm)
50gm/ml
100gm/ml
Cefotaxime S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Cefotaxime S2
Rasakarpoor T2
34.33
22.00
34.83
27.00
Zone of Inhibition in mm
34.88
34.33
27
22
S1
T1
S2
T2
162
Results
100gm/ml
Cefotaxime S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Cefotaxime S2
Rasakarpoor T2
28.50
26.00
37.16
29.33
Zone of Inhibition in mm
37.16
28.5
S1
29.33
26
T1
S2
T2
163
Results
100gm/ml
Cefotaxime S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Cefotaxime S2
Rasakarpoor T2
28.00
30.33
30.16
35.16
Above table shows, in 50gm/ml & 100gm/ml concentration the Tested drug
Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows good activity as compared with the Standard drug
Cefotaxime (S1& S2).
Graph No 4 Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Escherichia coli:
Zone of Inhibition in mm
35.16
28
S1
30.33
30.16
T1
S2
T2
164
Results
100gm/ml
Cefotaxime S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Cefotaxime S2
Rasakarpoor T2
37.66
20.00
41.16
25.66
Zone of Inhibition in mm
41.16
37.66
25.66
20
S1
T1
S2
T2
165
Results
Antifungal activity:
Table No.45. Efficacy of Fluconazole and Rasakarpoor against Candida
Albicans:
100gm/ml
Fluconazole S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Fluconazole S2
Rasakarpoor T2
21.66
29.00
23.50
32.00
Above table shows, in 50gm/ml & 100gm/ml concentration the Tested drug
Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows good activity as compared with the Standard drug
Fluconazole(S1& S2).
Graph No 6 Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Candida albicans:
Zone of Inhibition in mm
Candida Albicans
35
30
25
32
29
23.5
21.66
20
15
10
5
0
S1
T1
S2
T2
166
Results
Table No.46. Efficacy of Fluconazole and Rasakarpoor against Aspergillus
flavus:
Zone of Inhibition (in mm)
50gm/ml
100gm/ml
Fluconazole S1
Rasakarpoor T1
Fluconazole S2
Rasakarpoor T2
19.33
28.66
20.66
31.50
Graph No.7. Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Aspergillus Flavus:
Zone of Inhibition in mm
Aspergillus Flavus
35
30
25
20
31.5
28.66
20.66
19.33
15
10
5
0
S1
T1
S2
T2
167
Results
Overall Results: Antibacterial activity:
Table No.47. Efficacy of standard and tested drug against gram +ve & gram
ve organisms:
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
Organisms
Staphylococcus
aureus +ve
Streptococcus
Pyogenus +ve
Escherichia
coli -ve
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ve
Cefotaxime
S1
Rasakarpoor
T1
Cefotaxime
S2
Rasakarpoor
T2
34.33
22.00
34.83
27.00
28.50
26.00
37.16
29.33
28.00
30.33
30.16
35.16
37.66
20.00
41.16
25.66
The results reveals that the organisms have shown varied response to
Rasakarpoor compared to Standard drug (Cefotaxime). Test drug (Rasakarpoor) has
given less response to all organisms in both the concentrations except E Coli.
E Coli organism have shown more sensitivity to Test drug concentrations
compared to Standard drug (Cefotaxime) in both the concentrations.
Antifungal activity:
Table No.48. Efficacy of standard and tested drug against Fungal organism:
Sl
No
1
2
Organisms
Candida
albicans
Aspergillus
flavus
RasakarpoorT1
Fluconazole S2
RasakarpoorT2
21.66
29.00
23.50
32.00
19.33
28.66
20.66
31.50
168
Results
Note:
In the present study 2 gms +ve organisms viz Staphylococcus aureus MTCC
87, Streptococcus pyogenes 2 gms ve organisms viz Escherichia coli MTCC 46,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 442, 2 fungal organisms Candida albicans and
Aspergilluss flavus were used for antimicrobial activity of Rasakarpoor.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of respective standard and Tested drug
were used in the concentration 50 gm/ml & 100 gm/ml.
The antimicrobial activity was carried by using 6 petriplates for each
organisms and the mean value of zone of inhibition was obtained by the six values of
each concentration of standard and tested drug. The mean value was calculated which
represents accurate zone of inhibition for both standard and tested drug mean values
are shown in table.
169
Discussion
Discussion:
Discussion is the vital part of the study, observations, interpretations and
answers are outcome of the current study which are discussed as underneath Rasakarpoor is Nirghandha Kupipakva Rasayana. It is neglected in
Pharmaceutical science, if processed properly and administered in minimal
dosage, it is highly effective against Krimi, Bahubhootavishapaha and
Twachagatarogas etc,
It is not in vogue of clinical practice because of its toxicity. But some states in
South India like Andra pradesha etc it has captured wide marketing, than any
other drugs and routinely used as a home remedy by the peoples for many
Infectious diseases with proper dosage, duration, kala and anupana which has
made it popular
By observing all these points it can be used in day to today clinical practice
with proper dosage and a better choice among the Rasa yogas.
Thus its our responsibility to spread its effectiveness in other parts of the
country, and as a research work it was selected for the study.
Pharmaceutical study:
Shodhana process:
Hingula shodhana using Nimbu swarasa as bhavana dravya might help in
detoxification, it is a complex of organic acids like Citric acids & Mallic acid,
which reacts with unwanted materials & form a complex, soluble in water
which is justified by recommendation of prakshalana with water. Solid organic
contents increase the weight.
.Bhavana procedure helps in reducing the size of the Hingula particles into
finer state, which helps in extraction of Parada from each part of it.
170
Discussion
Hingula Satvapatana:
Hingula satvapatana was done by using Urdhvapatana Yantra, it is quite
simple and easy.
It
is
considered
as
equivalent
to
Asthasamskarita
Parada
and
It reacts with oxygen, forms Mercury and sulphur dioxide, other impurities
settle in the bottom. The Parada was condensed at the inner side of upper pot.
HgS + O2
Hg + SO2
171
Discussion
sulphur dioxide.
According to the modern chemistry the intermediate product formed during
the preparation of mercuric chloride is mercuric sulphate.
Hg + 2 conc. H2SO4
HgSO4 + 2NaCl
HgSO4 + SO2
+ 2H2O
HgCl2 + Na2SO4
The method of preparation and proportion of the ingredients used are same
as paradachoorna. These two are white in colour, shiny and crystal like appearance.
During the preparation proper care is taken, not to inhale the fumes, as it is poisonous.
Preparation of Rasakarpoor:
Prematerial: In the preparation, the mixing of ingredients is made homogenous to get
proper compound.
Selection of Kupi: Kupi selection is very important, as to withstand heat during
procedure.
Mrutkapata for Kupi:
Mrutkapata helps in the regulation and maintenance of temperature inside the
kupi to facilitate the chemical reaction, as abrupt increase or decrease of temperature
may lead to breakage of kupi.
Filling the Kupi:
The kupi was filled with 100gms of prematerial that acquired lower 1/5th
space, as large quantity may hinder the sublimation.
Placing of Kupi in Valuka Yantra:
For valuka Yantra, Mud pot was used. It was rapped with 3-4 layers of
Mruthkapata up to 3/4th portion, which helps to avoid breaking.
Inside the valuka Yantra sand was spread up to 3 angulas to avoid the direct
touch of kupi to Yantra. It was placed firmly at the center without slant.
172
Discussion
The remaining portion of Yantra was filled with valuka. It renders resistance
to the apparatus from the atmospheric variations.
Inference made during Kramagni in Valuka Yantra:
Kramagni pattern is necessary for the preparation of Rasakarpoor because agni
plays an important role in the preparation to get proper product.
To measure the temperature at the base of the Kupi the thermocouple of the
pyrometer was placed in valuka Yantra at the level of the bottom of the Kupi,
to ensure optimum temperature during Kramagni procedure.
Shalaka sanchalana:
Sheeta shalaka sanchalana was made to observe the state of pre-material in
initial stage and in the final stage before corking to test whether the compound is
formed.
Observations of fumes and Water vapours:
The observation of fumes and water vapors is important in the preparation of
Rasakarpoor. Corking has to be done after complete evaporation of water molecules.
This was ascertained by Copper coin test. The evaporation of Parada can also be
tested by Copper foil; discoloration of Tamrapatra occurs if Parada is present.
Corking time:
Corking is the landmark of Tivragni. Immediately after corking the agni
should be increased to get proper product.
Shwangsheeta:
Kupi was allowed to swangasheeta. It is an important phenomenon though
Agni is stopped; Valukayantra retains the temperature for many hours, which might
help in the complete sublimation of the product.
173
Discussion
Kupi Bhedhana:
While doing the Kupibhedhana thread has to be tied in a single circle to avoid
improper breaking of kupi, which may lead to mixing of product with the glass piece.
Table No.49. Results of Rasakarpoor:
Sl No
Mixture Temperature
(gms)
Time
End
(hours) product
(gms)
12
45
100
3600C - 4000C
100
3600C - 4000C
12
10
100
3600C - 4000C
11
100
12
100
Residue
(gms)
Loss
(gms)
40
15
30
50
20
12
32
45
23
3600C - 4000C
12
35
46
19
3600C - 4000C
12
46
37
17
HgCl2 + 2NaSO4
Anthardhooma method:
Preparation of Rasakarpoor was also done by this method for 2 times. The
temperature maintained was same as bahirdhuma method. The out come of
two procedures was on an average 57%. So the yield of Rasakarpoor is more
in case of Anthardhuma. This might be probably because the contents have no
chance to escape. In kupi Rasakarpoor was a Suchyakara (needle shaped)
appearance
174
Discussion
Damaru Yantra method:
Rasakarpoor was also prepared by following Damaru Yantra method. Cold
pad was placed on upper pot, temperature was maintained like
Mruduagni 4 hours at 1000C to 1500C
Madhyamagni 4 hours at 1500C to 3000C
Tivragni 4 hours 3000C to 4000C
The yield obtained was an average 20%. Here the evaporation of fumes and
water vapors were profuse through the pores of pot. Irritating odour was
present. By Damaru Yantra method it was in powder form.
175
Discussion
Analytical study:
This part exposes the hidden facts about the final product when it was
critically analyzed with the help of physical and chemical parameters.
Shodhita hingula:
Organoleptic characters: It is a red in colour, odourless and fine in touch. The verna
of grahya hingula is Japakusumavat. In organoleptic analysis also it was reported as
red colour.
Percentage of Parada & Gandhaka: Parada content in Hingula is 69.7% and
Gandhaka is 8.06%. The values of Hingula are slightly less when compared to the
standards given in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
Rasakarpoor:
Organoleptic characters: Analysis reveals that it is white in colour, odourless and
fine in touch. The reports of the analysis match with the characters explained for
Rasakarpoor in our classics.
Loss on drying: 16.80% reveals the presence of moisture in the Rasakarpoor. Which
may be due to hygroscopic nature of Rasakarpoor, so it should be always kept in
airtight container.
Total Ash: 0.19% indicates the presence of minimal amount of organic matter in the
final product.
Acid insoluble Ash: 0.02% suggests that the final product almost soluble in acid.
Determination of pH:
Rasakarpoor is acidic in nature. Drugs get easily absorbed in acidic media. Hence
Rasakarpoor absorbs and enters into the system and produces quick results.
Solubility: Reports reveals that it is completely soluble in water and alcohol, slightly
soluble in chloroform.
176
Discussion
Fineness of the particle: Rasakarpoor was subjected to fineness of particle size,
which was done with the help of microscope. Size of Rasakarpoor is 11.48meter. By
this test it known that Rasakarpoor particles are fine in nature. The rate of absorption
is directly proportional to the particle size of the drug, finer the particles better the
absorption. As the Rasakarpoor particle size is fine the absorption will be quick.
Flow property and flow rate: Since the drug was in powder form it was tested for
flow property. It suggests necessity of any adjuncts for proper flow of drug during
capsule or tablet preparation. Flow property was identified by Angle of Repose
(tan) and flow rate by compressibility index (I).
Flow property tan (Angle of Repose) = 32.010
Compressibility index (I)(Flow rate) = 27%
The result shows that the Flow property was good and Flow rate was moderate
because it contains some % of moisture needs the adjuncts in tablet or capsule
preparation.
Percentage of Parada & Chloride: The percentage of Parada obtained in the
Rasakarpoor is 70.08%, which is nearer to the standard value (65.92 to 70%)
mentioned in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
The percentage of chloride present in the Rasakarpoor is 19.4%, which is near
to the standard value (23 to 33%) mentioned in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
N.P.S.Test:
This test was performed for qualitative analysis as well as genuinity of
Rasakarpoor.
In the present study 5N HNO3, Distilled water and aquregiea were used as a
reagents. It was carried out in three phases to identify the sample of Rasakarpoor.
177
Discussion
With 5N HNO3: Brown periphery around the brick red spot was observed in all
phases, this brown colour was because of iodine papers. All the brick red irregular
spots may be Mercuric chloride.
With distilled water: - Minute periphery and slight blackish colour two or three dark,
irregular and tiny particles were observed.
With aquaregiea: - Pale brown spot with dark brown periphery between two pink
colour spots indicate Mercuric chloride.
Overall brown periphery around brick red spots and two pink colour spots
indicates it may be Mercuric chloride.
Antimicrobial Activity:
Antimicrobial activity is a technique in which response of an organism to a
particular antimicrobial agent can be established. Many methods are employed
for evaluation of antimicrobial activity of a drug. In the present study cup plate
method was selected. It is simple and relatively inexpensive which makes it
still the method of choice for the average laboratory.
Two gram +ve, Two gram ve bacterias and two fungai were selected for the
study. Because these microorganisms occur in large number in most natural
environments. These are the major causative factors for many infectious
diseases like respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, dysentery, skin disorders
etc.
Each kind of microorganism has specific growth requirements; most of the
microbes can be grown in culture medium in the laboratory. In the present
study Nutrient broth is chosen as a culture media for bacteria and Potato
dextrose agar media for fungai. These two are the basic media for cultivation
of respective organisms.
178
Discussion
Growth of organism was confirmed by turbidity of the media.
Agar universally used as a solidifying agent, it common for bacteria & fungi,
which has not been replaced by any other agent from 100 years.
Tested drug Rasakarpoor, standard antimicrobial drug Cefotaxime and
antifungal drug Fluconazole were used at 50gram/ml and 100 gram/ml
concentrations.
Results are expressed by determining the zone of inhibition measuring in mm
by using vernier caliper.
Results of Antimicrobial activity:
From the results, all the bacteria have shown antibacterial activity against
Rasakarpoor except E-coli organism all other tested organism have shown less
antibacterial activity than the standard drug.
The variations in the response of the microorganisms may be due to the
strains, which are used for the present study. It is clear that Rasakarpoor has
shown less activity against bacterias except E- coli.
Rasakarpoor has shown lesser activity, but has a definite comparable activity
thus Rasakarpoor can be our answer to the antibiotics in the management of
infectious conditions.
Rasakarpoor has much better antifungal activity than the proven drug
Fluconazole. It seems Rasakarpoor can be a better alternative to Fluconazole
& should be tried in clinical trial also.
So that we can have a showcase of antimicrobial ayurvedic drugs.
179
Conclusion
Conclusion:
Rasakarpoor is one of the Sagni, Nirghandha, Bahirdhuma Kanthastha Kupipakva
Rasayana.
1. Pharmaceutical study:
Parada shodhana with Haridra choorna and Hingula Shodhana with Nimbu
swarasa have definite part in the detoxification and potencification.
Hingulotha Parada, prepared by Urdhvapatana Yantra is considered as best; it is a
quite simple and easy method to obtain shuddha Parada.
2. Analytical study:
Rasakarpoor is white in colour, odourless, fine in touch, soluble in water, alcohol,
and slightly soluble in chloroform.
Rasakarpoor is acidic in pH.
Loss on drying is revealing the presence of moisture.
Total ash reveals that presence of negligible amount of organic matter.
Fineness particle size signifies rate of absorption.
In Rasakarpoor, Hg is 70.8 % and Chloride 19.4 % validates the standard
specified.
3. Experimental study:
The selected microorganisms are causative agents for many common infections
manifested in day-to-day life.
Cup plate method is convenient, cost effective method for evaluation of
Antimicrobial activity.
An antifungal activity of Rasakarpoor has shown significant activity against
fungal organisms compared to standard drug in both the concentration.
It has less antibacterial activity, but in E-coli organism significant result exhibited.
180
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Conclusion
Overall Rasakarpoor have a significant antimicrobial activity.
Limitations:
Study was conducted against particular organisms.
Rasakarpoor was prepared by only Kupipakva, Bahirdhooma method.
181
Summary
Summary:
The present dissertation work entitled Preparation, Physico-Chemical
analysis of Rasakarpoor and its Antimicrobial activity deals with topics such as
Introduction, Objectives, Review of Literature, Methodology, Results, Discussion and
Conclusion.
Introduction:
Importance of Ayurveda, Rasashastra, Kupipakva rasayana and therapeutic
values of Rasakarpoor are stated. Brief explanation regarding Krimi and
Microorganisms were explained. The need and importance of present study was
explained.
Objectives:
Aims and objectives of the present study were mentioned.
Review of Literature:
Drug review:
Explanation about Hingula, Parada, Nimbu, Haridra, Saindhava lavana and
conc sulphuric acid were explained in detail. Different opinions of these drugs about
their paryay, bedha, shodhana, and pharmacological properties were explained.
Kupi pakva rasayana:
Kupipakva rasayana along with Rasakarpoor matra, properties, and different
procedures were explained.
Disease review:
Krimi according Ayurvedic classics and its modern aspect were explained.
The evolution and different procedures of the antimicrobial activity were explained in
brief.
182
Summary
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical study:
It includes Pharmaceutical study, Analytical study and Experimental study.
The pharmaceutical study includes 13 practicals, which contains viz Hingula
shodhana, Hingula satvapatana, Parada shodhana, Paradachoorna, Preparation of kupi
and Rasakarpoor.
Analytical study:
It deals with Physico chemical analysis of Shodhita hingula and Rasakarpoor.
Shodhita hingula:
It was subjected to organoleptic characters and percentage of Mercury
and Sulphur.
Rasakarpoor:
It was subjected to organoleptic characters, Percentage of Mercury and
Chloride. Other procedures like pH, Solubility, Flow property, Flow rate, Fineness
of the particle, Total ash were carried out.
Experimental study:
Antimicrobial activity:
It includes antibacterial and antifungal activities, which were carried
out by Cupplate method. Cefotaxime selected as Standard drug for
antibacterial and fluconazole for antifungal activity. Two-gram +ve, two-gram
-ve and two fungi were taken. For standard drug and Rasakarpoor, solutions
were prepared in two different concentrations viz: 50gram/ml and
100gram/ml.
Observations were made carefully and the necessary precautions were taken.
183
Summary
Results:
The results reveal that in antibacterial study, the organisms have shown varied
response to Rasakarpoor compared to Standard drug (Cefotaxime) except E Coli. In
fungal activity organisms have shown significant results. The results were interpreted
on the basis of Zone of inhibition, which was measured by measuring transparent
scale.
Discussion:
The methods of Hingula, Parada shodhana, Parada choorna, Hingula
satvapatana and their importance were discussed elaborately. Kupipakva rasayana and
the preparation of Rasakarpoor and the precautions taken during the preparation were
also discussed. The analytical, experimental studies results were also discussed.
Conclusion:
Conclusions of antimicrobial activity, Preparation of Rasakarpoor, Hingulotha
Parada and Analytical study are included.
184
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Annexure
Annexure
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___________________________________________________________ 201
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Annexure
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___________________________________________________________ 202
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity