ELEMENTS, COMPUNDS AND MIXTURES

Element- is a pure substance that cannot be separated into

simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
o To ID the elements you need characteristic properties
o An ELEMENT is a PURE SUBSTANCE because it contains
only one type of particle.
Pure Substance- a substance in which there is only one type of
particle.
o Simplest particles.
o Elements are made of particles called atoms.
Characteristic Properties
Use to ID matter
Can be physical or chemical
Amount of matter does not change the characteristic
property
A set of characteristic is needed to identify, not only one
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

Each element can be identified by its unique set of properties. An

element may share a property with another element, but other
properties can help you tell the elements apart.
Using their physical properties and their chemical properties can
identify elements.
CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS BY THEIR PROPERTIES

Categories of Elements: Three major categories are:

Categories Are Similar By: knowing the category to which an
unfamiliar element belongs, you can predict some of its
properties.
Each element has a unique set of physical and chemical
properties.

Metals
Shiny
Good conductors of
Energy (heat and
electricity currents)
Malleable (sheets)
Ductile (wire)
Ex: cooper, tin, lead

Metalloids
Can be shiny or not
Semiconductor

Non Metal
Dull (not shiny)
Poor conductors of
energy

Can be malleable
Can be ductile
Can be brittle
Ex: boron, silicon,

Not malleable
Not ductile
Brittle
Ex: neon, sulfur,

antimony

iodine

COMPOUNDS: MADE OF ELEMENTS

Elements:
Compounds:
- Only one
- Two or more
Pure
particle
particles
Substanc
atom
substances
e
- Atom or
molecule

Compounds- pure substance composed of two or more

elements that are chemically combined. A particle of a
compound is a molecule. Molecules of compounds are formed
when atoms of two or more elements join together. Each
compound has its own physical properties.

Some compounds can be broken down into their elements by chemical

changes. Other compounds break down to form simpler compounds
instead of elements. These simpler compounds can then be broken
down into elements through more chemical changes. The only way to
break down a compound is through a chemical change.
Elements are combined in a specific ratio according to their
masses to form a compound.
Each compound can also be identified by their different chemical
and physical properties.
There are more than 4 million compounds that exist, carbon is
found in 94% of them.
CHEMICAL MEANS ONLY can break down COMPOUNDS into
elements or simpler compounds!
Sometimes energy is needed for a chemical change to happen.
This is done by applying heat or electric current (electrolysis).
A compound has properties that differ from those of the
elements that form it.
Example: Table Salt

Na
+
Cl

NaCl
-Soft
-Poisonous
- Safe
to eat
-Silvery white metal
-Greenish yellow gas
White solid
-Reacts violently
- Dissolves
easily
With H2O
in H2O
PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS

A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more

elements that are chemically combined. Elements combine by
reacting with one another.
A particle of a compound is a called a molecule. Molecules of
compounds are formed when atoms of two or more elements join
together.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS

Each compound can be identified by its physical and chemical

properties.
Properties: Compounds Vs. Elements A compound has
properties that differ from those of the elements that form it.
BREAKING DOWN COMPOUNDS

Compounds can be broken down into their elements or into

simpler compounds by chemical changes.
Methods of Breaking Down Compounds Sometimes, energy
is needed for a chemical change to happen. Two ways to add
energy are to apply heat and to apply an electric current.
Electrolysis
Compounds in Nature Some compounds found in nature are
proteins, carbon dioxide, and carbohydrates.
Compounds in Industry Some compounds must be broken
down for use in industry. Other compounds are made in industry
for use as medicines, food preservatives, and synthetic fabrics.
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE

mixture- a combination of two or more substances that are not

chemically combined.

 No Chemical Changes in a Mixture No chemical

changes happen when a mixture is made. So, each
substance has the same chemical makeup it had before
the mixture was formed.
Using physical changes can separate Separating
Mixtures Through Physical Methods Mixtures.
Physical changes do not change the identities of the
substances.
The Ratio of Components in a Mixture the
components of a mixture do not need to be mixed in a
definite ratio.
Classifications of mixtures:
homogeneous: no visible division and uniform composition
heterogeneous: visible division and are not uniforms
Heterogeneous
Have one or more visible boundaries between the components.
Composition is not uniform.
Examples: Rocks, milk and blood (you need a microscope to see
the parts), and others.
Homogeneous
Have no visible boundaries because the components are mixed
as individual atoms, ions and molecules.
Composition is uniform.
Example: sugar and water
1) solution- mixture that appears to be a single substance. Is
composed of particles of two or more substances that are
distributed evenly among each other. A solution is homogeneous.
Solutions have the same appearance and properties throughout
the mixture. The particles in solutions are so small that they
never settle out. They cannot be removed by filtering. The
particles are so small that they dont even scatter light.
2) dissolving- The process in which particles of substances
separate and spread evenly throughout a mixture
3) solute- the substance that is dissolved.
4) solvent- the substance in which the solute is dissolved
5) solubility- the ability of the solute to dissolve in a solvent at a
certain temperature and pressure.

6) alloys- are solid solutions of metals or nonmetals dissolved in

metals.
7) concentration- measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent.
8) dilute: less solute then solvent
9) concentrated: more solute than solvent

Solutions
homogeneous
No filtration
Do not scatter
light
Do not settle
down

Colloids
heterogeneous
No filtration
Scatter light

Suspensions
heterogeneous
filtration
Scatter light

Do not settle
down

Settles down

Separating Mixtures
Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as
1. By hand
2. Filtration-passing mixtures throuht a filter. Trasps solids
3. Evaporation- occurs in surface of a liquid
4. distillation- process that separates a mixture based on the
boiling points of the components
5. magnet- a magnet can be used to separate a mixture of
the elements iron and aluminum
6. centrifuge- separates mixtures by the densities of the
components.
Less dense goes on top
Dissolving Gases in Liquids
Most solids are more soluble in liquids at higher temperatures.
But gases become less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised.
Compounds
Pure substance
2 or more substances
chemically combined

Mixtures
Not pure substance
2 or more substances not
chemically combined

Separating: Chemical Means

Combined in specific ratios
New substance formed

Separating: Physical means only

Not specific ratios
No new substance formed

CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
Solution- is a mixture that appears to be a single substance.
The process in which particles of substances separate and spread
evenly throughout a mixture is known as dissolving.
Solvent
Solute
Substance in which the
Substance that is dissolved.
solute is dissolved.

If it involves two (2) liquids

or two (2) gases, the
substance with greater
amount is the solvent.

Must be soluble in the

solvent.

Particles in Solutions The particles in solutions are so small

that they never settle out. They also cannot be removed by
filtering.
The particles in solutions are so small that they dont even
scatter light.

A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent is

concentration.
Concentrated or Dilute? Solutions can be described as being
concentrated or dilute. But these two terms do not tell you the
amount of solute that is dissolved.
Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a
certain temperature.
The solubility of most solids in water increases with
temperature. The graph on the next slide shows this relationship.
Dissolving Gases in Liquids Gases become less soluble in
liquids as the temperature is raised.
Dissolving Solids Faster in Liquids Three ways to make a
solute dissolve faster are mixing the solution, heating the
solution, and crushing the solute into smaller particles.
SOLUBILITY GRAPH: (important)

SUSPENSIONS

Suspension- a mixture in which particles of a material are

dispersed throughout a liquid or a gas but are large enough that
they settle out.
The particles in a suspension are large enough to scatter or
block light.
Passing it through a filter can separate a suspension.

COLLOID

Colloid- a mixture in which the particles are dispersed

throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out.
Particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light. Passing it
through a filter cannot separate a colloid.

Three types of mixtures:

Solutions (small
particles)
Homogeneous
No filtration
Do not scatter light
Do not settle down
Can be:
1. Solid- alloys (metal +
metal)

Colloids (medium
particles)
Heterogeneous
No filtration
Scatter light
Do not settle down
Examples:
o Nature: clouds,
blood, milk, opals,

Suspension (large
particles)
Heterogeneous
Filtration
Scatter light
Settles down
Examples:
Snow globe
Paint

2. Liquids- sea water,

lemonade
3. Gas- air we breathe
N2- 78%
02- 21%
Ar- 1%
Others- 1%
Co2, H20 vapor; etc.
Solution:
Solute
Solvent
It
Substanc
dissolves es in
which
solute is
dissolved
Smaller
Larger
quantity
Quantity
Solid is
Liquid is
always
always
the
the
solute in solvent
a solidin a
liquid
solidmixture
liquid
mixture
1) Can be:
Solution: 1 spoon

2) Concentrated:
more salute
Saturated 10 spoons

pearls
o Manmade:
mayo, gelatin,
stick deodorant,
whipped cream,
ketchup

SATURATED
--->
3) Diluted- less
salute
1.1
Spoons

MIXTURES: PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES

A MIXTURE is a combination of two or more substances that are
NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED.
Substances in mixtures keep their identities because no chemical
change takes place when a mixture is made.
Examples: air, seawater, soil, organisms, granite (combination of
minerals).
The components of a mixture DO NOT need to be mixed in a
definite ratio like the components of a compound.