Man now endangered Species:We are in urge of Extinction

(A global Warming threat)

Topic outline:
I. Introduction.defintion of global warming,and thesis statement.

II. The Challenge of Global Warming

A. Issues ,impacts,responses.

B. greenhouse Effect

C. The changing atmosphere

III. Development

IV. Global warming :Biotic system

A. Biotic causes and effect of the disruption of the Global Carbon Cycle

B.Effects of global Warming on biological Diversity

V. Physical Impacts

A. Greenhouse effects:Acid rain, ozone depletion,methanes,CFC’s

B. changes in Soil Moisture

C. Effects of Climatic Changes

D. Causes and effects of sea level rise.

VI. Responses

A. Dangers

B. National Energy Policy

C. Montreal Protocol

D. Near Term Congressional options for responding to Global Climate

change

E. Geo-Engineering

VII. What can We Do to “Heal-p”

Global warming refers to a long-term increase in the earth’s average surface

temperature. Global warming is an increase in the average temperature

of Earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global average

temperature has increased about 0.4 to 0.8 degrees C. Many experts

estimate that the average temperature will rise an additional 2.5 to

10.4 degrees by 2100. That rate of increase would be much larger than

most past rates of increase. This temperature rise is expected to melt

polar ice caps and glaciers as well as warm the oceans, all of which will

expand the volume of the ocean and raise sea levels by an estimated 9

to 100 cm causing flooding in some coastal regions and even lead to

the submerging of entire islands. Some regions with warmer climates

will receive more rainfall than before, but the soil will dry out faster

between storms; this may damage food crops, disrupting food supplies

in some parts of the world. Plant and animal species will shift their

ranges toward the poles or to higher elevations seeking cooler

temperatures and species that cannot do so may become extinct. The

potential consequences of global warming are so great that many of

the world's leading scientists have called for international cooperation

and immediate action to counteract the problem. Warming and sea

level rise are expected to continue for more than a millennium even if
greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. This reflects the large heat

capacity of the oceans.

Human activities since the Industrial Revolution—primarily fossil fuel

use, deforestation, and agriculture—have nearly doubled the amount of

greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. Global scientific consensus confirms

that the effects of

these heat-trapping gases have already caused global temperatures to rise

by 0.5° C, and if current development trends continue, temperatures will

increase by 1.4°–5.8º C by 2100. Historically, countries belonging to the

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)have been

responsible for the majority of global emissions; however, developing

countries are the fastest-growing source of new emissions, and they will

soon be the largest absolute source.India, Indonesia, and the People’s

Republic of China (PRC) rank in the top 10 emitting countries globally due to

the combined effects of their fossil fuel consumption and deforestation

(International Energy Agency 2007).

The combined effects of global warming may have particularly harsh

effects on people and countries without the resources to mitigate those

effects. This may slow economic development and poverty reduction, and

make it harder to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In October

2004 the Working Group on Climate Change and Development, a coalition of

development and environment NGOs, issued a report Up in Smoke on the

effects of climate change on development. This report, and the July 2005
report Africa - Up in Smoke.Predicted increased hunger and disease due to

decreased rainfall and severe weather events, particularly in Africa. These

are likely to have severe impacts on development for those affected.

Rapid economic growth, increases in personal vehicle ownership, and

the changing face of the region’s population—from rural to urban—are

primarily responsible for the dramatic upward trends in regional emissions.

Energy demand growth in Asia and the Pacific rose 9.7% from 2000 to 2005,

and corresponding greenhouse gas emissions rose by nearly 8%

(International Energy Agency 2002, 2007) over the same period. By 2030,

Asia will demand more than half of the world’s primary energy resources

(International Energy Agency 2007), will be home to more than half of the

world’s urban population—around 2.7 billion people (UN Habitat 2006)—and

will be responsible for more than 50% of global emissions.

In addition to causing climate-altering emissions, increasing use of

fossil fuels—and especially oil for transport—will decrease global energy

security and raise energy prices for countries inAsia and the Pacific. Island

states of the Pacific,Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean are some of the

most vulnerable to energy price hikes. When compounded with their

vulnerability to the impacts

of climate change, these nations stand to lose the most if energy and

emissions trends do not change.

There have been predictions, and some evidence, that global warming

might cause loss of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems, leading to an

increase of atmospheric CO2 levels. Several climate models indicate that

global warming through the 21st century could be accelerated by the

response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to such warming . All 11models in

the C4MIP study found that a larger fraction of anthropogenic CO2 will stay

airborne if climate change is accounted for. By the end of the twenty-first

century, this additional CO2 varied between 20 and 200 ppm for the two

extreme models, the majority of the models lying between 50 and 100 ppm.

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between

0.1° and 1.5 °C. However, there was still a large uncertainty on the

magnitude of these sensitivities. Eight models attributed most of the

changes to the land, while three attributed it to the ocean . The strongest

feedbacks in these cases are due to increased respiration of carbon from

soils throughout the high latitude boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere.

One model in particular (HadCM3) indicates a secondary carbon cycle

feedback due to the loss of much of the Amazon rainforest in response to

significantly reduced precipitation over tropical South America. While models

disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each

suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming. Observations

show that soils in England have been losing carbon at the rate of four million

tonnes a year for the past 25 years. according to a paper in Nature by

Bellamy et al. in September 2005, who note that these results are unlikely to

be explained by land use changes. Results such as this rely on a dense

sampling network and thus are not available on a global scale. Extrapolating
to all of the United Kingdom, they estimate annual losses of 13 million tons

per year. This is as much as the annual reductions in carbon dioxide

emissions achieved by the UK under the Kyoto Treaty (12.7 million tons of

carbon per year). It has also been suggested (by Chris Freeman) that the

release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from peat bogs into water courses

(from which it would in turn enter the atmosphere) constitutes a positive

feedback for global warming. The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390-

455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half

the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.DOC levels in water courses

are observably rising; Freeman's hypothesis is that, not elevated

temperatures, but elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 are responsible,

through stimulation of primary productivity.Global temperature will increase

from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees in next 100 years:Rise by 0.8 degrees- ocean

warming, arctic ice cap melting, species extinction , extreme weather

events;1 degree rise- coral reefs destroyed, island nations under water;2

degree rise- Greenland melts, polar bears extinct, water supply affected;3

degree rise- environmental refugees, food shortage, amazon collapses;4

degree rise- millions of refugees, 1/3 rd of bangladesh under water,

permafrost melts releasing gases;5 degree rise- most of the world

uninhabitable, earth hotter than in 55 million years;6 degree rise- mass.

Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the

power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.Kerry Emanuel writes that

hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with temperature, reflecting

global warming.However, a further study by Emanuel using current model

output concluded that the increase in power dissipation in recent decades

cannot be completely attributed to global warming. Hurricane modeling has

produced similar results, finding that hurricanes, simulated under warmer,

high-CO2 conditions, are more intense, however, hurricane frequency will be

reduced. Worldwide, the proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 or 5 –

with wind speeds above 56 metres per second – has risen from 20% in the

1970s to 35% in the 1990s. Precipitation hitting the US from hurricanes has

increased by 7% over the twentieth century. The extent to which this is due

to global warming as opposed to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is

unclear. Some studies have found that the increase in sea surface

temperature may be offset by an increase in wind shear, leading to little or

no change in hurricane activity.

Increases in catastrophes resulting from extreme weather are mainly

caused by increasing population densities, and anticipated future increases

are similarly dominated by societal change rather than climate change. The

World Meteorological Organization explains that “though there is evidence

both for and against the existence of a detectable anthropogenic signal in

the tropical cyclone climate record to date, no firm conclusion can be made

on this point.”They also clarified that “no individual tropical cyclone can be

directly attributed to climate change.” However, Hoyos et al. (2006) have

linked the increasing trend in number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes for the

period 1970-2004 directly to the trend in sea surface temperatures.Thomas

Knutson and Robert E. Tuleya of NOAA stated in 2004 that warming induced

by greenhouse gas may lead to increasing occurrence of highly destructive

category-5 storms.Vecchi and Soden find that wind shear, the increase of

which acts to inhibit tropical cyclones, also changes in model-projections of

global warming. There are projected increases of wind shear in the tropical

Atlantic and East Pacific associated with the deceleration of the Walker

circulation, as well as decreases of wind shear in the western and central

Pacific. The study does not make claims about the net effect on Atlantic and

East Pacific hurricanes of the warming and moistening atmospheres, and the

model-projected increases in Atlantic wind shear. A substantially higher risk

of extreme weather does not necessarily mean a noticeably greater risk of

slightly-above-average weather.However, the evidence is clear that severe

weather and moderate rainfall are also increasing. Increases in temperature

are expected to produce more intense convection over land and a higher

frequency of the most severe storms.

Stephen Mwakifwamba, national co-ordinator of the Centre for Energy,

Environment,Science and Technology — which prepared the Tanzanian

government's climate change report to the UN — says that change is

happening in Tanzania right now. "In the past, we had a drought about every

10 years", he says. "Now we just don't know when they will come. They are

more frequent, but then so are floods. The climate is far less predictable. We

might have floods in May or droughts every three years. Upland areas, which

were
never affected by mosquitoes, now are. Water levels are decreasing every

day. The rains come at the wrong time for farmers and it is leading to many

problems"

Greg Holland, director of the Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division

at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, said

on April 24, 2006, "The hurricanes we are seeing are indeed a direct result of

climate change," and that the wind and warmer water conditions that fuel

storms when they form in the Caribbean are, "increasingly due to

greenhouse gases. There seems to be no other conclusion you can logically

draw." Holland said, "The large bulk of the scientific community say what we

are seeing now is linked directly to greenhouse gases."

Over the course of the 20th century, evaporation rates have reduced

worldwide ; this is thought by many to be explained by global dimming. As

the climate grows warmer andthe causes of global dimming are reduced,

evaporation will increase due to warmer oceans. Because the world is a

closed system this will cause heavier rainfall, with more erosion. This

erosion, in turn, can in vulnerable tropical areas (especially in Africa) lead to

desertification. On the other hand, in other areas, increased rainfall lead to

growth of forests in dry desert areas. Scientists have found evidence that

increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global

warming progresses. The IPCC Third Annual Report says: "...global average

water vapor concentration and precipitation are projected to increase during

the 21st century. By the second half of the 21st century, it is likely that
precipitation will have increased over northern mid- to high latitudes and

Antarctica in winter. At low latitudes there are both regional increases and

decreases over land areas. Larger year to year variations in precipitation are

very likely over most areas where an increase in mean precipitation is

projected."

In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region

(home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3

°C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years. Canada, Alaska and Russia are

experiencing initial melting of permafrost. This may disrupt ecosystems and

by increasing bacterial activity in the soil lead to these areas becoming

carbon sources instead of carbon sinks . A study (published in Science) of

changes to eastern Siberia's permafrost suggests that it is gradually

disappearing in the southern regions, leading to the loss of nearly 11% of

Siberia's nearly 11,000 lakes since 1971 . At the same time, western Siberia

is at the initial stage where melting permafrost is creating new lakes, which

will eventually start disappearing as in the east. Furthermore, permafrost

melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat

bogs. Hurricanes were thought to be an entirely North Atlantic phenomenon.

In late March 2004, the first Atlantic cyclone to form south of the equator hit

Brazil with 40 m/s (144 km/h) winds, although some Brazilian meteorologists

deny that it was a hurricane. Monitoring systems may have to be extended

1,600 km (1,000 miles) further south. There is no agreement as to whether

this hurricane is linked to climate change,but one climate model exhibits

increased tropical cyclone genesis in the South Atlantic under global

warming by the end of the 21st century.

The loss of glaciers not only directly causes landslides, flash floods and

glacial lake overflow,but also increases annual variation in water flows in

rivers. Glacier runoff declines in the summer as glaciers decrease in size, this

decline is already observable in several regions. Glaciers retain water on

mountains in high precipitation years, since the snow cover accumulating on

glaciers protects the ice from melting. In warmer and drier years, glaciers

offset the lower precipitation amounts with a higher meltwater input. Of

particular importance are the Hindu Kush and Himalayan glacial melts that

comprise the principal dry-season water source of many of the major rivers

of the Central, South, East and Southeast Asian mainland. Increased melting

would cause greater flow for several decades, after which "some areas of the

most populated regions on Earth are likely to 'run out of water'" as source

glaciers are depleted.

According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the

sources of Asia's biggest rivers—Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze,

Mekong, Salween and Yellow— could disappear by 2035 as temperatures

rise. Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the

Himalayan rivers.India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar

could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. In India

alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500

million people. It has to be acknowledged, however, that increased seasonal

runoff of Himalayan glaciers led to increased agricultural production in

northern India throughout the 20th century.

The recession of mountain glaciers, notably in Western North America,

Franz-Josef Land, Asia, the Alps, the Pyrenees, Indonesia and Africa, and

tropical and sub-tropical regions of South America, has been used to provide

qualitative support to the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th

century. Many glaciers are being lost to melting further raising concerns

about future local water resources in these glacierized areas. The Lewis

Glacier, North Cascades pictured at right after melting away in 1990 is one of

the 47 North Cascade glaciers observed and all are retreating.

The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one. The oceans

serve as a sink for carbon dioxide, taking up much that would otherwise

remain in the atmosphere, but increased levels of CO2 have led to ocean

acidification. Furthermore, as the temperature of the oceans increases, they

become less able to absorb excess CO2. Global warming is projected to have

a number of effects on the oceans. Ongoing effects include rising sea levels

due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and

warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature

stratification. Other possible effects include large-scale changes in ocean

circulation.

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10°C

from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year

and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations
showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003

to 2007.The temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0.17 °C

(0.31 °F) between the 1950s and the 1980s, nearly twice the rate for the

world's oceans as a whole . As well as having effects on ecosystems (e.g. by

melting). sea ice, affecting algae that grow on its underside), warming

reduces the ocean's ability to absorb CO2.

The world’s oceans soak up much of the carbon dioxide produced by

living organisms, either as dissolved gas, or in the skeletons of tiny marine

creatures that fall to the bottom to become chalk or limestone. Oceans

currently absorb about one tonne of CO2 per person per year. It is estimated

that the oceans have absorbed around half of all CO2 generated by human

activities since 1800 (118 ± 19 petagrams of carbon from 1800 to 1994).

But in water, carbon dioxide becomes a weak carbonic acid, and the

increase in the greenhouse gas since the industrial revolution has already

lowered the average pH (the laboratory measure of acidity) of seawater by

0.1 units, to 8.2. Predicted emissions could lower it by a further 0.5 by 2100,

to a level probably not seen for hundreds of millennia and, critically, at a rate

of change probably 100 times greater than at any time over this period.

Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals

and plants. Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions

they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom

without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has

altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to

reach or unavailable altogether.

Continued global warming might, over centuries, melt large

amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica.

As a result, the sea level would rise throughout the world. Many coastal

areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an

entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would

submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other

inhabited regions. Sparse records indicate that glaciers have been

retreating since the early 1800s. In the 1950s measurements began that

allow the monitoring of glacial mass balance, reported to the WGMS and the

NSIDC.

Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to

larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could

cause more deaths and illnesses. Floods and droughts could increase

hunger and malnutrition.

Canada and parts of Russia might benefit from an increase in

crop yields. But any increases in yields could be more than offset by

decreases caused by drought and higher temperatures -- particularly if

the amount of warming were more than a few degrees Celsius. Yields

in the tropics might fall disastrously because temperatures there are

already almost as high as many crop plants

can tolerate.

Green plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere as they grow.

They combine carbon from CO2 with hydrogen to make simple sugars,

which they store in their tissues. After plants die, their bodies decay

and release CO2. Ecosystems with abundant plant life, such as forests

and even cropland, could tie up much carbon. However, future

generations of people would have to keep the

ecosystems intact. Otherwise, the sequestered carbon would reenter

the atmosphere as CO2.

There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown

or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the

North Atlantic and lead to cooling or lesser warming, in that region. This

would affect in particular areas like Scandinavia and Britain that are warmed

by the North Atlantic drift. More significantly, it could lead to an oceanic

anoxic event.

The chances of this near-term collapse of the circulation are unclear;

there is some evidence for the short-term stability of the Gulf Stream and

possible weakening of the North Atlantic drift. However, the degree of

weakening, and whether it will be sufficient to shut down the circulation, is

under debate. As yet, no cooling has been found in northern Europe or

nearby seas.
 By far the largest amount of political time and effort has gone

into reducing in greenhouse gas emissions, principally through the

Kyoto protocol. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Other

approaches include carbon sequestration and certain geoengineering

techniques. The world's primary international agreement on combating

global warming is the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UNFCCC

negotiated in 1997. The Protocol now covers more than 160 countries

globally and over 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Only

the United States and Kazakhstan have not ratified the treaty, with the

United States historically being the world's largest emitter of

greenhouse gases. This treaty expires in 2012, and international talks

began in May 2007 on a future treaty to succeed the current one. Many

environmental groups encourage individual action against global

warming, often by the consumer, but also by community and regional

organizations. Others have suggested a quota on worldwide fossil fuel

production, citing a direct link between fossil fuel production and CO2

emissions. There has also been business action on climate change,

including efforts at increased energy efficiency and limited moves

towards use of alternative fuels. In January 2005 the European Union

introduced its European Union Emission Trading Scheme, a greenhouse

gas emissions trading scheme through which companies, in

conjunction with government, agree to cap their emissions or to

purchase credits from those below their allowances. Australia

announced its Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme in 2008. United

States President Barack Obama has announced he will introduce an

economy wide cap and trade scheme. The IPCC's Working Group III is

responsible for crafting reports that deal with the mitigation of global

warming and analyzing the costs and benefits of different approaches.

In the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, they conclude that no one

technology or sector can be completely responsible for mitigating

future warming. They find there are key practices and technologies in

various sectors, such as energy supply, transportation, industry, and

agriculture, which should be implemented to reduced global emissions.

They estimate that stabilization of carbon dioxide equivalent between

445 and 710 ppm

by 2030 will result in between a 0.6 percent increase and three

percent decrease in global gross domestic product.

Geo-engineering would involve the deliberate modification of

Earth's environment on a large scale "to suit human needs and

promote habitability". It can be divided two major approaches. The first

is remediation, in which greenhouse gases would be removed from the

atmosphere, principally by carbon sequestration methods such as air

capture. The second is solar radiation management, in which incoming

solar radiation would be reduced, such as by the insertion of

stratospheric sulfur aerosols. The slow pace of action to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions have led some scientists to suggest that

these techniques may be necessary. Whilst some cool roof and tree

planting projects are underway, no planetary-scale geo-engineering

has yet been attempted.

The effects of global warming are wide in their scope, and a

similarly wide variety of measures have been suggested for adaptation

to global warming. These range from the trivial, such as the installation

of air-conditioning equipment, up to major infrastructure projects, such

as abandonment of settlements threatened by rising sea levels.

Measures including water conservation, changes to agricultural

practices, construction of flood defenses, changes to medical care, and

interventions to protect threatened species have all been suggested. A

wide ranging study of the possible opportunities for adaptation of

infrastructure has been published by the Institute of Mechanical

Engineers

Solar Towers can be constructed to power an entire city. The tower has

photo-sensitive cells on all sides .The tower is surrounded by mirrors ;The

cost of such towers is too steep, hence it has become a challenge for

engineers;The only technology comparable inefficiency of conversion of

sunlight is the solar engine running on high-temperature heat, produced by a

solar concentrator (a focusing trough or dish). This technology was

commercialized for a brief time not very long ago with the help of subsidies

and will probably return. Portable Solar Chargers :These small size chargers

are handy and portable ;They can fit into your pocket and charge everything

from mobile phones to ipods ;Wind Energy: Wind power—growing globally for

the past decade at about 30 percent per year—is playing a substantial role in

several countries, notably Germany and Denmark;The spaces between

turbines on land can be used in many ways, including for agriculture and

grazing;To be practical for large-scale use in electrical grids, intermittent

renewable energy sources are best combined with energy storage

technologies as well as energy supply technologies that can fluctuate in

output yet can also operate a large fraction of the time;Vertical Farms: With

increase in urbanization arable land is decreasing quickly;A Feasible solution

for the future is construction of vertical farms which will solve the problem of

food scarcity for under developed nations and provide clean air at the same

time; The construction of such farms will be a civil engineering challenge but

its results will be phenomenal;Cloud seeding;A fleet of unmanned , self

propelled vessels crossing the world’s oceans and seeding clouds by misting

sea water high into the air has been proposed to reduce sunlight and hence

global warming;Just a thousand ships like these (called the albedo yachts by

the designers) will check temperature rise due to global CO2 doubling

.Scientists still have to determine the side effects on the rain cycle due to
excess clouds; Blackle is a custom whose screen is predominantly

black;Saves fair bit of energy due to its popularity, 750 Megawatt to be

precise;According to the website the site has saved around 413,523.067 watt

hours till date;CO2 gobbling Plankton: By adding nutrients like iron or urea

,or by pumping deep-sea water to the ocean surface ,ocean fertilizers could

stimulate CO 2 – gobbling plankton blooms ,like the natural red tides in New

Zealand;Bio-fuels: The extra plankton produced by artificial means can be

put to good use due to a new development in the technology used for

producing bio-fuels from algae;Carbon capture and storage; Carbon capture

and storage (CCS) is a plan to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon

dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and

subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the

atmosphere. Technology for capturing of CO2 is already commercially

available for large CO2 emitters, such as power plants. Storage of CO2, on

the other hand is a relatively untried concept and as yet (2007) no

powerplant operates with a full carbon capture and storage system;Carbon

storage;Acid – gas injections in Alberta, Canada, As a sulfur disposal strategy

co-store hydrogen sulphide & carbondioxide;Studying cement seals in old

wells ;clarifies risks of CO2 leakage underground.Advantages of carbon

storage: CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce

CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a

plant without CCS. Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep geological

formations, deep oceans, or in the form of mineral carbonates. Geological

formations are currently considered the most promising, and these are

estimated to have a storage capacity of at least 2000 Gt CO2. IPCC (Inter

governmental Panel on Climate Change) estimates that the economic

potential of CCS could be between 10% and 55% of the total carbon

mitigation effort until year 2100;Enhanced natural Sinks:Enhancing natural

sinks entails fostering the biological absorption of carbon and increasing its

storage above and below the ground by, for example, reducing

deforestation, creating new forest plantations on non-forested land, or

expanding conservation tillage;Conversion of natural vegetation annually

tilled cropland has resulted in the loss of more than 50 billion tons of carbon

from the world’s soils over historical time;Modifying agricultural

practices;The world could take some pressure off the energy system by

modifying the agricultural practices on nearly one-fifth of all cropland to

bring about conservation tillage;It could create 60 million hectares of

sustainable plantations on nonforested land and set a new course to

eliminate tropical deforestation within 50 years.

What can We do as ordinary individuals help in this global chaos? Our

simple things mean a lot. What difference can we make? When faced

with this question, individuals should recognize that, collectively, they

can make a difference. Think back to the days before recycling became

popular —when everyone threw everything out in the trash. In less

than 20 years, most households have gone from recycling little to

nothing to recycling newspapers, plastics, glass and metal. Many

businesses recycle paper and buy recycled products and many

industries practice source reduction in their packaging efforts. An

entire mindset has changed in one generation! Taking action on global

warming or climate change is similar. In some cases, it only takes a

little change in lifestyle and behavior to make some big changes in

greenhouse gas reductions. For other types of actions, the changes are

more significant. When that action is multiplied by the 6 billion people

worldwide, the savings are significant. First reduce what you can and

join one or more environmental organizations that fight for you and

your environment. Volunteer your time and talk to people about the

importance of climate change and the effects that it would have on our

environment. You don’t have to wait until you are grown to do

something about global warming. Scientists agree that the burning of

fossil fuels is causing global warming. Since these fuels are burned for

energy, and everyone uses energy, everyone can help stop global

warming just by using less energy. Think about the things you do each

day that use energy. The lights in your house use electricity. The TV

and computer use electricity. The washing machine, dishwasher and

dryer all use gas or electricity. Every time you ride in your car, it uses

gasoline. There are some very simple things that everyone can do to
help stop global warming: Turn off the lights when you leave a room,

use fluorescent bulbs; Plant trees and avoid cutting tress; Turn off your

computer or the TV when you’re not using it, theTV even in standby

mode uses considerable amount of power; Wait until you have a lot of

clothes to wash before using the washing machine; Don’t use the

machine for one item just because it’s your favorite shirt. Take shorter

showers. Heating water uses energy; Close the blinds on a hot day if

the sun is shining in; Dress lightly instead of turning up the air

conditioning. Or use a fan; Walk short distances instead of asking for a

ride in a car; Try using public transport instead of using private

vehicles; Dress warmly when it’s cold, instead of turning up the heat.

Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace

clean; Bury leaves and other biodegradable substances instead of

burning them Recycle: this would not only help to reduce pollution but

also to save money ;Use environment-friendly items. Sometimes they

may be a little bit more expensive, but they do not contribute to

pollution and Share this list!

We can take an Action now before it’s to late.We can Heal and help

(Heal-p )this ailing environment .The decision is all yours…..