Futurex

Lets Build The Future Together.

Indias first magazine on fenestration and Faade

Feb - Apr 2014

Zaha Hadid,

founder
of Zaha Hadid Architects

ADRIAN SMITH & GORDON

ARCHITECTURE

Volume 01

Issue 04

welcome
Dear Readers:
I would like to express my gratitude towards your support to
Fenestration Insight Magazine. It is your love which has given us
encouragement to bring the best of the knowledge from world
best sources.
I am presenting a fourth issue of Fenestration Insight Magazine
after the successful launch of the first three issues of the
magazine. As Mr John Naisbitt rightly said that we are drowning
in information but starved for knowledge. My aim therefore is to
give you the knowledge which will be useful for the Construction
Fraternity & Suppliers of Fenestration & Faade Industry. My
goal is to create a new forum for exchange of information on all
aspects of fenestration and faade and we have been constantly
trying to achieve it.
In the fourth issue of Fenestration Insight I am bringing forth the
information which will act as a useful piece of knowledge for my
readers. I have covered the work of most renowned Architects
of the world. Fenestration Insight fourth issue gives you an
interesting insight into the work of Lord Norman Foster, Adrian
Smith & Gordon Gill, Architect Zaha Hadid and interesting Faade
material used for controlling pollution. Please look in for more
interesting articles.
There have been sincere & dedicated efforts of the entire team in
bringing this issue, I appreciate & thank. I would like to express
my considerable appreciation to all of you who have submitted
papers for this issue of Fenestration Insight magazine. It is your
generous contribution of time and effort that made this issue
possible. It is also our readers whose suggestions have helped
in making each issue a better one. I would like to encourage our
readers to consider sharing their thoughts and feedback to make
this magazine fruitful to the industry. On a heavy demand by the
Architects & the industry I would like to share that the circulation
has now increased to 5000 copies.
Thank you for reading.
Hope that the edition helps you to lighten up your knowledge.
PREM ANVESHI
Editor in Chief
Delhi, India

whats
inside

62

Volume :01, Issue :04 Feb - April 2014

Revolutionary
Hospital Faade:
for treating the
air pollution

06

Zaha Hadid,

founder
of Zaha Hadid Architects

36

Epdm
Gaskets - An
integral part for any
window system

40

The Khan Shatyr

Entertainment
Centre Astana,
Kazakhstan

Different
Calculation of
Structural Silicone
Sealant Glueline
Thickness

58

ADRIAN SMITH
& GORDON
ARCHITECTURE

76

Talks to
Fenestration
Insight
Rajeev Antony,

20
38

The

living
Faade

Dow Corning launches Centre

for Construction Expertise to
provide training tailored for
India

Managing Director,
Schco India Solar &
Windows Pvt. Ltd.,

16

Worldwide
Events

48
Feb - April 2014

Publisher and Editor

Prem Anveshi

Editor

Namit Gupta

Art Editor

Aabid Surti

Supervising Editor

Nidhi Sharma

Associate Editor

Ekta Modak

Content Editor

Akanksha Dass

Editorial Coordinator

Fathima Prem

Graphic Designer

Dhilip babu

Associate
Graphic Designer

Sandeep Rajput

Fenestration Insight
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General Enquiry :
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Futurex

Lets Build The Future Together.

Feb - April 2014

Revolutionary
Hospital Faade:
for treating the
air pollution
Pollution had always been a problem in Mexico City, especially in 1986 when a large number of
birds dropped dead from the skies. The air had improved since then. The design is said to be
inspired by natural shapes. Its similar in appearance to corals.
The Berlin-based design firm created the facade for the Torre de Especialidades building
of the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzlez, Mexico City, using Prosolve370e tiles
containing titanium dioxide gives a solution to smog & encourage healthy living.
Smog(smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog )is a contemporary problem in
this age of environmentalism, affecting cities worldwide from Beijing to Los
Angeles, usually highly toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness,
shortened life or death. Sunlight can contribute to smogs presence by
combining with industrial fumes in the atmosphere. Modern smog, as
found for example in Los Angeles, is a type of air pollution derived
from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and
industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight
to form secondary pollutants that also combine with
the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
. The designers created the facade using tiles called
Prosolve370e that contain titanium dioxide, better
known as a key ingredient in sunscreen. Elegant
Establishments method will have sunlight
hitting the building tiles causing the smog
to react with the material. The reaction
cause pollutants to break down into
substances that are less toxic such as
water, calcium nitrate and carbon
dioxide. Curved open-weave
tiles then spread the reaction
over 27,000 square feet.

Feb - April 2014

Feb - April 2014

Feb - April 2014

prosolve370e TM depolluting tiles

prosolve370eTM is a decorative architectural module that reduces air pollution in urban environments. The
modules are a functional, yet highly decorative modular ornament that achieve a synergy between design
form and molecular technology. Inspired by fractals in nature, the undulating shapes maximize the surface
area of active coating to diffuse light, air turbulence and pollution.
Conceived to contrast with prevailing ideas of architecture as something immobile and permanent, the
modules are fabricated with maximum material efficiency from leight weight plastics, then coated with a
photo-catalyst. prosolve370e modifies existing surfaces, essentially tuning buildings to respond better
to their immediate environments. As a modular system, prosolve370e can expand and contract according
to context, reaching the endless visual varieties of physical structures in the city.
Some key points about prosolve370eTM:
effectively reduces air pollution (NOx,VOCs, SO2, and FPM)
is a modular system of few tooled parts
forms decorative, non-repetitive patterns for facades
is made from lightweight thermoformed plastic panels
is a standardised system for exterior and interior applications
is semi-customizable to project conditions
is an innovative, eco product
elegant embellishments ltd. was formed in 2006 in London to investigate and develop new materials
and methods for the quick modification of existing buildings and spaces. These modifications are used to
tune buildings, converting previously inert surfaces into active surfaces that can meet new challenges set
by a rapidly changing world.
prosolve370eTM has been exhibited in the 2008 Venice Architecture Biennale, 2010 Design Triennial at the
Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum, 2009 DMY Allstars, and is part of the Permanent Collection of
the Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum.

Feb - April 2014

Depolluting Technology
The modules contain superfine titanium dioxide
(TiO2), a pollution-fighting technology that is
activated by ambient daylight. This is the nano
version of conventional TiO2 commonly used as
pigment. The highly surface enlarged structure
of superfine TiO2 creates photo catalytic activity
resulting in self-cleaning , germicidal as well
as depolluting qualities. Only small amount of
naturally occurring UV light and humidity are
required to effectively reduce air pollutants into
harmless amount of carbon dioxide and water.
When positioned near pollution sources, the
modules break down and neutralize NOx
(nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic
compounds), SO2, and fine particulate matter
directly where they are generated.
The design of the tiles is generated to maximize
the coating technology, achieving new levels
of surface area and complexity, capturing omni
directional light where light is dense or scarce.
The sculptural surfaces maintain an inherent
synergy between design form and the molecular
technology.
1 Combustion engines emit harmful toxins such as NOx and
VOCs while running, and also emit VOCs, ozone and particulate
matter while resting. A photocatalytic screen positioned
between cars and people would trap and filter many of the
harmful by-products of combustion engines. 2 depolluting
city: situations for depollution and decoration in an urban
environment.

Feb - April 2014

10

prosolve370eTM 1200 Series

1 vertical rail substructure

2 module I back (I-1)
3 module I front (I-2)
4 module X back (X-1)
5 module X front (X-2)
6 module P-end back (P-1)

7 module P-end front (P-2)

8 Inter-tile Joint
9 Mega Panel End Joint
10 Pentagon bracket
11 Tri-Con Plate

Feb - April 2014

11

prosolve370eTM at Hospital Manuel Gea

Gonzales, Tlalpan, Mexico D.F.
The first of its kind: a new depolluting facade for
the surgery building Torre de Especialidades in
Mexico City. The 2500m2 quasicrystal facade is
composed of prosolve370e modules architectural
modules with photocatalytic pollution-fighting
technology.
The facade is a 100m long, curved screen along a
busy arterial in Tlalpan, in the southern quarter of
the city. Torre de Especialidades will significantly
contribute medical research, teaching and service
to the population with cutting-edge techniques.
prosolve370e was chosen by the hospital in part
for its anti-microbial, de-polluting effect, as well as
providing visual complexity, memorable in form,
as a counter to the citys air pollution problem.

1,2 and 3 Completed depolluting facade, January,

2013

Feb - April 2014

12

prosolve370eTM at Hospital Manuel Gea Gonzales,

Tlalpan, Mexico D.F.
Project:
Depolluting Quasicrystal
Facade
Hospital Manuel Ge
Gonzalez, Tlalpan,
Mexico City
Completion:
April, 2013
Client:
ICA, S.A.B. de C.V.
Structural Engineering: Buro Happold New York
Material Testing:
Kiwa MPA Bautest GmbH,

TU Berlin
Fraunhofer IPA Stuttgart
Consultant:
Joshua Socolar,
Professor, Physics,
Duke University
Project Size:
35,000m
Size of Prosolve Facade: 2500m
1,2 and 3 Completed depolluting facade,
January, 2013

Feb - April 2014

13

prosolve370eTM at Hospital Manuel Gea

Gonzales, Tlalpan, Mexico D.F.
Prototypes for the prosolve370e 1200
Series were installed onto the facade at
the thermoforming factory in Ulm. The
installation comprises four Mega Panels
corresponding to the top left corner of the
Hospital facade in Mexico City.
Testing for the series was carried out at
the TU Berlin, in collaboration with Buro
Happold Engineers New York.
Installation instruction was provided by
our team at the building site in Mexico
City.

4
1

1 and 4 Prototype installation at he thermoforming factory

in Ulm 2 Aluminum tool for the X-tile. 3 Pentagon bracket
connecting the module to the steel substructure. 5 Facade
drawing locating connection points from the pattern onto
the steel verticals. 6 Installation training with the team in
Mexico City.

Feb - April 2014

14

Feb - April 2014

Feb - April 2014

16

How does Schco cater to the

Architects and the Developers, like
the Architects come up with roofing
Systems and curtain wall systems? Is
it more beneficial and do you think
that the Architects are actually using
Schco products.
Schco sells tested and certified
systems that raise the bar of the
reliability and provide assurance to
the Architects and developers in the
Industry as a result they show trust in
the products offered by Schco.
The main benefit of using Schco is
that you get the entire system from
a single source whatever is required
to cover the entire building cover,
other than glass, all components are
supplied by Schco, from the screw
to the consumables, even the glue is
supplied by Schco in addition to the
Aluminium Profiles, Hardware and
the Gaskets. Not only this, we supply
pre-engineered products wherein we
make sure that the product works
together in a well-orchestrated
manner to optimize the design &
aesthetic needs.
We ensure the System Quality,
Performance and Warranties directly.
Irrespective to the contracts we
involve ourselves at different phases
of the projects, assuring the uniform
quality of the Schco products and
performance. The same is with
servicing the Architects and Faade
Consultants; we work with the
Architects to support the designs
and inputs that are needed in terms
of Faade and Designs systems
tested and certified.

What are the major innovations coming up from Schco?

Fenestration Industry moves very slowly, the designs and
the trends followed in the west are adapted in a slow pace in
the Indian market. For now, the usage of the Non-Insulated
Doors and windows at a higher quality level has increased.
Earlier people were under the impression that if you are
using Non-Insulated Doors and windows then you can buy
some local aluminum, local accessories and local hardware
to set up your own fenestration, but this is not the case
anywhere anymore, as Schco can supply high quality &
reliable Non-Insulated systems to benefit the developers
/ investors / end clients for the money invested into
fenestration of their building.
How the clients or end users be benefitedby using the
products by Schco?
Schco aims at providing good structural stability, higher
water tightness, wind resistance and sound insulation by
using doubleglazed systems with a good performance and
warrant certification that is one of the main benefitin terms
of performance and innovations. These benefits combined
with Non-Insulated systems provide the client & end users
excellent value for money.
Schcos take on Aesthetic appeal of Doors and Windows.
When it comes to an Aesthetic appeal, people now prefer
more visibility of the fenestration area, which involves
more glass and less of Aluminum framework. Schco
systems are engineered in such a way that you do not have
to compromise on your structural stability because Glass
independently cannot be structurally stable, unless glass is
supported by a strong system.
The innovations in the designs were done where the visibility
area goes up and at the same time not compromising on the
stability of the Doors and Windows.
Please share your knowledge about the new innovations in
terms of Unitized Facades.
The conventional thinking about the Unitized Facades is,
that these can be used by only the big scale Fabricators and
big construction companies. But, we at Schco have now
come up with Unitized facades which can also be used by
mid & small fabricators.
We have got the system which helps in every phase of
fabrication and availability from a single source, it makes it
easy for small and medium scale fabricators. This is a new
skyline in the Indian Industry.

Feb - April 2014

18

Do we have some kind of Standards set for Aluminium

windows in India?
At the moment we do not really have an official
widely accepted standard in India. A good standard
window is based on the European Norms (EN)
formulated by European Aluminium Association;
and for Facades and Unitized system we have the
AAMA standards. We at Schco are proud of our
achievement that all the doors, windows, facades
and sliders are as per the EN and AAMA standards
respectively.
Our Products are tested by internationally renowned
testing companies witnessed and certified by Indian
and European third party agencies recognized by the
Industry.
Schcos technologies focuses on people and the
Harmony of Nature
I should say: the house shelters day-dreaming, the
house protects the dreamer, the house allows one to
dream in peace.
Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space
The statement made above elucidates that any
building, whether a commercial or residential do
incorporates emotions.
It involves and invokes lot of memories for both the
creator and the resident.
Since, Schcois directly involved with the designers
and creators of the building, they directly connect to
the emotions of the end users with respect to their
requirements and expectations.
Schco stresses upon providing high performance
and meeting the promises made, by delivering high
water resistance, wind resistance and sound insulated
products.
Further when we say that technology is for the
people, by that we mean the ease that we are
providing to them in terms of least maintenance and
high comfort level,whether its door & windows or
hardware and accessories by Schco.
Products of Schco not only save energy due to
optimum insulation but also generate energy.
This is basically the solar technology and as of now
aluminum is not capable of generating energy. And
talking about the Solar Energy and applications we
are not pursuing it in India for now.

Feb - April 2014

19

ADRIAN SMITH
& GORDON
ARCHITECTURE
Photo credit NAMGOONG SUN
Feb - April 2014

20

CHICAGO, January 23, 2014 Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS+GG)
has announced the public opening of the new head offices for the Federation
of Korean Industries (FKI).
FKI Headquarters represents a new exterior wall typology that both integrates
significant quantities of photo voltaic panels into the exterior wall and slopes
the vision glass at an angle that generates self-shading and allowing less
reflective glass to be used. The result is a unique folded exterior texture that is
both purposeful and distinctive says Adrian Smith.
The 50-story, 240-meter tower features an innovative exterior wall, designed
specifically for the project. The buildings unique skin will help reduce the internal
heating and cooling loads and collect energy through photovoltaic panels that
are integrated into the spandrel areas of the southwest and northwest facades.
By angling the spandrel panels 30 degrees upward toward the sun, the design is
able to maximize the amount of energy collected, generating enough power to
help maintain the electrical systems throughout the tower core and the office
spaces.
Just below the spandrel panels, the vision panels are angled 15 degrees
downward toward the ground, minimizing the amount of direct sun radiation
and glare. Together, the alternating spandrel and vision panels create a
dynamically rippled faade that is both environmentally progressive and visually
striking, giving the tower a unique architectural presence on the skyline.
The interior of the building takes advantage of the floor to ceiling windows of
the exterior wall, offering an abundance of natural light to office spaces and
corridors as well as extensive views of neighboring Yeoido Park, the Han River
and the surrounding city of Seoul.
The completed tower includes several indoor garden/atrium spaces that
enhance the workplace environment with natural elements of wood, bamboo
and other native plants. The roof top atrium space features more custom
photovoltaic panels.
The ideal angle of the PV panel placement on the roof was studied in detail,
says Gordon Gill, In a relatively unconfined space, PVs would normally
be angled upward at 30 degrees but within the limited area of the roof, we
determined that a 10-degree angle allowed for more panels to be installed
closer together, minimizing the effect of the panels casting shadows on each
other and ultimately producing more solar energy for the building.
Feb - April 2014

21

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

22

AS+GG Partner Robert Forest adds, The tower features one of the most
efficient solar electric facades in the world in a cost effective manner,
proactively expanding Koreas goal of advancing renewable energy generation
in buildings.
The sculptural podium piece is located on central Yeoi-Dae-Ro Avenue, further
promoting the towers public identity. The podium amenities, available for
public use include a banquet hall, central restaurant and conference center.
The podium will be available for international conferences with a large first
floor banquet hall and smaller conference rooms of various sizes located on
the second and third floors. The multi-purpose nature of the podium is another
way that the FKI building will become a new city centerpiece for Seoul.
AS+GG collaborated with the engineering firms Thornton Tomasetti and
Environmental Systems Design, as well as the local firm Chang-Jo Architects,
on the project.

ABOUT ADRIAN SMITH + GORDON GILL ARCHITECTURE

Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS+GG) is dedicated to the design
of high-performance architecture in a wide range of typology and scale, from
low- and mid-rise residential, commercial and cultural buildings to mixed-use
supertall towers and new cities. The office uses a holistic, integrated design
approach that explores symbiotic relationships with the natural environment.
AS+GG is currently working on projects for clients in the United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia, China, and the United States. The partnership was founded in
2006 by Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill and Robert Forest. For more information,
please visit smithgill.com.

ABOUT THORNTON TOMASETTI

Thornton Tomasetti provides engineering services to clients worldwide on
projects of all sizes and complexity. Thornton Tomasetti is responsible for the
structural design of some of the worlds tallest buildings, including the Petronas
Towers, Taipei 101, Ping An International Finance Center in China and Federation
Tower in Russia. The firm is committed to creating the best structural solutions
through technical ingenuity, pursuit of excellence and responsiveness to client
needs. Thornton Tomasetti has offices across the United States and in Asia,
Europe and the Middle East. For more information, please visithttp://www.
ThorntonTomasetti.com.

Adrain smith & Gordon Gill Architecture as design architect credits

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

23

ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN, INC.

Environmental Systems Design, Inc. (ESD) has provided engineering design
solutions on thousands of buildings in the United States and throughout
the world. With over 220 engineering and design professionals, ESD is
one of the largest consulting engineering firms in the Midwest. ESD offers
consulting engineering design services in mechanical, electrical, plumbing,
fire protection, LEED, sustainable design, commissioning, and technology.
ESD supports a diverse range of markets including commercial, health and
science, education, mission critical, residential, assembly, cultural, theaters,
energy plants, transportation and international. For more information, please
visithttp://www.esdesign.com

ABOUT CHANG-JO
ARCHITECTS
Since 1984, Chang-jo Architects has
been one of the leading professional
architectural
firms
in
Korea,
providing total and comprehensive
design services in architectural
design, urban planning, landscape
design, engineering and construction
management. By possessing such
an integrated core of services, they
deliver to their clients the best service
and value through intelligent design
and advanced technology. Learn more
about Chang-jo Architects at http://
www.cja.co.kr

Adrian Smith HON. LITT. D.,

FAIA, OAA, AIBC, RIBA
Adrian Smith has been a practicing
architect for over 40 years. His
extraordinary
body
of
work
includes some of the worlds most
recognizable landmark structures,
including the Jin Mao Tower in
Shanghai and the worlds tallest
structure, Burj Khalifa in Dubai. His
firm, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill
Architecture, is a leading expert in
the advancement of technology in
supertall towers and their impact on
cities, and is currently working on the
worlds next tallest building Kingdom

Tower, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as well

as planning a self-sustaining satellite
city in Chengdu, China.
Adrians unique design approach
emphasizes sensitivity to the
physical environment. He considers
each project holistically, taking into
consideration site orientation, climate
and geography, cultural and social
influences to create highly sustainable
projects that achieve contextualism
within the global environment.
Projects under his design direction
have won over 110 major awards for
design excellence, including five
international awards, eight National
AIA awards, 23 Chicago AIA awards,
and two ULI Awards for Excellence.
His work has been featured in major
museums in the United States, South
America, Europe, Asia and the Middle
East.
Adrian has also written two books
pertaining to his work as an architect:
Pro Architect 24: Adrian D. Smith
and The Architecture of Adrian
Smith, SOM: Toward a Sustainable
Future. Most recently, he co-founded
PositivEnergy Practice, a consulting
firm that designs and implements
energy and carbon reduction
strategies for clients around the
world.

Feb - April 2014

24

Feb - April 2014

25

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

26

Gordon Gill FAIA, OAA, AIBC

Gordon Gill is one of the worlds preeminent exponents of performance-based
architecture. His work, which ranges from the worlds largest buildings to
sustainable communities, is driven by his philosophy that there is a language
of performance: a purposeful relationship between formal design and energy/
carbon performance.
A founding partner of award-winning Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture,
Gordons work includes the design of the worlds first net zero-energy
skyscraper, the Pearl River Tower (designed at SOM Chicago), and the worlds
first large-scale positive energy building, Masdar Headquarters. These
landmark projects achieve energy independence by harnessing the power of
natural forces on site, striking a balance with their environmental contexts.
Gordons designs also include performing arts centers, museums, single family
homes and urban master plans across the globe.
His work has been published and exhibited widely in the U.S. and internationally
and his designs have repeatedly been recognized by the American Institute of
Architects. In 2009 he was selected as Chicagos Best Emerging Architect by
the Chicago Reader and in 2013 Gordon was elected to The College of Fellows
at the American Institute of Architects. Prior to founding AS+GG in 2006,
Gordon was an Associate Partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and a Director
of Design for VOA Associates. Most recently, he co-founded PositivEnergy
Practice, a consulting firm that designs and implements energy and carbon
reduction strategies for clients around the world.

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

27

Feb - April 2014

28

ABOUT ADRIAN SMITH + GORDON GILL

ARCHITECTURE
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture is dedicated to
the design of high-performance architecture and the
creation of new paradigms for sustainable development.
The office uses a holistic, integrated design approach
that emphasizes symbiotic relationships with the natural
environment. The firm also specializes in the design of
high-performance supertall towers. AS+GG is currently
working on projects in the Saudi Arabia, China, Korea,
Canada and the United States. The firm was founded
in 2006 by partners Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill and
Robert Forest. For more information, please visit http://
smithgill.com.

Feb - April 2014

29

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FENESTRATIONINSIGHT
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Feb - April 2014

34

WORLDWIDE EVENTS
2014
Veteco

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Feb - April 2014

35

Epdm
Gaskets - An
integral part for
any window
system

Gaskets are the least visible part of the window, and is often misconstrued as the
least important part as well. However, this cannot be further away from the truth.
In reality, many of the features that window manufacturers boast about, such as,
sound-proofing, temperature insulation, and energy efficiency are in-fact a direct
result based on the accurate fitment of the gaskets.
So why then is there a trend to spend uncompromisingly on Alumunium or uPVC
channels and the most advanced in glass technology, while simultaneously maintain
a nonchalant attitude towards the kind of gaskets associated with the final product?
This often is not due to a deliberate avoidance of quality on the least observable part
of the window, but rather a lack of theoretical understanding on the manufacturing
technique.
On an initial market-analysis, one becomes instantly aware that gaskets are available
for as low as Rs. 40/Kg up to Rs. 250/Kg. How then do you decide which one is best
for you? Is it as simple as the more you pay, the better the quality? How can you be
sure youre not just over-paying for a substandard product? This article hopes to shed
light on what to demand for when quality is your highest priority.

Feb - April 2014

36

Microwave-Cured EPDM
EPDM - Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer is a synthetic rubber, which is most commonly
used in the construction industry as a sealant or
weather strip. The reason for this exclusivity is the
superior characteristics exhibited by EPDM when
manufactured the right way. Since there are many
chemicals involved in creating a quality extruded
products, it is essential for these chemicals to be
combined in the right way. There are two types of
curing techniques, the conventional steam-cured
system, and the more superior microwave-cured
technique. The latter is done through the use a of
a Continuous Vulcanization line, the advantages of
which are:

Microwave-Curing involves a shock treatment

for the raw material and chemicals involved by
exposing them in quick succession to extremely
high temperatures and subsequently cooling them
through immersion into a preset chiller.

There are no dimensional variations throughout

production

Only Microwave-Cured EPDM can guarantee the

gaskets for a minimum of 10 years against:

No additional fillers are used to reduce the

compound quality

Cracks

This method ensures that gaskets have the following

properties:
High resistance to Ozone, Weathering and
Abrasion
Temperature Resistance (From -40C to +140C)
Resistance to Ultra Violet Radiations

Discolouration
Loss of Tensile Properties

Feb - April 2014

37

AVIGIRI

Urethane and Rubber Industries

Microwave-Cured
EPDM

Our qualityconsciousness
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Feb - April 2014

38

Futurex

www.srilankawood.com

Lets Build The Future Together.

Opportunity To Exhibit

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W o o d I N T E R N AT I O N A L
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nd

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Buddhini (+94) 771864870

For Exhibition
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Feb - April 2014

Different Calculation
of Structural Silicone
Sealant Glueline Thickness
Zijian Kang,
Application
Engineer of
Technical
Service
Manager

Robin Luo,
Application
Engineer of
Technical
Service
Assistant
Manager

William Zhou,
Application
Engineer of
Technical
Service
Director

Ivy Tang,
Techno
commercial
International
Marketing
Manager,
tym@
cnguibao.com

(Chengdu Guibao Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China)

Feb - April 2014

40

Abstract
Structural silicone sealant is the most important material for the curtain wall construction system
safety. Correct curtain wall engineering design and structural sealant bite and glueline plays an
important role, in structural sealant glueline thickness must engineer properly. In this paper, the
calculation methods of glueline thickness among the JGJ 102-2003Technical Code for Glass Curtain
Wall Engineering. ASTM C 1401-02 Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing, ETAG002 Structural
Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS) Approval Guidelines are reviewed.
Keywords: Structural Silicone Sealant, Curtain Wall, Glueline Thickness, JGJ 102-2003, ASTM C 140102, ETAG002

1. Introduction
Structural sealant glazing has been used in curtain wall
for more than 40 years, the high-performance structural
sealant promote the technological innovation of the
curtain wall, as new materials, new processes and new
standard. Today, when it comes to structural silicone
sealant design and application in curtain wall system,
China follows JGJ 102-2003 Technical Code for Glass
Curtain Wall Engineering[1], America follow ASTM C 140102 Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing[2],and

EuropeancountriesfollowETAG002 Structural Sealant

Glazing Systems (SSGS) Approval Guidelines[3].
The calculation of structural glazing silicone sealant bite
and glueline thickness is been spelt out clearly in JGJ 1022003, ASTM C 1401-02, ETAG002. Those three standards
calculate the structural sealant bite with the same
method, but the glueline thickness calculation method is
different.

2. The calculation of the glueline thickness

The basic principle to calculate the glueline thickness of JGJ 102, ASTM C 1401-02 and ETAG002 standards is the
same, which considers the relative movement between the glass panel and metallic frame, as the calculation
method of the relative movement is different, the glueline thickness is not the same.

Figure 1Curtain wall and structural silicone glazing

Feb - April 2014

41

2.1 JGJ 102-2003 Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engineering
JGJ 102-2003 Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engineering 5.6.5 has mentioned the calculation of Structural
Silicone Sealant Thickness (ts).
The relative movement calculation
In JGJ 102-2003, the relative movements is calculated as:

us = hg.........................(1)

Glass Panel
After removing

Figure 2 Movement of glass panel under

windload

Where:
usthe relative movement between glass panel and metallic frame
the elastic movement limit angle (rad) of main structure under
standard windload value;
hg glass panel height(mm).

It is worth noting that in this method the most adverse

circumstances (such as maximum windload, earthquake) was
introduced to calculate the relative movementsthe bottom of
glass panel and metallic frame is maintained the same height,
the top reach the maximum movement.
In JGJ102-2003, the definition of us remark that the relative
movement under temperature change should be put into
consideration in this method if necessary, however it does
not mention that whether we should adopt the lager value
between the windload movement and thermal movement
or add these two values together. In general calculation, the
relative movement under wind load is much larger than thermal
expansion.

Structural sealant glueline thickness calculation

Figure 3 Structural silicone sealant glueline after movement

Where:
ts structural sealant glueline
thickness(mm);
us relative movement(mm);
movement capability of structural
silicone sealant, equal as the elongation at
0.14 MPa tensile strength of silicone sealant.

The relative movement is

obtained by equation(1) and
the movement capability of
structural silicone sealant
(value)is determined, then using
the Pythagorean Theorem to
calculate structural sealant
glueline thickness:

Feb - April 2014

42

2.2 ASTM C 1401-02 Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing

In ASTM C 1401-02, structural sealant must support panel under thermal expansion, so using thermal expansion
movement to calculate the glueline thickness.
Thermal expansion movement calculation

L = L (Ts) () .................(3)

Where:
L the vertical thermal movement(mm);
L height of the glass panel(mm);
Ts summer temperature differential of glass panel between
temperature when sealant applied and extreme temperature (0C);

linear thermal expansion coefficient of glass panel(mm/mm/);

In order to simulate the worst conditions, the relative thermal movement between glass panel and metallic
frame does not consider in here.

Structural sealant glueline thickness calculation

After the L is obtained by equation (3) and sealants movement tolerance is determined, using the Pythagorean
Theorem to calculate structural sealant glueline thickness:
Where:
L the vertical thermal movement (mm);
T structural sealant glueline thickness.
The calculation of glueline thickness must below movement
capability of structural silicone sealant ( value),otherwise
expected glueline thickness is disqualified.

Feb - April 2014

43

2.3

ETAG002 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS) Approval Guidelines

In ASTM C 1401-02 and ETAG002 standards, the calculation of thermal expansion movement is similar, but the
calculation of glueline thickness is different. In ETAG002 standard, structural sealants shear strength is used to
calculate the glueline thickness.

Thermal expansion movement calculation

Where:
Tc temperature of the metallic frame at the moment, 0C;
Tv temperature of glass at the moment,;
T0 temperature during sealant application, ;
c linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the structural sealant support frame, mm/mm/;
v linear coefficient of thermal expansion of glass, mm/mm/;
a short side dimension of the glass lite, mm;
b long side dimension of the glass lite, mm.
Compared with thermal expansion movement calculation of ASTM C 1401-02, material temperature of
sealant application was considered in ETAG 002 standard. Although the material working in the same
environment, the expansion movement of sealant is different at vary temperature during application. But
theoretically selected temperature data requirements for coverage throughout whole sealants life, which
cover between the high temperature and the low temperature, so thermal expansion movement result
similar with the ASTM C 1401-02.

Structural sealant glueline thickness calculation

After the is obtained by equation (5), ETAG 002 standard adopt a different calculation from the former two
methods, using shear strength of structural sealant to calculate structural sealant glueline thickness (e):

Where:
thermal expansion movement;
G shear modulus of structural sealant, G=E/3, E is the Youngs
modulus. Youngs modulus is physical parameter of structural sealant,
the different kinds of structural sealants have different value.
des shear design stress under dynamic load.

Feb - April 2014

44

3. Result and discussion

For some project cases, different calculation method lead to much obvious distinction result of structural
sealant glueline thickness.
For example:
Item

Parameter

size of glass pane

1200mm2200mm

the elastic layer movement limit angle (rad) of main structure

1/550

movement capability of structural silicone sealant (value)

10%

Youngs modulus of structural silicone sealant

1.4MPa

design shear strength of structural silicone sealant

0.11MPa

temperature during sealant application

200C

tiptop temperature of glass pane during use

700C

tiptop temperature of structural sealant support frame during use

500C

linear coefficient of thermal expansion of glass

9.010-6mm/mm/0C

linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the support frame

23.810-6mm/mm/0C

Table 1 The parameter of curtain wall project and material[4]

Table 2 The results of structural sealant glueline thickness by different methods

Feb - April 2014

45

From Table 2, there are some gaps of the calculation results of the three methods. The glueline thickness is 8mm,
which accord with ASTM C 1401-02 and ETAG 002, does not comply with the requirements of JGJ102-2003.
The elastic movement of main structure under windload is large, using the JGJ 102-2003 to calculate the glueline
thickness, so the result is generally large. In order to solve this conflict, some curtain wall design software change
the movement capability of structural silicone sealant (value) default to 12~14%. Relative to the existing silicone
rubber products, this value is already a large value. In the face of some larger panel, the result of glueline thickness
is more than 12mm (maximum allowable value in Chinese standard). The same situation in ASTMC1401-02and ETAG
002 is probably very small, because the value of thermal expansion movement is small in these two standards.
So, in a number of projects, design and construction staffs select appropriate standards, which can avoid some
problems.
With the development of the curtain wall industry, the standards are explored and improved according to the
actual situation, which can promote this industry. In this paper, the compare of calculation methods of structural
sealant glueline thickness is reference only.

References:

1. JGJ 102-2003 Technical Code for Glass Curtain Wall Engineering

2. ASTM C 1401-02 Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
3. ETAG 002 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS) Approval Guidelines

For any queries and any more information or clarifications

contact : tym@cnguibao.com

Feb - April 2014

46

Presents

Namit (+91) 9810855697

Buddhini (+94) 771864870

For Exhibition
enquries,
please contact:

Feb - April 2014

The

living Faade
Pasona Urban Farm is beyond aesthetic
and visual improvement

Feb - April 2014

48

Feb - April 2014

49

Feb - April 2014

50

Japans dense population, history of intermittent isolation, and nature-based

religions have created an efficient and environmentally conscientious society.
The country has proven its ability to innovate and invest in experimental new
technologies. Through cooperation between the public and private sectors,
Japan has created standards and ratings systems for specific building projects,
and many of its corporations have already bought into the green building
movement. The structure of the construction industry in Japan supports
innovation and the adoption of green building. With both architects and
construction management in-house, companies are uniquely qualified to
develop new products and building technologies, and have more freedom
to experiment. Many dedicate significant portions of their research and
development budgets to environmental issues. Pasona Urban Farm Building
in Tokyo , Japan the building having green facade, offices, cafeterias, roof
garden, auditorium and farming facilities incorporated inside almost each
work space is the best example of innovative construction method. It is
a major renovation project consisting of a double skinned green facade,
offices, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and most notably, urban
farming facilities integrated within the building. It is the largest and most
direct farm-to-table of its kind ever realized inside an office building in Japan.
The farmland takes 43 000 sq feet (1410 sq meters) which is nearly one fifth
of the overall 215 000 sq feet (7053 sq meters) area of the building. On this
farmland grow 200 plant species, mainly rice, fruits and vegetables, which are
harvested and served into the cafeterias. By having this urban farm, Pasona is
working to encourage and educate new farmers, while exposing urban people
to food while it is growing. Employees of the farm are also encouraged to
take part in the care and cultivation of its crops, which are eaten on site in the
office cafeteria. Employees can be seen working in the rice paddy or broccoli
field, pruning fruit trees, tending to lettuces and harvesting veggies.. This
incredible office space is truly a vision of the future and hopefully what every
office will be like someday. With a shortage of arable land in Japan (roughly
only 12%, compared to 20% in the US and over 50% in Denmark), the countrys
food supply is highly unsustainable. Pasona dedicated itself to creating this
urban farm in part because of the growing reliance of foreign food.

Feb - April 2014

51

Feb - April 2014

52

Pasona Urban Farm is beyond aesthetic and visual

improvement. It creates a unique workplace
environment that promotes workers productivity,
mental health, and social interaction and engages
the wider community of Tokyo by showcasing the
benefits and technology of urban agricultureLocated in
downtown Tokyo, Pasona HQ is a nine-story building for
the Japanese recruitment company. Rather than build a
brand-new building, the company took over a 50-yearold structure and renovated it into the urban farm and
eco office you see now. Pasona elected to dedicate
considerable space inside the building to hydroponic and
soil-based farming, which is interspersed throughout the
entire building even in conference rooms and private
offices. The exterior was drastically renovated with a
living facade, which grows with seasonal flowers and
orange trees in 3 deep balconies. The benefits of such
a system should be obvious shading to reduce energy
use and enhanced air quality to improve the health of
the employees. Other renovations inside the building
sought to improve the energy efficiency and comfort of
the employees, including new lighting and an enhanced
climate control system.

Using both hydroponic and soil based farming, crops

and office workers share a common space. For example,
tomato vines are suspended above conference tables,
lemon and passion fruit trees are used as partitions for
meeting spaces, salad leaves are grown inside seminar
rooms and bean sprouts are grown under benches. The
main lobby also features a rice paddy and a broccoli
field. These crops are equipped with HEFL, fluorescent
and LED lamps and an automatic irrigation system.
An intelligent climate control monitors humidity,
temperature and breeze to balance human comfort
during office hours and optimize crop growth during
after hours. This maximizes crop yield and annual
harvests. Seasonal flowers and orange trees are planted
on the balconies between the double skinned facade,
partially relying on natural exterior climate to showcase
changing of leaves and colors to the exterior facade.
All plants are maintained and harvested by Pasona
employees with the help of an agricultural specialist.

Feb - April 2014

53

Employees of the farm are also encouraged to take part in the care and cultivation of its
crops, which are eaten on site in the office cafeteria. Employees can be seen working in the
rice paddy or broccoli field, pruning fruit trees, tending to lettuces and harvesting veggies.
The office has created 43,000 square feet of farmland with 200 species or fruits, vegetables
and rice. This incredible office space is truly a vision of the future and hopefully what every
office will be like someday

Crops are grown by using hydroponics

and soil beds, and there is automatic
irrigation system and complicated climate
control system which regulates humidity,
temperature and air quality to be comfortable
for the employees while working. Its
impressive how tomato vines hang above big
tables, fruit trees are used as compartments
of the interior of meeting spaces, seminar
rooms are furnished with salad leaves and the
main lobby holds also broccoli and rice fields.
Lighting is provided by fluorescent and LED
lamps

Feb - April 2014

54

Feb - April 2014

55

Namit (+91) 9810855697

Buddhini (+94) 771864870

For Exhibition
enquries,
please contact:

Feb - April 2014

Presents

Namit (+91) 9810855697

Buddhini (+94) 771864870

For Exhibition
enquries,
please contact:

Feb - April 2014

Dow Corning launches

Centre for Construction
Expertise to provide
training tailored for India
Centre launched on two-year anniversary of
Dow Cornings Quality Bond program

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

58

Mumbai, India:
Dow Corning Corporation, a global leader in silicone
technology, is sponsoring a Centre for Construction
Expertise in India, dedicated to providing training
tailored to the needs of Indias construction industry.
The Centre will conduct a range of constructionfocused workshops across India over the coming
year. Taught by construction industry professionals,
these workshops are suitable for skilled and unskilled
construction workers, contractors and fabricators,
builders, apprentices and other contributors to this
industry..

Speaking in Mumbai at the launch of the Centre,

Jean-Paul Hautekeer, Dow Cornings global marketing
director for high-performance building, said,
Given the increased usage of high-performance
silicone materials in the construction industry,
there is an increasing demand for workers who
are knowledgeable about these materials and
skilled in their application. Through the Centre for
Construction Expertise, Dow Corning is working to
help meet that demand.

Nov 2013 - Jan 2014

59

The Centre has developed workshops on topics

related to interiors as well as building faades,
including:

An overview of adhesives and sealants

Weatherproofing joints
Sealant application in structural glazing
Building expansion joints
These workshops will be available at no charge for a
limited time.

We believe that the Centre for Construction

Expertise will greatly benefit Indias construction
industry as a whole, Hautekeer said. Training
programs like these can help improve the skill set
of Indias workforce and enhance the quality and
performance of construction projects. They can
also promote safer work practices and increase job
satisfaction among workers.
More information about the Centre for Construction
Expertise and the Centres upcoming workshops is
available at CentreConstructionExpertise.com.

Feb - April 2014

60

ABOUT the company

A global leader in silicones, silicon-based technology
and innovation, Dow Corning offers more than
7,000 products and services via the companys Dow
Corning and XIAMETER brands. Dow Corning
provides performance-enhancing solutions to serve
the diverse needs of more than 25,000 customers
worldwide
Dow Corning High Performance Building Solutions
include proven materials for structural and protective
glazing, weatherproofing, insulating glass, window
and door fabrication, and building materials
protection, as well as innovations for high-efficiency
insulation, LED lighting, thermal management

systems, and the incorporation of photovoltaic cells

and solar panels into building design.
Dow Corning Quality Bond is a tailored set of
services and commitments relevant to members
specific needs based on their role in the construction
project value chain. Quality Bond lifts silicone
bonding and sealing to the highest quality level.
This program is supported by Dow Cornings stateof-the-art laboratory facilities, proven products, as
well as best industry practices in quality control and
assurance.

Feb - April 2014

61

 Photo credit BRIGITTE LACOMBE

Feb - April 2014

62

Zaha Hadid, founder of

Zaha Hadid Architects,
was awarded the
Pritzker Architecture
Prize (considered to
be the Nobel Prize of
architecture) in 2004
and is internationally
known for her built,
theoretical and
academic work. Each
of her dynamic and
pioneering projects
builds on over thirty
years of exploration
and research in the
interrelated fields of
urbanism, architecture
and design.

Feb - April 2014

63

Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950, Hadid studied

mathematics at the American University of Beirut
before moving to London in 1972 to attend the
Architectural Association (AA) School where
she was awarded the Diploma Prize in 1977.
She founded Zaha Hadid Architects in 1979 and
completed her first building, the Vitra Fire Station,
Germany in 1993.

Zaha Hadid Architects continues to be a global

leader in pioneering research and design
investigation. Collaborations with corporations
that lead their industries have advanced the
practices diversity and knowledge, whilst the
implementation of state-of-the-art technologies
have aided the realization of fluid and therefore
complex architectural structures.

Hadid taught at the AA School until 1987 and

has since held numerous chairs and guest
professorships at universities around the world.
She is currently a professor at the University of
Applied Arts in Vienna and visiting professor of
Architectural Design at Yale University.

Currently Zaha Hadid Architects is working on a

multitude of projects worldwide including: the
High-Speed Train Station in Naples; the CityLife
masterplan and tower in Milan; the Library &
Learning Centre at the Vienna University of
Economics as well as major master-planning
projects in Beijing, Bilbao, Istanbul and Singapore.
ZHAs portfolio also includes cultural, corporate,
academic and infrastructure projects in across
Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North and South
America, in addition to national institutions such as
the new Central Bank of Iraq Headquarters.

Working with senior office partner, Patrik

Schumacher, Hadids interest lies in the rigorous
interface between architecture, landscape,
and geology as her practice integrates natural
topography and human-made systems, leading to
innovation with new technologies.
The MAXXI: National Museum of 21st Century Arts
in Rome, Italy and the London Aquatics Centre for
the 2012 Olympic Games are excellent manifestos
of Hadids quest for complex, fluid space. Previous
seminal buildings such as the Rosenthal Center for
Contemporary Art in Cincinnati and the Guangzhou
Opera House in China have also been hailed as
architecture that transforms our ideas of the future
with new spatial concepts and dynamic, visionary
forms.

Feb - April 2014

64

Zaha Hadid Architects work of the past 30 years

was the subject of critically- acclaimed exhibitions
at New Yorks Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
in 2006, Londons Design Museum in 2007, the
Palazzo della Ragione, Padua, Italy in 2009, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art in 2011 and the Danish
Architecture Centre in 2013. Her recently completed
projects include The Eli & Edythe Broad Art Museum
in Michigan (2012), Galaxy SOHO in Beijing (2012),
Pierresvives Library and Archive in Montpellier
(2012), CMA CGM Head Office Tower in Marseille
(2011), London Aquatics Centre (2011), Riverside
Museum in Glasgow (2011), Guangzhou Opera House
(2010), Sheikh Zayed Bridge in Abu Dhabi (2010),
MAXXI Museum in Rome (2009), Burnham Pavilion in
Chicago (2009), Mobile Art for Chanel in Hong Kong,
Tokyo, New York and Paris (2008) and the Nordpark
Railway Stations in Innsbruck (2008).

Hadids outstanding contribution to the architectural

profession continues to be acknowledged by the
worlds most respected institutions including the
Forbes List of the Worlds Most Powerful Women and
the Japan Art Association presenting her with the
Praemium Imperiale. In 2010 and 2011, her designs
were awarded the Stirling Prize, one of architectures
highest accolades, by the Royal Institute of British
Architects. Other recent awards include UNESCO
naming Hadid as an Artist for Peace, the Republic
of France honouring Hadid with the Commandeur
de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres, TIME magazine
included her in their list of the 100 Most Influential
People in the World and in 2012, Zaha Hadid was
made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British
Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.

Feb - April 2014

65

HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER Felix Mara

Bakus Heydar Aliyev Center is a national symbol for
Azerbaijan, a catalyst for regeneration, and, in the
broadest sense, a regional showpiece. Constructing
Zaha Hadid Architects audacious design for the Center
has drawn on expertise from Turkey, the United Arab
Emirates, and the Commonwealth of Independent
States, as well as further afield. This explains the feelgood factor and can-do mentality which have made it
possible. It is a labor of love.
The narrative which follows touches on some of the
principles and innovations examined elsewhere in
this book: the uncompromising architectural vision,
unbridled geometric inventiveness, attention to detail,
and resourceful engineering which, according to project
architect Saffet Kaya Bekiroglu, involved constructing
mock-ups of practically everything to evaluate
appearance as well as performance; the contractors
and engineers quest for faster, lighter, more buildable
answers to problems posed by irregular, nonrectilinear
geometry and large column-free spaces and the
project teams acquiescence to an approach which was
emphatically led not by engineering, but by architecture.

some of the car parking below ground, but outside the

buildings footprint, to avoid security breaches. The
architects long-term collaborator AKT develops the
roof structure design, with trusses spanning between
supports within the perimeter envelope and concrete
sheer walls.
In Stuttgart, engineering consultancy Werner Sobek,
initially appointed by design- build contractor DiA as
facade consultant, assists with the technical design of
critical areas such as the external cladding and its support
structure, along with the curtain walling. Recommending
space frame construction for the external envelope
to assuage DiAs concerns about cost, Werner Sobek
sees the scope of their appointment expand. They are
ultimately involved in many aspects of the project,
including the space frame, the internal skin, the Pond
Cafe at the sites south end, and the structural glass
balustrades, taking on various responsibilities, including
design, specification, documentation, monitoring,
and supervision, with up to 20 staff involved. Bavarian

Baku is only one of many settings for this narrative,

which begins on a site in the capital with challenging
ground conditions and traversed by a sheer drop.
The focus soon shifts to London, where, having been
commissioned, Zaha Hadid Architects develop the
scheme design, working with consulting engineer
AKT, now AKTII, and lighting consultant MBLD, both
located nearby. The architects explore the panelization
geometry of the internal and external skin and develop
the predominantly hard landscape, which benefits from
the ironing out of the sheer drop, resolved by locating

Feb - April 2014

66

construction specialist MERO-TSK is awarded the

contract for the space frame, weighing 2,500 tons less
than the structure originally proposed, and the Turkish
firm Bilim Makina later installs it in nine months, which
reflects its extent and complexity: MERO-TSK space
frames are typically installed in six months. The space
frames blue paint finish became a Baku landmark, until
it was eventually concealed by the Centers external
cladding, and Bavarian specialist Lindners internal skin.
The glass curtain walls, supplied by Hueck Hartmann,
were installed by a Turkish firm.
These specialists faced similar challenges of reconciling
complex geometry with demands for quick erection, live
and dead loads, and material expansion and contraction,
working with a defiantly nonmodular design. The building
has a single-movement joint separating concrete slabs,
space frames, and other components into two sections.
In addition, expansion and contraction of finishing
materials, such as the external and internal skin, are
visually suppressed or absorbed into uniform, if not
always regular, panel joints and the extent of off-site
fabrication is maximized to optimize quality control and
precision. Nevertheless, elaborate interstitial secondary
support structures are needed so the inner and outer
skins can be set out accurately at their interface with the
space frame. This involves labor-intensive site work, for
example to fine-tune the fixing positions for the plates
supporting the inner skin panels, many of which also
need to be bent on site.
Our focus now shifts to the United Arab Emirates,
where cladding manufacturer Arabian Profile develops
the design of the fiberglass reinforced concrete panels
for the plaza and the external envelope rain screen.
Extruded panels have fiberglass embedded in their
concrete matrix in three layers: the top and bottom with
undirected, scattered fibers and the ones in between
with bundles following the proposed form. With no steel

reinforcement, panels can be slimmed down to 813 mm

without losing their flexural strength. Arabian Profile
floats the idea of making the rain screen panels, which
outnumber those in the plaza by 4:1, out of
Continued hollow fiberglass reinforced plastic instead,
halving production times and trimming 80 percent of
their weight. This passes muster with the project team,
but Arabian Profile must demonstrate that the plastic
panels can match the performance and appearance of
their micaceous concrete siblings. Next, microchips
are fitted to all 16,150 panels, so each can be traced,
dramatically accelerating installation. Before all this
has happened, Arabian Profile contracts London
digital panelization specialist Newtecnic to develop 3D
software.
Next to Turkey, where Sanset koor are exploring
options to fabricate the auditorium interior, working
with Ankara acoustic specialist Mezzo Studyo. As more
and more specialists in the region join the project, the
Heydar Aliyev Center begins to rise from the ground and
take shape, a conical concrete core sprouts up and is
garlanded with steel flooring platforms, intriguing steel
boot columns are craned in, then decking unitssome
to be bent on site before their waterproof membranes
are welded together. Rain screen panels are bolted onto
brackets before the wind can carry them away, access
modules walk up the stairs and, after the structural
balustrades are fitted, the services and plaza lighting are
tested and commissioned in preparation for the Centers
opening.

Feb - April 2014

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Feb - April 2014

68

HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER OUTLINE

SPECIFICATION
Structure
MERO
doublecurved space frame structure
supporting solid external and
internal envelope: MERO KK
system (Fabricated by MERO-TSK
Germany) made of solid steel ball
nodes and CHS members. Nodes
with diameter between 110 and
350 mm and up to 16 threaded
holes in different directions. Due
to double-curved geometry all
nodes and members are different
and
individually
produced.
Members with diameter from
60.3 to 273 mm automatically
prefabricated of steel cones, CHS
pipes, threaded bolts and sleeves,
up to 4.5 m long.

All node and tube connections

assembled on site without any
welding. To achieve high corrosion
protection all parts are galvanized
and coated in accordance with
DIN EN ISO 12944. All Items are
under strict MERO quality control
in accordance with DIN ISO 9001
and ISO 14001.
Curved boot columns at ground
level connection points enable
inverse peel of solid external skin
on the west side of the building
from the plaza floor surface.
MERO
Additional framing construction:
In situ concrete sheer walls and
floors, steel floors.

External skin Solid

Fiberglass reinforced polyester
rain screen cladding panels
to roof higher than datum at
approximately 3 m above ground
level. Arabian Profile. Color
match with off-white fiberglass
reinforced
concrete
panels
achieved by using a gelcoat layer
with special mixture for visible

faces. Sheen, sparkle, and texture

to match fiberglass reinforced
concrete panels. 120 mm returns
on all edges. 50 mm wide primary
joints between panels, allowing
access to fixings, with 15 mm wide
transverse joints.

Support structure for

external skin panels:
Curved primary transverse steel
tubes with rod connections
to space frame. Secondary
longitudinal
steel
tubes
spanning between primaries and
supporting rain screen panels.
Weatherproofing: Prefabricated
trays comprising U-profile purlins
fixed to space frame stools
supporting trapezoidal metal decks

supporting rigid insulation boards

with weatherproof membranes
above and self-adhesive vapor
barriers below. Roof drainage:
Weirs in weatherproofing below
roof rain screen discharging into
downpipes.

Feb - April 2014

69

Access and maintenance system:

Solid external envelope: cherry
pickers, safety point hooks in 50 mm
gaps between panels at approx. 3 m
centers, with rappelling strategy for
steepest surfaces.
Glass curtain walling: Unitized
structurally bonded fixed glazing with
split mullions and transoms, adaptor
frames, and vertical cover profiles.
Suspension points at tops of units.
Insulating glass units with combined
solar-control coating and low-e
coating on the outer panes. Inner and
outer panes contain fully tempered
safety glass. Outer pane: laminated
glass with polyvinyl butyral laminate,
either standard PVB laminate for
medium
acoustic
requirements

or with noise-control foil. 2-pane

insulated glass units comprise
laminated glass with 2 panes 6
mm tempered glass externally.
Glass heat soak tested to EN 14179,
combined solar-control coating and
low-e coating on face 2. 16 mm air
cavity with highly insulating spacer,
stainless steel spacer, or comparable.
8 mm tempered glass to inside heat
soak tested to EN 14179.
U-value to vertical units 1.4 W/m2K.
Solar factor 30% Solar G-value, EN
410 24% Shading coefficient, EN/0.80
0.30 Total energy transmission
0.30 114 Percentages are allowed to
vary up to 2 percentage points in the
adverse direction.

Acoustic insulation:
max. Rcwtr = 41 dB required for
glazing. The insulated glass units
allow and guarantee for a deflection
of the glass panel edge of up to L /150
(approx. 25 mm over a length of 4
m). Deflection in the middle of panes
with supports along all edges not
limited to a certain value. Structural
silicone seals to inner and outer panes
of insulating glass units. Mullions
and transoms aluminum extruded
rectangular/ polygonal sections to
outside. Mullions and transoms:
Curved glass panels around museum
/ tunnel elevation: tempered outer
pane, with enamel frit at the edges
to cover the spacer bonding, with
bendable and temperable solarcontrol coating.
Continued U-value 1.4 W/m2K
(vertical) Daylight transmittance
LT (EN 410) to match above Solar
G-value EN 410: 24% Curved glass
IGUs to match surrounding flat glass
units perfectly.
Hard and soft landscaping Plaza
flooring and panels in transitional
zone between plaza flooring and
raincreen: Flat, single- and doublecurved fiberglass reinforced concrete
flooring panels by Arabian Profile.
Specially developed alkali-resistant

fiberglass and cement sand mortar.

Slip resistance: R10 in wet conditions,
R12 in dry.
Panels rest on concrete and gravel
in plaza and wedge-shaped concrete
footing
in
transitional
zone.
Gaskets in joints to prevent finger
trapping and indicate proximity of
transitional zone between plaza
and external envelope. External
ponds: top and bottom reservoir
with perimeter overflow requiring
accurate workmanship to stonework
at edges and special collector
unit to ensure water appears still,
waterfalls connecting reservoirs
have concealed channels at supply
and overflow points to prevent them
disturbing still surfaces of ponds and
have dedicated filtration; special
vacuum and filtration appliances for
maintenance and cleaning of shallow
reservoirs. Landscape and hardscape
walls: board-marked in situ concrete.
Grass: blend of 3 different seeds
suitable for windy, hot, humid
climate, terrace garden plant system
comprising drainage layer, and root
retainers with automatic garden
irrigation system also available.
External facade lighting Groundembedded facade lighting fixtures:

Feb - April 2014

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Feb - April 2014

71

Feb - April 2014

72

produced by the Light Project

company, can be directed by
360 degrees, with special filter.
Bespoke fixtures with reflectors,
used in facade cove: produced by
British Crescent Company.
External plaza lighting Recessed
LEDs at sides of the steps: bespoke
item by Cedetas with linear stainless
steel casing and top-radiused Flotel
glass. Stone light marker LEDs:
manufactured by HRN design.
LED fixtures below stair railings:
bespoke design by Zaha Hadid,
manufactured by Zumtobel.

and painted. Panels and boards

screwed to fixing plates connected
to telescopic tubes connected to
tubular secondary steel support
structure suspended from space
frame, with threaded rod bracing
where required. Suspended ceilings:
Knauf Acoustic suspended ceilings:
Baswa Finish to auditorium ceiling
and walls: Oak Internal flooring
Transitional zones between internal
floors and walls: Bolidt synthetic
resin flooring. First-floor exhibition
area in museum and grand stair on
first floor: Greton branded beige
artificial stone, size: 45 90 cm.

Internal skin, walls, and ceilings

Inner face of external envelope:
6 mm Flex-Panels. Skimmed

Internal lighting Atrium lobby:

Lighting integrated into helical
stair handrail; balustrade uplight
adjacent to step; recessed light
features in ceiling; floor slot
fittings uplighting external skin.
Auditorium: linear wall washers;
dark recessed ceiling slots conceal
downlighting onto seating areas;
step lighting; ceiling shadow gap
wall washers providing ambient
light. Structural cantilever glass
balustrades and handrails 1,100
mm high tempered and laminated
extra clear glass. Structural glass
balustrades to stairs and landings,
but not galleries, with LED
luminaires, bus bars integrated
with laminated glass. Stainless steel
handrails to stairs and landings with
wall-fixed LED luminaires.

Mechanical services Fresh air is

supplied to all mechanical rooms.
Variable air volume system for
exhibition gallery. Control of drafts
from large areas of facade glazing
by convectors and floor heating.
Heating and cooling plant located
in remote utility structure.
Fire safety Smoke control: special
pressurization systems prevent the
spread of smoke into the escape
staircases in case of fire.

Feb - April 2014

73

The Khan Shatyr

Entertainment Centre
Astana, Kazakhstan
The Center represents a major new civic,
cultural and social venue for the people
of Astana, bringing together a wide range
of activities within a sheltered climatic
envelope that provides a comfortable
environment all year round.
The tent-like, cable-net structure is located
at the northern end of the new city axis
and soars 150 metres from an elliptical
base to form the highest peak on the
Astana skyline. The building encloses an
area in excess of 100,000 square metres
within an ETFE dome, with dramatic views
over the city and the Steppes beyond.
Contained within it is an urban-scaled park,
along with a wide variety of entertainment
and leisure facilities, including retail,
cafes, restaurants, cinemas, and flexible
spaces that can accommodate a varied
programme of events and exhibitions. The
different levels form undulating terraces,
the uppermost terrace forming a water
park.

Temperatures in Astana can drop to -35

degrees Celsius in winter and climb as high
as +35 degrees in summer. The three-layer
ETFE envelope is designed to shelter the
enclosed accommodation from weather
extremes and to allow daylight to wash
the interiors. In winter, a key challenge
is to prevent the formation of ice on the
inside of the envelope. This is achieved
by a combination of temperature control
and directing warm air currents up the
inner surface of the fabric, a strategy that
also prevents downdraughts. In summer,
fritting on the outermost foil layer
provides solar shading. Inside, low-level
jets direct cool air across the space, while
opening vents at the apex induce stackeffect ventilation.

Nigel Dancey, a Design Director at Foster + Partners, said:

Khan Shatyr will be an important new destination for the
people of Astana to enjoy at all times of the year, whatever
the weather. Palace of Peace and Khan Shatyr, we are
proud to have designed the two landmark structures for
such prominent points along the citys main axis their
forms express the change of emphasis and function, from
religion to entertainment, as you pass along this grand new
boulevard.

Photo Credit of Lord Norman Foster projects photo is NIGEL YOUNG_FOSTER & PARTNERS

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What are the specific measurements

on the tent? How tall is it? How
wide is the base? What materials
are used in the tent and how much
of it? What is its volume.

The top of the steel mast is 150m high and the

width of the base is 195m. The structure has
a 20m high sloped concrete base with 4.2m
long elliptical shape integrated rooflights.
The cladding is made up of approximately
19,000m of Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
(ETFE). The ETFE and cable roof is very
lightweight and thus efficient- the large
spans would make for a very heavy structure
if it was steel and glass- and by hanging the
roof from the tripod all the cables are simply
in tension, which is a very efficient system
for steel.

What makes it still considered a

tent, even though its that tall?

Khan Shatyr is a fabric structure supported

by a mast and cable stays. The tented form
has great resonance in Kazakh history as a
traditional nomadic building form Khan
Shatyr roughly translates as the Tent of the
Khan.

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What innovations in tent-building

technology
and/or
tent-related
architecture were implemented in the
design to allow such a tall tent to be
constructed?

Any other comments that would be

helpful to explain how this tent breaks
the mould of other tents.

The most critical phase of construction was

successfully completed in December 2008 with
the erection of the 150 metre-high tripod mast.
The 2,000 tonne structure was dramatically
lifted into place by hydraulic pumps, mounted
on a temporary tower structure and erected
at the centre of the tent in a process that took
two weeks, setting a milestone for this type of
construction worldwide.

It is not just the massive scale which breaks the

mould of other tents. By incorporating cafes,
restaurants, spa facilities, an indoor beach and
cinemas, as well as flexible entertainment spaces
that can accommodate a varied programme of
events and exhibitions, the structure is creates
major new civic, cultural and social heart for the
capital of Astana and an aspirational symbol that
looks to the future of Kazakhstan.

The construction sequence had to be carefully

timed to avoid the harsh winter months. This led
the design team to develop a structural solution
that utilised prefabricated components, which
could be manufactured off site and erected when
the weather permitted.

The tent concept was a response to the

inhospitable climate of Astana temperatures
there can fall as low as -35 degrees in winter
and reach +35 degrees Celsius in summer. Our
client wanted to offer a range of civic, cultural
and social amenities, so we enclosed these in a
climatic envelope a world within that would
welcome visitors all year round, whatever the
weather.

In winter, a further challenge was to prevent

the formation of ice on the inside of the ETFE
envelope. This was achieved with a combination
of temperature control and directing warm air
currents up the inner fabric surface, a strategy
that also prevents downdraughts. In summer,
frittingon the outermost foil layer provides solar
shading, while inside, low-level jets direct cool air
across the space and opening vents at the top
induce stack-effect ventilation.

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Q.This is now the tallest structure in the

skyline, how does it respect the existing
buildings in Astana?

The siting and orientation of Khan Shatyr

has been carefully considered to integrate it into
the axial masterplan of the city. The building is
positioned in a highly prominent position at the
end of this central axis. All the buildings along
this axis, such as the Presidential Palace and the
Palace of Peace, are iconic in form and greater in
scale than the surrounding buildings. Khan Shatyr
is one of the first of many landmark projects
being built in Astana. The next few years will see
many more tall buildings in Astana for example
the Emerald Tower 1 which will rise to 210 metres
when it is completed next year.

What are some unique or dream uses for

the structure that youd like to see?

The Khan Shatyr has a range of civic,

cultural and social amenities, but the
main aim was to provide a highly flexible space. It
can be used for a wide variety of purposes without
having to change the primary structure and the
main building services. The main shopping area
also has the potential to be adapted if necessary.
This building type is a new concept for Astana and
its potential to accommodate changing needs will
help to ensure the buildings longevity.

What does the public think about the

shopping center?

The first day the building was open

to the public, 140,000 visitors were
recorded. We hope that this is a strong indicator
of the buildings popularity and that the people
of Astana will feel ownership of and pride in their
new building.

What were the challenges working in a

country like Kazakhstan which lacks the
infrastructure and many resources of
other countries youre working in?

The cable net comprises 192 radial cables and

16 circumferential cables. In order to complete
the installation of the cables within the record
time of 1 month, 650 professional mountain
climbers from 7 different nations formed part of
the construction team at this critical stage. They
worked under severe conditions up to a height of
100 metres in order to accomplish the installation.
Working in Kazakhstan it was also critical to find
the right project partners. Our local team was
based in Turkey but had a strong track record of
delivering projects in Kazakhstan. Their familiarity
with local working methods was critical to the
success of the project.

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Studio London
10 Bowling Green Lane
London EC1R 0BQ
T +44 20 7253 5147
F +44 20 7251 8322

HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER

mail@zaha-hadid.com
www.zaha-hadid.com

Design
Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher

Architect
Zaha Hadid Architects

Project Designer and Architect

Saffet Kaya Bekiroglu
Project Team
Sara Sheikh Akbari
Shiqi Li
Phil Soo Kim
Marc Boles
Yelda Gin
Liat Muller
Deniz Manisali
Lillie Liu
Jose Lemos
Simone Fuchs
Jose Ramon Tramoyeres
Yu Du
Tahmina Parvin
Erhan Patat
Fadi Mansour
Jaime Bartolome
Josef Glas
Michael Grau
Deepti Zachariah
Ceyhun Baskin
Daniel Widrig
Murat Mutlu
Special thanks to Charles Walker
Main Contractor and Architect of Record
DiA Holding

Zaha Hadid Ltd t/a Zaha Hadid Architects.

Registered in England No 3749443. Registered Office: New Derwent House,
69-73 Theobalds Road, London WC1X 8TA. VAT Reg. No. 743 7288 09

Consultants
Tuncel Engineering, AKT (Structure)
GMD Project (Mechanical)
HB Engineering (Electrical)
Werner Sobek (Faade)
Etik Fire Consultancy (Fire)
Mezzo Stdyo (Acoustic)
Enar Engineering (Geotechnical)
Sigal (Infrastructure)
MBLD (Lighting)
Subcontractors and manufacturers
MERO (Steel Space Frame System) + Bilim Makina (Installation of Space Frame System)
Doka (Formwork)
Arabian Profile (External Cladding Panels / GRC & GRP)
Lindner (Internal Skin Cladding)
Sanset koor (Auditorium Wooden Cladding)
Quinette (Auditorium Seats)
Zumtobel (Lighting Fixtures)
Baswa (Special Acoustic Ceilings) + Astas (Installation of Ceilings)
Solarlux (Multipurpose Hall Faade Door)
Bolidt (Polyurethane Floor Finish)
Kone Elevators + Ikma (Installation of Elevators)
MM Mhendisler Mermer (Marble Cladding Works)
HRN Dizayn (Landscape LED Installation)
Thyssen Group (Escalator)
Remak Makina (Fire Doors and Concrete-Cladded Doors)
Tema (Gypsum Panel Works)
MIM Mhendislik (Structural Steel)
Elekon Enerji Sistemleri (Main Building Lighting Control System)
NIS Epoksi Kaplama Sistemleri (Epoxy Works)
Light Projects Group (Lighting Fixtures)
Limit Insaat (External Skin Insulations and Structure)

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Credits
The Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre
Astana, Kazakhstan
20062010
Foster + Partners Team

Norman Foster
David Nelson
Nigel Dancey
David Summerfield
Filo Russo
Peter Ridley
Pablo Cabrera
Claudia Chiappini
Dennis Hawner
Joost Heremans
Tomonobu Hirayu
Kevin Joutel
Gulsah Komurcuoglu
Nina Linde
Wei Luo
Vasileios Mavropoulos
Barcin Oguz
Emre Ozberk
Nicholas Papas
Brady Peters
Juraj Pollak
Leyla Rahnavard
Guvenc Topcuoglu
Ayca Vural

Client

Sembol Construction

Collaborating Architects

Linea Tusavul Architecture

Gultekin Architecture

Structural & Service

Engineers

Buro Happold

Local Structural Engineers

OZUN PROJE Ltd + Arce

Local Services Engineers

Mechanical -Vemeks Engineering Ltd, Electrical - HB Teknik

Lighting Consultant

Claude Engle

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