(a).

Predicted mean vote (PMV):

PMV is an index that represents the predicted mean vote (on the
thermal sensation scale) of a large population exposed to a given
environment, and is acknowledged as an international thermal
environment indicator. This indicator has a range from -3 to +3, and it
includes an air temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature,
air velocity, clothing thermal resistance and a metabolic rate. The range
from -0.5 to +0.5 is a range for comfortableness, and this range has been
used as a condition for the air conditioning or as an indicator for indoor
environments in order to create a comfortable environment for people.

Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD):

PPD index predicts the percentage of occupants that will be
dissatisfied with the thermal conditions which determined from PMV index.
It is a function of PMV, given that as PMV moves further from 0, or neutral,
PPD increases. The maximum number of people dissatisfied with their
comfort conditions is 100% and, as you can never please all of the people
all of the time, the recommended acceptable PPD range for thermal
comfort from ASHRAE 55 is less than 10% persons dissatisfied for an
interior space.

(b).
Humans prefer to live within a certain range of temperatures. This is
known as the human comfort zone, or alternatively, the thermal comfort
zone. It is defined as the range of temperature, air movement, and
humidity conditions that most people will find comfortable the majority of
the time. Therefore to identify the key requirements and limits, they have
developed ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 (Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy) which is able quantify and specify what is required
to ensure human comfort.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 provides minimum requirements for
acceptable thermal indoor environments. It establishes the ranges of
indoor environmental conditions that are acceptable to achieve thermal
comfort for occupants. The main factors that influence thermal comfort
are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely metabolic rate,
clothing insulation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed
and relative humidity. These factors can be grouped in two categories:
personal factors - because they are characteristics of the occupants - and
environmental factors - which are conditions of the thermal environment.
Psychological parameters such as individual expectations also affect
thermal comfort.

Since there are large variations from person to person in terms of

physiological and psychological satisfaction, it is hard to find an optimal
temperature for everyone in a given space. Therefore laboratory and field
data have been collected to define conditions that will be found
comfortable for a specified percentage of occupants. It is to be noted that
as general requirement of this standard, this should be applied to a space
where occupancies has a residency of more than 15 minutes within the
space. The factors that state in above where the comfortabillity depends,
are time dependent and however, this standard only addresses thermal
comfort in a steady state. As a result, people entering a space that meets
the requirements of this standard may not immediately find the conditions
comfortable if they have experienced different environmental conditions
just prior to entering the space.
Metabolic rate of a person is activity depend and clothing level
which provides the thermal insulation to the body is also depends on
occupancies likelihood. For example, person who perform office task has
metabolic rate of1.0-1.7 met, 0.7 met for sleeping, 1.0 met for a seated
and quiet position, 1.2-1.4 met for light activities standing, 2.0 met or
more for activities that involve movement, walking, lifting heavy loads or
operating machinery. Similarly the level of clothing which give the
insulation to heat loss from body is also activity depend and the persons
likelihood. According to that the limits of the parameters which define the
comfort zone is depend on activity performed in the space and
occupancies clothing as well. Therefore to define operative temperatures
and other factors to define the comfort zone, whatever the value selected
for parameters should be for 80% occupancy acceptability and 10% of
allowable dissatisfaction criteria for general (whole body) thermal comfort
based on the PMV-PPD index, plus 10% dissatisfaction that may occur on
average from local (partial body) thermal discomfort.

(c).
Air speed is defined as the rate of air movement at a point, without
regard to direction. According to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, it is the
average speed of the air to which the body is exposed, with respect to
location and time. There is no such precise relationships between
increased air speed and improved comfort established yet. However, this
standard allows increased air speed to be used to increase the maximum
temperature for acceptability if the affected occupants are able to control
the air speed. When the mean radiant temperature is low and the air
temperature is high, elevated air speed is less effective at increasing heat
loss. Conversely, elevated air speed is more effective at increasing heat
loss when the mean radiant temperature is high and the air temperature
is low.