Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Magnus Akke
Sydkraft AB
S-205 09 Malm
Sweden
Magnus.Akke@sydkraft.se
A b s t r a c t Controlled
resistive
loads
can
contribute to damping of electro-mechanical
oscillations. This paper presents an on-off
damping controller for a single machine system. It
was used at a field test in southern Sweden to damp
oscillations of a 0.9 MW hydro power generator.
The controller used estimated machine frequency as
input and controlled a 20 kW resistive load via
thyristor switches. The field measurements are
compared to time simulations and a systematic
procedure for tuning the controller is given. The
results indicate that on-off control of active loads
is effective in terms of added damping and that it is
simple to tune and implement.
I. INTRODUCTION
Control of loads was earlier performed as disconnection of
entire load areas from the feeder. This is typically used for
undervoltage load shedding to prevent voltage collapse [1] or
for underfrequency load shedding to counteract loss of a major
generation unit or transmission line. Demand Side
Management and Distribution Automation programs now
introduce utility-customer communication and Intelligent
Meters including remote control facilities. This allows more
sophisticated schemes where only selected loads, typically
heaters and boilers, are controlled. The new meters are mainly
aimed at remote meter reading and peak load reduction.
However, if the communication bandwidth and processing
power is sufficiently high, they can also be used for dynamic
purposes such as damping of power system oscillations. The
nature and extent of these oscillations are described in [2]
along with means of mitigation. Whereas load modulation by
voltage variation is mentioned, direct control of loads is not.
Both HVDC modulation of active power [3] and control of
active loads are direct ways of controlling power flows. This
makes them effective for damping of electromechanical
V0
V
igen
iline
P gen
4 Qgen
P line
Qline 2
Load 1
iload
Pload
3
1
0
Load 2
Controlled load
Pload
(1)
off
on off
on off
Fig. 2. State trajectories () for the uncontrolled case with the load on
(dotted) and off (dashed) and the corresponding stationary values of
indicated. To the right, the effect of the control law is added (solid).
on
(2)
= tan 1
Im z gen igen
V + Re z gen igen
(3)
= tan 1
Pgen
2
V
+ Q gen
x gen
(4)
Relays Fans
Filters
D
ugen
iload
A
3x220V
(5)
(6)
0.5
[Mvar]
0.05
0
0.05
0.02
0.01
0
0.02
0.01
0
0
10
15
[s]
20
25
30
0
0.5
0
0.2
[MW]
A. No-load Instability
0.4
[MW]
[MW]
10
15
[s]
20
25
30
(7)
[rad/s]
[MW]
0.5
0.4
0.3
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
0.5
[MW]
0.02
0.01
0
[MW]
0.5
0.02
0.01
0
0
IX. REFERENCES
10
15
[s]
20
25
30
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] Kosterev, D. N. and W. J. Kolodziej (1995), "BangBang Series Capacitor Transient Stability Control,"
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2,
pp 915-924.
[11] Stanton, S. E. and W. P. Dykas (1989), "Analysis of a
Local Transient Control Action by Partial Energy
Functions," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 4,
No. 3, pp 996-1002.
[12] Larsen, E. V., J. J. Sanchez-Gasca and J. H. Chow
(1995), "Concepts for Design of FACTS Controllers to
Damp Power Swings," IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp 948-956.
[13] Akke, M. (1997), Some Control Applications in
Electrical Power Systems, PhD Thesis, Dept. of
Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation, Lund
Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden.
[14] Kundur, P. (1994), Power System Stability and
Control, McGraw-Hill.
[15] de Mello, F. P. and C. Concordia (1969), "Concepts of
Synchronous Machine Stability as Affected by
Excitation Control," IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. 88,
No. 4, pp 316-329.
Olof Samuelsson (M'98) was born in Vsters, Sweden in 1966. He
received his M.Sc.E.E. degree from Lund Institute of Technology (LTH)
in 1989. During 1990 he worked as a research engineer at the University
Hospital of Lund. Since 1991 Olof Samuelsson is employed at Lund
Institute of Technology, Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering
and Automation (IEA), where he received his Licentiate and Ph.D.
degrees in 1994 and 1997 respectively.
Magnus Akke (M'92) was born in Lund, Sweden in 1961. He received his
M.Sc.E.E. degree, Licentiate degree and Ph.D. from Lund Institute of
Technology, Sweden, in 1986, 1989 and 1997 respectively. He also has a
Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Lund University,
Sweden. Since 1990 he is with the power utility Sydkraft working with
power system analysis and relay protection. He has been a visiting scientist
at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and at Cornell University, USA.
APPENDIX A. MINIMUM on
To avoid fast switching, no control actions should be taken
when the oscillation amplitude in is less than off on .
This condition must be translated to the corresponding relay
parameter on,min . In theory a simple load switching
either on or offwould produce an oscillatory transient from
which offon and on,min can be estimated. In practice the
amplitude is often so small that it is hard to measure. If
instead the load is switched periodically using the resonance
frequency, a linearly growing oscillation with large amplitude
is obtained. Starting the excitation at steady state and
reaching the amplitude N after N switching periods, gives
a value of on,min as,
on,min =
N
2N
(A.1)
4H
D
(A.2)
2 fsw
(A.3)
0.88 MVA
3.8 s
6s
1.3 p.u.
0.55 p.u.
0+j0.42 p.u.
Ubase
D
Ra
x'd
Pload
z line
3.85 kV
0
0
0.18 p.u.
0.023 p.u.
0.12+j0.18 p.u.