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Reynolds number: Re = V L/
= 0.514m/s per knot V knots L m / 0.8e-6m2/s
Rudder pivoting to be slightly ahead of centre of lift to enable rudder to straighten back.
8.
A two frame PIV system was used, consisting of a dual head Nd:YAG laser (200mJ per
pulse), CCD camera (1024 1024 pixels), synchronizer and a frame grabber. The camera
captured pairs of particle images using frame - straddling method.
Definition
of
frame
straddling
"http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/Products/Literature/Technical_Notes/How
%20Frame-Straddling%20Works.pdf":
from
The essential principle of PIV is to illuminate a seeded flow-field with two pulses of laser light
and record the particle images with a CCD or photographic camera. Traditionally, both
exposures have been recorded on a single frame, creating a "double exposure." The double
exposed frame is then processed using auto-correlation techniques. However, this leads to a
directional ambiguity arising because the double exposed frame contains no information about
which set of particle images were recorded from the first laser pulse, and which from the second.
Image shifting using a rotating or spinning mirror can be used to overcome this ambiguity, but
does increase experimental complexity.
A better alternative when using CCD cameras is to record each of the two exposures on separate
frames, followed by analysis based on cross-correlation of the two frames. Recording on
separate frames preserves the time sequence of the pulses so no directional ambiguity occurs.
Also, cross-correlation processing provides improved dynamic range for velocity compared with
auto-correlation of double exposures. It is this technique of positioning the two laser pulses on
sequential CCD frames that is known as "Frame-Straddling."
9.
Uncertainty was measured by following a procedure from "Raffel,
M.,Willert,C.,Kompenhans,J.,1998.Particle Image Velocimetry.Springer". Harish has given me a
soft copy of the book.
10.
11.
The
results
were
mainly
related to observations of propeller slipstream flow and the changes induced to the flow on
introduction of the rudder. A different definition of Angle of Attack was introduced - " AoA was
derived from the arctan of (Z-directional velocity/ X directional velocity). It was further stated
that cavitations were formed at an angle of attack of around 27 .