Pathology is the study of the biochemical, functional and morphological

changes in tissues and fluids of the body in response to injury (during disease).

Necropsy

examination of the body after death to observe the lesions for

diagnosis.

Biopsy examination it is the removal and microscopic examination of

tissues from the living body for diagnosis.

Postmortem changes changes that develop after death.

cellular adaptation Cellular adaptation refers to those adjustments that a
cell makes in response to changes in the environment in which it must live.

CELLULAR ATROPHY Cellular atrophy refers to the decrease in size of a

cell through a loss of cell substance (organelles, etc.)

Agenesis refers to an organ or tissue that failed to develop and is absent

(e.g.,one kidney may be absent at birth).

Hypoplasia refers to a tissue or organ that never reached its normal size or
structure (incomplete growth).

Cellular hypertrophy is an adaptive response in which there is an

increase in cell size and subsequently, an increase in the size of the involved
organ or tissue.

Cellular hyperplasia is an adaptive response in which there is an increase

in the number of cells, results in an increase in size of the involved organ or
tissue.

Cellular metaplasia is an adaptive response in which one adult cell type

is replaced by another adult cell type.
If the limits of adaptive capabilities are exceeded, the affected cell may become
ill or even die the condition arises which is known as

cell injury or cell

death
Fatty change refers to an abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal
cells.

Pyknosis

refers to a nucleus that progressively shrinks and becomes

transformed into a small, dense, wrinkled mass of tightly packed chromatin.

Karyorrhexi refers to a nucleus that breaks or fragments into many pieces.

Karyolysis refers to a nucleus in which there is progressive dissolution of the
chromatin and eventual disappearance of the nucleus.

Necrosis

Death of cells and tissues while the body is whole and still living

Hypoxia is decreased oxygen supply to tissues.

Ischemia

is decreased blood flow to or from an organ. Which can be caused by

obstruction of arterial blood flow.

Edema is increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces or it is a fluid

accumulation in the body cavities in excessive amount.

Hypermia can be defined as a local increase in volume of blood in a

particular tissue.

Hemorrhage is extravasation of blood outside the blood vessel.

Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid or semisolid mass from the
constituents of the blood within the vascular system during life.
An embolus is a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is
carried by
blood to sites distant from its point of origin.