!

Stalins Politburo



Stanford Model UN Conference 2015

Co-Chairs: Andrea Villarreal and Raghav Mehrotra
In the Soviet army, it takes more courage to retreat than advance.
Joseph Stalin

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Table of Contents
Letter from the Chair

History of the Soviet Politburo

Economic Policy-Making in the Politburo

Foreign Policy-Making in the Politburo

Composition of the Politburo

Historical Context

World War II

Present-Time Politburo (1943)

Relationship with Stalin

Foreign Policy

The Crisis

Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda

Committee Structure

12

On the Agenda

12

Members of the Politburo

13

Procedure

18

Position papers

19

Works Cited

20

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Dear Delegates,
Welcome to Stalins Politburo, 1943! This fall, you get three days to rule the
former Soviet Union. As you swiftly maneuver between deploying troops to protect your
territory, hastily amending laws to cater to a demanding population and spreading
Communism to the world, remember that you are rewriting history.
My name is Raghav Mehrotra and I will be one of your chairs at SMUNC this
year. I am currently a sophomore, studying Computer Science and History. Outside class,
I enjoy playing squash, trying to speak in different accents, and eating Indian food. I have
been an active MUNner since my freshman year of high school, and I can safely say that
it has been one of my most rewarding experiences. Ive learned unimaginable amounts
over the years, and been inspired by the people that Ive met along the way.
I am Andrea Villarreal, and I will be joining you during the weekend as the other
chair for the committee. I am also a sophomore at Stanford, and I will be majoring in
Management Science and Engineering, probably acquiring one or two minors along the
way. I love meeting new people, traveling and learning about different cultures. I am an
international student (like Raghav) from Mexico, and as such, I love how MUN gives
delegates a more ample perspective of the world.
We chose this committee because, for starters, were both fans of constant crisis.
Moreover, we thought that debating from the point of view of Soviet leaders would be a
unique experience. This committee will not only require you to think out of the box, but
will also test how fast you can think and arrive at compromises. With Stalin watching
your every move, we can assure you that debate will be exciting and entertaining, the
committee will be challenging, and not a moment will go by without a pressing Soviet
crisis to solve.
If you have any questions about committee, feel free to reach out to one of us. See
you in November!
Yours truly,

Raghav Mehrotra
raghavm@stanford.edu

Andrea Villareal
andreavz@stanford.edu

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History of the Soviet Politburo

The Politburo was the supreme executive entity during Joseph Stalins rule.
Composed of the elite members of the Central Committee, it was the principal policymaking organ in the Soviet Union.

Economic Policy-Making in the Politburo

Even though the group had a very important say in policy ever since 1927,
Stalins will was never neglected or dismissed. As the 1930s passed, Stalin grew more
decisive and dictatorial, making the Politburo overall more responsive to the nations
leaders wishes. In matters of dispute investment policy and economic policy in the
1930s for example it was Stalin who made the final decisions. Even so, the Politburo
retained much of its original power and influence on administrational matters over the
Soviet Union. Industrial and economical policy were overseen completely by the
Politburo with little or no intervention from Stalin, who usually prefered more absolute
and controlling methods for the economy. Foreign and agricultural policy, on the other
hand, became an effort taken on by Stalin and the Politburo together.

Foreign Policy-Making in the Politburo

Foreign policy was second in importance to economic policy. The Soviet Unions
foreign policy strategy was traditionally composed of a need for security, relationships
with other nations and a quest for great power. In the initial stages of the Politburo, its
members controlled foreign, defense, and domestic policy with no interference from the
ruler.

Composition of the Politburo

The group was most likely chosen by Stalin and his close advisors from among
those in the Central Committee, each one of which was conveniently elected openly by
the Committee to the Politburo. Although the Politburo remained an executive organ
during Stalins rule, its members were constantly changing due to the difficulty in gaining
the latters approval and his overall lack of loyalty to officials who were not in his close
circle. However, the fact that this group was virtually untouched by Stalins purges is a
statement to how dedicated and useful they were to the Union.

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Historical Context (1943)

This committee will convene on April 1, 1943. During this time, the global scene
centered on World War II. It is this international conflict which will become the primary
focus of the Soviet Politburo, as its committee members work out ways to ensure the
Soviet Unions security and position.

World War II
Starting in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, World War II became a total war that
forced nations involved to dedicate their economy, society and policy to the conflict. As
an overview of World War II and the Soviet Unions part in it we have provided
you with a timeline.
September 1939
Germany and the Soviet Union had just signed the previous month a non-aggression
agreement with a secret supplement that divided Europe after the conflict. In September,
they both invade Poland from opposite sides. Poland surrenders the same month.
November 1939 March 1940
The Soviet Union initiates the Winter War with the invasion of Finland. After signing an
armistice, Finland cedes some of the countrys coasts to the invader.
June 1940
The Soviet Union takes some Romanian territory from the provinces of Bessarabia and
Bukovina and occupies the Baltic States, shortly afterwards annexing them to the Soviet
Union. The months preceding these actions, Germany had invaded Denmark and Norway
and occupied the northern part of France, while Italy entered the war.
June November 1941
Germany and its Axis partners, which include Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and the
previously attacked Finland, invade the Soviet Union. Stalin is shocked, believing until
the last moment that Hitler would adhere to the non-aggrekssion pact.
The invasion is called Operation Barbarossa, and it divided the Axis Powers troops into
Northern, Central and Southern groups. Leningrad was the principal target, and Moscow
would follow. The southern invasion was primarily focused on Kiev. As this plan was put
in action, Nazi Germany quickly took the Baltic States and planned a siege of Leningrad,
and afterwards captured Smolensk and turned for Moscow. Kiev was captured with
Romanian aid by November.

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Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

December 1941
The Soviet Union counterattacks to try to secure Moscow. Due to the non-aggression
agreement, Stalin was slow to mobilize troops.
June September 1942
After the United States gets involved in the War, the battles of the Pacific begin and
Britain commences bombing the Nazi state. Germany decides to initiate another offensive
movement on the Soviet Union. Its troops march towards Stalingrad and penetrate into
Caucasus after successfully taking the Crimean Peninsula.
November 1942 February 1943
After the Allied troops win in El Alamein and Germany takes the Vichy Republic, The
Soviet troops break Romanian and Hungarian lines near Stalingrad and force the German
Sixth Army to surrender.

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Present-Time Politburo (1943)

The Politburo in the 1940s saw a significant rise in Great Russians in its
membership, as opposed to earlier stages when the organ was more ethnically diverse.

Relationship with Stalin

The relationship between the Politburo and Joseph Stalin openly maintains its
traditional stance in which the ruler makes suggestions to the members of the executive
organ, who are ultimately to take the decisions. As Alexander Barmin wrote:
A thin appearance of collective work is still kept up at Politburo meetings. Stalin
does not command, he merely suggests or pro- poses. The fiction of voting is
retained. But the vote never fails to uphold his suggestions. The decision is
signed by all ten members of the Politburo, with Stalins signature among the
rest. Yet everyone knows there is only one boss.

In spite of this, the members of the Politburo devised strategies and plans to
address issues on all fronts, principally foreign, industrial and agricultural policy.

Foreign Policy
Evidence suggests that, since Stalin is away on trips for a great part of the time,
the Politburo is key in determining foreign policy. Foreign policy decisions were, for the
most part, left to the chairman of the Politburo a post which was occupied by Molotov
during the negotiations of the pact of non-aggression between the Soviet Union and
Germany.
Foreign policy during this time was made by examining the various options that
the nation has while taking into consideration the different nations at play and the overall
goals the Soviet Union has.
The World War that is taking place at this time requires Politburo members to
devise ways in which to maintain its enemies at bay and out of the territory, consider
possible allies that can be made when considering enemies in common and thinking
about the spheres of influence that will rise when the conflict ends.

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The Crisis
Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda
This operation forms the initial crisis for the committee it was launched on April 1,
1943, the day this committee convenes.
Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) was a Soviet military operation launched under
the command of Georgy Zhukov, the most decorated Soviet military officials in the
history of the USSR. The objective of the operation was to force troops of the German
Wehrmacht to completely withdraw from Leningrad, thereby ending a nearly 600 day
blockade of the city. The key to success of the Operation is to terminate the German 16th
army in the Demyansk area.

Source: Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalins General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov

It was extremely important that the operation succeeded. The blockade of Leningrad had
already resulted in the death of 800,000 civilians, through starvation, crossfire, or disease.
Food and water supplies were scarce, industrial and military production had come to a
standstill, and the Soviets knew that if Leningrad fell, Moscow, only 700 kilometers
away, could fall next.

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Map showing the blockade of Leningrad; supplies were only delivered via Lake Ladoga
(Source: "Reading - Eastern Europe." Kati Kati College, n.d. Web. 29 July 2015.)
The Soviets were confident about the success of Polyarnaya Zvezda. They believed they
would completely drive the Nazi and Finnish troops out of Leningrad, thereby securing
the Eastern Front. This was because just three months earlier, the Soviet 67th Army and
the 2nd Shock Army had launched Operation Iskra to counter the blockade (Forczyk and
Dennis, 68). Operation Iskra had achieved considerable success while it did not force
the German or the Finnish troops to withdraw, it prevented the collapse of the city into
German hands, and opened up a land corridor to supply food and evacuate civilians.
Before this operation, the only supply route to Leningrad was the Road of Life a
passage built over the frozen Lake Ladoga, which was only operational during the winter.

After the success of Operation Iskra, trains were able to deliver supplies to Leningrad via
the land corridor that was constructed (Source: Dennis, Peter. Digital image. Osprey
Publishing Ltd, 2009. Web. 19 July 2015.)

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Besides ending the blockade, Operation Iskra also weakened the German troops
surrounding Leningrad. During the installation of the land corridor, the 67th Army trapped
nearly 8000 German troops and destroyed or captured 5 German Tiger I tanks (Forczyk
and Dennis, 68).
Despite the huge success that came with Operation Iskra, German and Finnish troops
could not be completely pushed back from Leningrad. Moreover, the purges of the
Communist Party under Stalins leadership had completely destroyed the officer corps of
the USSR. The Soviets had lost 3 of the remaining 5 Marshals of the USSR, all 11
Deputy Ministers of Defense, 75 out of 80 members of the military Soviet, nearly all the
commanders of the military districts, 13 of 15 army commanders, and approximately
30% of the officers below Brigade level (Carruthers and Lowe).
As members of the Politburo, you command the Red Army, one of the most powerful
military forces in the world. With advanced artillery and aircraft, you must use everything
at your disposal to uphold the integrity of the Soviet people. Remember also, that spies
are intercepting military orders and political secrets the NKVD and the Gulag are yours
to command.

For the purpose of this crisis committee, only historical facts dating before the initial date
of the committee, April 1, 1943, will be relevant. You have a challenging 3 days ahead of
you. You will be responsible for speedily mobilizing troops, communicating with your
military commanders, and laying out a roadmap for the defeat of Nazi Germany. With the
death toll in Leningrad rising to nearly 2 million, your actions will determine the fate of
the USSR.

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Committee Structure
The Politburo in 1943 comprised 14 members 5 candidate members and 9 full
members. For the purpose of this committee, the Politburo will be expanded to include 25
members. The additional members will be high-ranking Soviet politicians, administrators
and military officers who played a significant role at the time. You must research your
individual position thoroughly; at the same time, you must bear in mind your relationship
with other members of the Politburo, whether favorable or hostile, because all important
decisions must be presented before the entire committee.
For instance, if a military officer believes that deploying additional troops to a certain
location is necessary, it would be in his best interest to consult his superiors, the Ministry
of Defense, as well as send a communiqu to someone not physically present in the
Politburo at the time.
For the purpose of this committee, the role of Joseph Stalin will be played by one of your
chairs. Throughout his rule, Stalin exercised supreme control over every member of the
Communist Party. Those who questioned his decisions, or were even suspected of
disloyalty to him, were subjected to a show trial by the troika and either executed or
exiled. Keep in mind that all your actions are being closely watched. While you have the
power to change a nations fate, one mans decision can change yours.
Please do remember that, although we are Stalins politburo, discriminatory or derogatory
comments are not allowed at SMUNC. Therefore, please do not swear, make
inappropriate remarks, etc., regardless of historical accuracy. If you have any questions,
please ask the chair.

On the Agenda
While doing research, here are some themes that you should keep in mind:

Threat of Nazi offensive: This is the Politburos primary threat. Although

Operation Iskra was successful, the Soviets could not completely drive the Nazis
out of Leningrad. The Soviet Union is in a state of war, and if German
reinforcements arrive before a counterattack can be launched, the country could
fall into Hitlers hands. Before you implement any long-term legislation to
improve the lives of the Soviet people, you must act quickly on the Nazi advance.
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Basic amenities for Soviets: The siege of Leningrad has already killed 800,000
civilians. Food is scarce, infrastructure is crumbling as a result of heavy German
artillery fire, and communications have been severed. It is within your jurisdiction
to implement legislation to build the city, and several others that have suffered
heavy damages during the War.

Internal threat, espionage: There are rumors that spies have infiltrated your
country. Your fellow Politburo members cannot be trusted completely either
several of them may have alternate agendas. The Great Purges of 1936 killed
nearly 1000 people a day on the grounds of suspected treason. Think about how
you will communicate with your fellow leaders to prevent the NKVD from
placing you on its radar.

Spread of Communism: Once the war ends, Stalin wants Soviet Communism to
spread as far as possible. Think about ways to spread the ideology across Europe
in nations occupied by the USSR. Also be prepared to debate USSRs relations
with the United States and Britain during 1943, when suspicions of capitalist
enemies were high.

Members of the Politburo

As stated above, there are 25 members of the Politburo for the purpose of this committee.
Their hierarchies and relationship with Stalin vary, but they each hold important
portfolios. If you cannot find substantive research on the individual whom you represent,
research the Soviet institutions to which he belonged, and debate in accordance with the
policies of those institutions.
Andrey Andreyev
Chairman of the Party Control Commission, Chairman of the Soviet of the Union
Andreyev held a key position as the head of the Party Control Commission (PCC). All
members of the Communist Party were disciplined through the PCC. Moreover, Stalin
himself appointed all NKVD members to the PCC, so he indirectly controlled the secret
police. Andreyev was thus the link between Stalin and the NKVD.

Kliment Voroshilov
Ex-Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Ex-Peoples Commissar of
Defense (Rapoport and Alexeev, 2)

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Voroshilov displayed his loyalty to Stalin during the Great Purges by testifying against
several of his colleagues. He had years of military experience, both on the field (as a
commander during the Soviet-German Wars) and off (as the Peoples Commissar of
Defense).
Andrei Zhdanov
Ex-Head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department
Zhdanov one of the most decorated military leaders in Soviet History, with years of
experience on the battlefield. More importantly, however, he was a die-hard socialist,
believing in socialist-realism. In an address to Soviet writers in 1934, he said, Such a
congress as this can be convened by none save us BolsheviksBe in the front ranks of
those who are fighting for a classless socialist society (Andrei Zhdanov Defines
Socialist Realism). He is believed to be one of the driving forces in the campaign to
spread communism to smaller eastern European nations
Lazar Kaganovich
Kaganovich was notorious for his belief in the persecution of spies and enemies of the
Soviet Union. He remained extremely loyal to Stalin until the latters death in 1953.
Mikhail Kalinin
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
In 1943, Kalinin was the Head of State of the Soviet Union. The fact that he was born of
peasant parents made him widely popular with the Soviet people. While he opposed
certain Stalinist policies, he managed to survive the Purges and remained in Stalins good
favor until his death.
Anastas Mikoyan
Ex-Minister of Foreign Trade
Mikoyan was instrumental in mobilizing industry towards greater exports. During
Stalins rule, he expressed his loyalty by backing the executions of high-ranking members
of the Politburo.
Nikita Khrushchev
Under Stalin, Khrushchev served as an intermediary between Stalin and generals on the
battlefield. He was personally present at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. Khrushchev
supported Stalins Purges, himself overseeing them in Ukraine.
Lavrentiy Beria
Ex-Head of the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)

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As the head of the NKVD, and a professional secret policeman himself, Beria played a
major role in the Purges of 1936. During the Second World War, he mobilized hundreds
of thousands of people in the Gulag into wartime production.
Nikolai vernik
vernik was a candidate member of the Politburo in 1943. During the Second World War,
he played a major role by shifting industrial wartime production to the east coast of the
USSR, away from the active Eastern Front.
Nikolai Voznesensky
Chairman of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan)
Voznesensky the head of the Gosplan the chief economic planning body of the Soviet
Union. It was his duty to oversee the drafting and implementation of the USSRs 5-year
plans ("USSR: The Role of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan)", 2).
Georgy Malenkov
Member of State Defense Committee
Malenkov was a key player in the Great Purges of 1936 he was responsible for
maintaining records of all members of the Communist Party. As a member of the State
Defense Committee, he exercised control over nearly all political and economic activities
of the USSR during the Second World War.
Alexander Scherbakov
Director of Soviet Information Bureau
As director of the USSRs leading news agency, Scherbakov was responsible for swaying
public perception in favor of Stalinist policies during the Second World War.
Vyacheslav Molotov
Ex-Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars of the Soviet Union, Minister of
Foreign Affairs
While on the one hand considered to be simply a mouthpiece for Stalin, Molotov, on the
other hand was one of the few members of the Politburo who questioned Stalins
decisions. Molotov played a key role in cementing the Soviet Unions ties with USA and
Britain; during the course of the War, he even convinced them to open up a second front
against Germany.
Nikolai Bulganin
Ex-Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, Head of the State Bank of the USSR
Bulganin played a key role during the Second World War by serving as a link between
Stalin and the Red Army he not only maintained a check on the activities of the troops,

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but also conveyed important information back and forth. As the head of the State Bank,
he partnered with the Gosplan administration to shape the USSRs economic policies.
Alexei Kosygin
Member of State Defense Committee
Kosygin served as Stalins personal spy, constantly revealing information about other
members assets and whereabouts to him. This made him unpopular with the other
members.
Alexey Kuznetsov
In 1943, Kuznetsov was responsible for maintaining the security of members of the
Communist Party. It is believed that he was one of the most trusted members of the Party.
Maksim Saburov
Ex-Chairman of the Gosplan
With growing fears of a global economic collapse after the Second World War, Stalin
appointed Saburov Chairman of the Gosplan, the agency responsible for drafting and
implementing 5-year plans. Even while exercising his influence on the economy, Saburov
advocated for purges within both the Party and the Gosplan administration.
Mikhail Kovalyov
Colonel-General Kovalyov commanded several battalions during Stalins rule. Most
notably, he was a leading figure during the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.
Semyon Timoshenko
Peoples Commissar for the Defense of the Soviet Union
Timoshenko was a leading figure during the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Along
with experience on the battlefield, he also strongly advocated for the mechanization of the
Soviet Unions army.
Leonid Govorov
Govorov was a Soviet military commander during the Second World War. His most
notable achievement was the partial liberation of Leningrad from German troops during
Operation Iskra.
Lev Mekhlis
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars
Mekhlis was a senior military official of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.
As Stalins close aide, he was responsible for identifying possible traitors within the Red
Army, and reporting them to the NKVD.

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Victor Abakumov
Abakumov was Stalins deputy within the NKVD. For most of his political career, he
worked in the Gulag administration, where he extracted confessions from accused
traitors. During the Second World War, he was responsible for the internal security of the
Red Army.
Alexander Poskrebyshev
Head of the Special Section of the Central Committee
Poskrebyshev was primarily responsible for maintaining and processing classified
documents during Stalins rule. He was Stalins personal assistant; many even consider
him to be Stalins alter ego (Brackman, 20).
Ivan Konev
Konev was a Soviet military commander during the Second World War. During the early
1940s, he was posted to the Eastern Front, where he played a role in resisting the German
advance into the Soviet Union, and launching counter-attacks against German troops.
Ivan Bagramyan
Bagramyan was one of the most decorated military officers of the Soviet Army. His most
notable achievement was the defeat of Nazi troops during the Battle of Moscow in 1941.
He launched several more counterattacks against the German troops after they invaded
the Soviet Union.

Procedure
Proceedings of the Politburo will be conducted in accordance with the following special
procedural rules:
Debate: All debate will be conducted through either the General Speakers List, or a
Moderated Caucus.
General Speakers List: This is usually opened at the beginning of committee, and
gives members an opportunity to introduce themselves their portfolios, key
topics to discuss, etc.
Moderated Caucus: This is opened when delegates wish to debate a specific subtopic within the broader topic being discussed. For instance, in this committee, a
moderated caucus could be raised to debate means to deliver food to the city of
Leningrad during the Nazi blockade.

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Directives: Directives are mini resolutions. If passed by a 2/3rd majority (for this
committee, 17 members), they are binding and come into effect immediately. This
committee will be fast paced, so several directives will likely be introduced in a single
session. Directives can have at most 3 authors, and must have at least 3 signatories to be
discussed in committee. It is important that directives be specific and historically
accurate. For instance, a directive that reads Deploy 1000 troops to Leningrad is vague;
the chair may not allow it to be introduced.
Communiqus: Communiqus are messages from committee to an entity that is not
physically present in committee such as the head of state of another country, leader of a
rogue paramilitary group, etc.
It is essential that you embody your character completely during debate. That means
making sure you speak and write in accordance with your characters beliefs, and
interacting with other members of committee like your character would have. Failure to
do so will result in gravely unexpected, and likely disastrous results for committee.

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Position Papers
As per SMUNC policy, delegates who wish to be considered for awards are required to
hand in position papers before the deadline.
Your position paper for this committee should be one page, single spaced in 12 point,
Times New Roman font. It should comprise 3 sections, as follows:
The first section: Use this to introduce yourself. Describe what your characters
powers are, and the jurisdiction within which you can enforce those powers. You
may even choose to include previously held positions. If you believe that your
family background has played a significant role in your professional career (for
instance, you were born into a peasant family), you may choose to include that as
well.
The second section: There are definitely other characters within committee with
whom you have worked. Describe your relationship with them. If you believe that
your relationship with Stalin is of particular importance at the time committee
begins (April 1, 1943), mention that too.
The third section: Identify at most three issues that you wish to tackle during
committee, listing ways in which you plan to address them. Remember that you
can only implement solutions within your jurisdiction.
Use your position paper to get to know your character better, and to convey to us what
you think are your characters most defining characteristics. And remember, Stalin is
watching.

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Works Cited
Brackman, Roman. The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. London: Frank Cass,
2001. Web. 25 July 2015.
Carruthers, Robert, and Lara Lowe. "Siege of Leningrad." YouTube. Cromwell
Productions, 27 Dec. 2007. Web. 25 July 2015.
Davis, R.W. et al. The Politburo and Economic Policy Making. The Nature of Stalins
Dictatorship. Ed. E.A. Rees. 59-78. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2004. Print.
Dennis, Peter. Train arriving through land corridor post Operation Iskra. Digital image.
Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2009. Web. 19 July 2015.
Forczyk, Robert, and Peter Dennis. Leningrad, 1941-44: The Epic Siege. Oxford: Osprey,
2009. Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2009. Web. 19 July 2015.
Mawdsley, Evan. An Elite within an Elite: Politburo/Presidium Membership under
Stalin, 1927-1953. The Nature of Stalins Dictatorship. Ed. E.A. Rees. 59-78.
New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2004. Print.
Rapoport, Vitaly, and Yuri Alexeev. "High Treason: Essays on the History of the Red
Army 1918-1938." National Council for Soviet and East European Research
(n.d.): n. pag. National Council for Soviet and East European Research, June 11,
1984. Web. 28 July 2015.
"Reading - Eastern Europe." Kati Kati College, n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. <http://
moodle.kkc.school.nz/pluginfile.php/10067/mod_scorm/content/0/page_04.htm>.
Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalins General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov. United States: Random
House, 2012. Print.
The Occupation of the Soviet Union. Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team,
n.d. Web. 12 Aug 2015.
"USSR: The Role of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan)." (n.d.): n. pag. Central
Intelligence Agency, 1998. Web. 29 July 2015. Information requested by Alan
Greenspan

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Watson, Derek. The Politburo and Foreign Policy Making in the 1930s. The Nature of
Stalins Dictatorship. Ed. E.A. Rees. 59-78. New York: Palgrave Macmillian,
2004. Print.
World War II: Timeline. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, June 2014. Web. 12 Aug 2015.
Zhdanov, Andrei. "Andrei Zhdanov Defines Socialist Realism."Choice Reviews
Online(n.d.): n. pag. 1935. Web. 29 July 2015.

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