Proceedings of IC-NIDC2010

INTERFERENCE ESTIMATION BETWEEN HOME

NODEBS FOR VOICE SERVICES IN TDD
Feng Wan, Wenyu Li, Yu Liu, Lin Zhang, Zhuocheng Jiang, Haiman Cai
Key Lab of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education of PRC,
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China.
zhanglin@bupt.edu.cn
fading is fixed and the positions of Home User
Equipments (HUEs) and HNBs randomly change.
The interferences between HNBs in the block of
flats scenario are simulated under several
conditions, for example, different density of HNBs,
multi-users situation, and Co-channel/Adjacentchannel conditions. Both uplink and downlink
interference performance are investigated.
The reminder of the paper is organized as follows.
Related works are introduced in Section II. Section
III is the interference model of HNBS. The
scenario description, the path loss and the
interference model are introduced in Section IV.
The simulation results are illustrated in Section V.
Section VI is the conclusions and the future works.

Abstract
TD-SCDMA HNB is proposed to enhance the
capability of TD-SCDMA indoor wireless system,
reduce the macro system load and increase the
coverage of the service. This paper investigates the
interference between HNBs for voice services in
TDD model. The interference that each HNB is
associated with one single UE is compared with
the interference that each HNB is associated with
several HUEs. The co-channel interference is also
compared with the adjacent-channel interference
by system level simulation.
Keywords:
Home
interference, capacity

NodeB,

TD-SCDMA,

2 Related works
1 Introduction

As described in [2], the suggested simulation

scenarios to study HNB to HNB coexistence is that
all Home units share the same frequency, which is
the co-channel case, and high density of HNBs is
considered to reflect a private deployment case. In
this paper, we study not only the co-channel case,
but also the adjacent-channel case where HNBs
operate under different frequencies.
Capacity is an important parameter to evaluate the
performance of a wireless system. There are
several definitions for capacity. In macro TDSCDMA system which is a code-limited system,
the capacity usually refers to the number of UEs
per cell [3]. But Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
HNB is an interference limited system, the number
of UEs per cell wont be much, so the number of
UEs is not a practical parameter. In other system,
such as WiMax, Spectrum Efficiency that is the
ratio of throughput to bandwidth is used to
evaluate the capacity [4]. In some paper that
studies the interference of HNBs, outrange
probability is the parameter of capability [5],
which is good for HUE satisfied rate evaluation. In
this paper we select the density of HNBs as the
parameter of capacity, which is more proper than
UEs number for a micro wireless system and
clearer than Spectrum Efficiency or Outrange
Probability. Moreover, the density can be a
reference for reality application.

As the development of Time DivisionSynchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TDSCDMA), users want to get high quality indoor
TD-SCDMA services eagerly. Home NodeB
(HNB) is a feasible way to extend the coverage of
indoor signal. Although HNB can improve the
indoor signal coverage, it also brings new
interference.
Similar as wireless Routers, HNBs are generally
located by users. In cities or prosperous suburbs,
HNBs might be with high-density distribution, and
several macro wireless systems might be
overlapped. The interference environment is
complicated. With the different frequency
configuration and some mature interference
cancellation technologies, the micro system
interference might not be so significant.
According to the survey, in Europe 20~40 percent
of the mobile calls happen in the room, the
percentage is 40~50% in the USA and is about
60% in China. People can make their indoor calls
through some cheap and high-quality access
methods besides mobile communication systems.
So the HNBs performance in voice services is
meaningful for wireless operators.
In this paper the interferences of voice services
under the environment of block of flats is
discussed; and the Monte Carol [1] method is used
in our simulation. In different snapshot the shadow

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978-1-4244-6853-9/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
520

I int er ,i are the interferences and noises N 0 . While

3 Problem formulation

Multi-user detection (MUD) is used in TDSCDMA system, the uplink intra-interference is

decreased by the factor of E . In the simulation
scenarios of this paper, E is set to 0.78. D is the
downlink orthogonal factor, and its value is set to
0.8. I inter,i can be denoted by:

The scenario shown in Figure1 is used to represent

the interference of HNBs. Room A and B are
adjacent, the HUEs and HNBs are communicated
only when they are in the same room. The signals
received from the HUE/HNB in the other room are
the inter-interference ( I int er ), and the signals
received from HUE/HNB in the same room but not
the serving one are the intra-interference ( I int ra ). In
figure 1, the green lines represent the useful signals
and the red ones are the interference.

I int er ,i

ACIR j PRx , j

(3)

j 1, n z i

ACIR is Adjacent Channel Interference Power

Ratio which is defined as the ratio of the total
power transmitted from a source, in our simulation
the ACIR of co-channel is 0dB. In adjacentchannel scenario the value o f ACIR [6] is
represent in the follow table:



5RRP$

Table 1 ACIR Value

+8(&


Frequency
Interval
/MHz
1.6
3.2

+1%%

Iinter
Iinter



Iintra

+1%$

Iintra

PRx

4 Scenario description

+8($
5RRP%

In our simulation, we chose the 12.2k voice

services to study, and have run both downlink and
uplink simulations to discuss the performance of
HNBs and HUEs.
The simulated block of flats consists of 3 floors
with 25 apartments (5x5) on each floor. The floor
separation is assumed to be 4 meters. In addition,
we assume that there is a HNB in each apartment
with probability p, which represents the density of
HNB deployment. For the apartment that has a
HNB, the HNB and HUE are deployed randomly
and uniformly in the apartment with a minimum
distance of one meter. Figure 2 is a sample of the
overall interference scenario between HNBs, in
which each HNB serves one HUE with a
probability (p) of 0.33.

+8(&

Figure 1 co-existence scenario between two HNBs

The Carrier-To-Interference Ratio (CIR or C/I) is
used to evaluate the interference of a single
HNB/HUE. The Uplink and Downlink CIR of UE i
can be represented as:
C

I i ,UL

C

I i , DL

32.7
43.9

Downlink
ACIR
/dB
32.2
40.9

From (1) (2) and (3), we know that the number of

HUEs served by one HNB will affect both I int ra
and I int er . The density of HNBs will affect the
value of I int er , and the selection between cochannel/adjacent-channel cases will affect I int er .
So the number of HUEs per HNB, the density of
HNB and the case of co-channel or adjacentchannel are three factors considered in our
simulation.



PRx

Uplink ACIR
/dB

PRx ,i
(i  E ) I int ra ,i  I int er ,i  N 0

(1)

PRx ,i
(i  D ) I int ra ,i  I int er ,i  N 0

(2)

Where PRx ,i is the power of the received useful

signals, and in the denominator part I int ra ,i

521

considered. The results are not analyzed in detail

here, in particular not for downlink scenarios and
adjacent channel scenario.

1st floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
HNB
HUE

12

5.1 Co-channel interference scenario

10

In this scenario all HNB share the same frequency.

Figure 3 is the Carrier-To-Interference Ratio
(CIR) result of the uplink signal; the curve has a
steep rise at the value of -2dB which is the target
CIR. In 1HUE per HNB scenario, when p is 1, that
means one HNB in each apartment, the
interference is significantly, only 72.44% UEs
have a CIR more than -2.5dB. In the p=0.33
condition 5.47% CIRs are below the target CIR. If
each HNB serve more than one HUE the
interference will be more significantly. When there
is two HUE connected to each HNB, in p=0.33
scenario 14.39% HUEs are outrange and when p=1
the outrange rate is 52.38%.

8
6
4
2
0
50

40
40

30

20

20
10

Figure 2. Assumed scenario

The path loss model from each HUE to every HNB
is a modified version of the Keenan-Montley
model described in [7], in addition we add a
shadow fading with a Log-normal of 10dB. The
simulated path loss distribution is presented in
Figure 3. As shown the different p will not affect
the path loss distribution.

0.8

p=0.33
p=1
p=0.33
p=1

1HUE/HNB
1HUE/HNB
2HUE/HNB
2HUE/HNB

CDF

0.6

0.4
0.8

0.2
CDF

0.6

0
-80

0.4

0.2

0
30

p=0.33
p=1
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pass Loss(dB) from HUE to Serving HNB

-60

-40

-20
0
Uplink CIR(dB)

20

40

Figure 4. Uplink Geometry, 1HUE/2HUEs in each

apartment

100

We can contrast the interference in different HUE

number condition in Figure 5. The x axis
represents HUE number that each HNB are
assigned and the y axis represents the satisfied
HUE rate. The left part of Figure 5 is the Uplink
scenario, if we take 95% satisfied rate as an
acceptable result, the co-channel scenario is
Unsatisfactory. None of the result can reach a 95%
satisfied rate. The downlink scenario represents a
similar result, as the right part of Figure 5 shows,
however, the downlink scenario has higher
satisfied rates than the uplink ones when they has
the same p and HUE number in each apartment.

Figure 3. Distribution of Path Loss from HUE to

Serving HNB

5 Performance evaluations
We chose -2dB as the target CIR of 12.2k voice
services, and the threshold is -2.5dB. The
simulations assume two different HNB deployment
probabilities, 33% as typical density and 100% as
high density. HNB deployment probability gives
the probability that a certain apartment has a HNB
during the simulation snap shot. HNBs are then
placed in random positions within the selected
apartments, and one or several (a certain number
for each HNB) HUEs are randomly distributed in
the apartment. In our interference simulation both
co-channel and adjacent-channel deployments are

522

Uplink scenario

Downlink scenario

0.5

The same as the co-channel scenario the downlink

condition in adjacent-channel has higher satisfied
rates than the uplink ones when they has the same
p and HUE number in each apartment.

1
Satisfied HUE rate

Satisfied HUE rate

p=0.33
p=1

0.5

1
2
3
4
HUE number per HNB

p=0.33
p=1

5.3 Density performance

1
2
3
4
HUE number per HNB
1

Figure 5. Multi-HUE contrasts in Co-channel

interference scenario

0.95
0.9
satisfied HUE rate

5.2 Adjacent-channel interference scenario

In Adjacent-channel interference scenario we
assume that different HNB operates on three
adjacent channels. The HNBs pick the three
channels in order, so that the HNBs who share the
same frequency are separated. The frequency
interval of adjacent channels is 1.6MHz and we
use the same Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio
(ACIR) as is used in the interference scenario
between two TD-SCDMA systems [7]. As we
contrast Figure 4 with Figure 6 and Figure 5 with
Figure 7, we will find that the interference is
rapidly reduced. If we assign only one HUE to
each HNB the interference is acceptable even in a
high density of HNBs.

0.75
2 HUE/HNB adjacent-channel
1 HUE/HNB co-channel
2 HUE/HNB co-channel

0.65

1 HUE/HNB adjacent-channel
0.6
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Figure 8. Uplink Capacity

Uplink capacity is always the bottleneck of the
system capacity, so in Figure 8 we chose uplink
capacity as an example to study using density to
evaluate the capacity of HNB system. In cochannel scenario with 1 HUE per HNB the
satisfied rate will be below 95% when p>0.3, with
2 HUEs per HNB the satisfied rate will be below
95% when the density of HNBs is 15%. While in
adjacent-channel scenarios the performance is
much better. The satisfied rate wont be below
95% when the density p is less than 0.5, even there
are 2HUEs per HNB.

CDF

0.6

0.4

6 Conclusions & future works

In this case paper we take the density of HNBs as a
parameter to study the interference of HNBs. From
our simulation, In both co-channel and adjacentchannel scenario the uplink performance is always
the limitation of system capacity, and we can see
in co-channel scenario the interference are
significantly and cant be accept in reality
scenarios. If HNBs operate three adjacent
frequencies, the performance is much better and
acceptable. However use more signal band can
reduce the interference, the signal band resource is
limited, and our simulation don't take macro
interference in consideration. So in our future work,
we will study coexistence of TDD-HNB and other
macro or micro wireless system. Also we will
consider HSPA services in our further study.

0.2

0
-80

-60

-40

-20
0
Uplink CIR(dB)

20

40

60

Figure 6. Uplink Geometry 1HUE/2HUEs in each

apartment
Uplink Scenario

Downlink Scenario
1

0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8

p=0.33
p=1
1
2
3
4
HUE number per HNB

Satisfied HUE rate

1
Satisfied HUE rate

0.8

0.7

p=0.33 1HUE/HNB
p=1
1HUE/HNB
p=0.33 2HUE/HNB
p=1
2HUE/HNB

0.8

0.85

0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8

p=0.33
p=1
1
2
3
4
HUE number per HNB

Acknowledgements

Figure 7. Multi-HUE contrasts in Adjacentchannel interference scenario

This work was partially supported by State 863

projects (2009AA01Z246), the 111 Project
(No.B08004), and the major project of Ministry of

523

Industry and Informationiza-tion of China

(2009ZX03006-007 and 2009zx03001-010). The
authors would like to thank all of the reviewers for
their detailed comments that have certainly
improved the quality of our paper.

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