Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
Transportation Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai Johor, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 10 May 2011
Received in revised form
13 December 2011
Accepted 15 December 2011
Available online 17 January 2012
This paper discusses the details of unsteady experimentation and analysis of a twin-entry variable
geometry turbine for an automotive turbocharger. The turbine in this study is the product of design
progression from a commercial nozzleless unit to a single-entry variable geometry and consequently to
a twin-entry unit. The main features of the turbine were kept similar across all congurations for
equivalent comparison basis. The unsteady curves of the twin-entry turbine exhibited the conventional
looping characteristics representing lling and emptying effects, which was also the case for the
nozzleless and single-entry nozzled turbine. The swallowing capacity of the twin-entry turbine, during
full admission testing, was recorded to be inconsistent between the two entries, in particular they were
at different pressure ratio levels e the shroud end entry was in most cases more pressurized compared
to the hub end entry, as much as 13%. Contrarily, during out-of-phase testing the swallowing capacity of
both the turbine entries was found to be similar. The cycle-averaged efciency of the nozzled turbine
either twin or single-entry was found to depart signicantly from the equivalent quasi-steady, in
comparison to the nozzleless single-entry turbine, this was as much as 32%.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Turbochargers
Aerodynamic efciency
Unsteady ows
Turbines
1. Introduction
A turbocharger turbine operates under unsteady conditions due
to the pulsating nature of the exhaust gases. In consequence, twinentry turbines are generally designed and used for better energy
extraction from the pulsating exhaust gases. Twin-entry turbine
allows the pulsation in the exhaust gas to be sustained, by separating
the banks of the manifold till it reaches the rotor/nozzle inlet. In
doing this, the higher isentropic energy in the pulse can made
available for the turbine to be extracted. However, pulsating ow
creates unique operating characteristics in a twin-entry turbine, in
comparison to a single-entry e this is further amplied with the
variable geometry congurations. The staggered pulsation in both
the entries, due to sequences in the exhaust valve opening, means
the turbine is operating in a combination mode of mostly unequal
and partial entry conditions. Thus, there is a need for experimental
work to understand the unsteady-state performance of a twin-entry
variable geometry turbine in various operating conditions, in
comparison to the single-entry and nozzleless unit. This is necessary
Nomenclature
A
C
D
MFP
N
P
PR
r
T
Tr
U
_
m
_
W
h
q
Area, mm2
Absolute velocity, m/s
Rotor Diameter, m
Mass ow parameter
Turbine speed, rps
Pressure, Pa
Pressure ratio
radius, mm
Temperature, K
Torque, Nm
Rotor tip velocity, m/s
Mass ow rate, Kg/s
Power, kW
Efciency
Phase Angle
performance characteristics under steady, unsteady, equal admission and partial admission conditions. Dale [13] presented results for
pulse frequency of 40 and 60 Hz, turbine speed 300e700 RPS,
a mean total inlet temperature of 400 K and a maximum instantaneous pressure ratio of 1.8. The turbine was coupled to an eddycurrent dynamometer with a loading capacity of 12 kW. Dale and
Watson [12] measured the instantaneous mass ow rate at the
turbine inlet with a hotwire anemometry and the instantaneous
inlet static pressure with a fast response pressure transducer. The
torque was deduced from the rotor rotational speed and acceleration. Almost all researchers investigating the unsteady performance
of a radial/mixed ow turbine have used these measurement
techniques ever since. Based on the instantaneous measurement,
Dale and Watson [12] presented the typical hysteresis loop for
radial turbine unsteady performance curves. Nikpour [14] conducted a study similar to Dale [13] but with a nozzleless turbine. A
hydraulic dynamometer was used to load the turbine with higher
maximum speed compared to Dale [13]. A hysteresis loop was also
recorded for the unsteady performance curve, but with greater
deviation from the equivalent steady, compared to Dale [13].
Baines et al. [15] further developed the work by Dale and Watson [12] with the study of a twin-entry nozzleless radial turbine
under pulsating ow conditions. The measuring instruments
remain largely similar to Dale and Watson [12]. The turbine
performances were evaluated for pulse frequency of 20, 40 and
60 Hz, turbine speed of 300e500 RPS, a mean total inlet temperature of 400 K and a maximum instantaneous pressure ratio of 1.8.
Baines et al. [15] also documented the out-of-phase pulsating ow
results, where dual-loops in the instantaneous efciency trace were
found. These were attributed to the effect of reverse ow from the
open valve limb to the close valve limb in an out-of-phase testing.
In overall, the similar hysteresis loops in the unsteady performance
curves were found as other researchers. The experimental facility in
the current study is an improved version from Dale and Watson
[12] and Baines et al. [15].
The more recent unsteady turbine performance evaluation was
given by Marelli and Capobianco [16], where they have utilized
largely similar measurement techniques as in the current study.
However, their investigation was focused on single-entry radial
turbine under waste gated conditions. In broad perspective, Marelli
and Capobianco [16] showed the signature unsteady curves and
quantied the turbine efciency depreciation in comparison to
quasi-steady assumptions.
This paper addresses the turbine unsteady performance under
the combination of twin-entry and variable geometry congurations,
j
Cis
Azimuth Angle
isentropic velocity, m/s
Subscript
actual
in
ins
isent
out
SE
TE
tot
ts
0
1
5
actual conditions
inner limb (entry)
instantaneous conditions
isentropic
outer limb (entry)
single-entry
twin-entry
total (inner outer limb entry)
total-to-static
Total conditions
Turbine stage inlet
Turbine stage exit
177
178
Table 1
Nozzleless vs. nozzled turbine volute dimensions [18].
Nozzleless
Nozzled
50
73.9
2568.6
34.7
30
100.0
3300.0
33.0
every test point during unsteady experiments. For all but the hotwire measurement, the 1800 cycles are ensemble averaged to
reduce any random non-cyclic uctuation in the measurement.
Meanwhile the 36 points hotwire measurements are integrated as
specied in BS 1042:1983 and only 50 cycles are ensemble averaged. The hotwire measurement is then corrected for temperature
before the nal mass ow rate can be deduced. The instantaneous
temperature of the ow is calculated based on the isentropic
compression assumption. The ensemble averaged signals are then
ltered with Finite Impulse Response (FIR) to further attenuate
noises in the reading.
All but the speed signals are recorded with an analogue-digital
card with constant sampling rate of 20,000 samples per second.
The speed signal is logged through a counter card, thus the
recorded number of samples per cycle are not constant and not in
match with the analogue readings. For the purpose of instantaneous point-by-point analysis, the speed signal is resample at
a constant 20,000 samples per second with spline interpolation.
The speed signal is then derived to determine the uctuating
torque of the rotor. Consequently the uctuating torque is used to
calculate the total power of the turbine. The difference in the
measurement locations of the actual and isentropic properties, as
shown in Fig. 2, requires a degree of phase shifting to enable
evaluation on common time frame. This is achieved by phase
shifting all the measurement to a common reference location
using bulk sonic ow velocity as described by Szymko et al. [23]
(see Fig. 2).
179
Fig. 2. Turbocharger test-rig schematic diagram, shown with relevant measurement locations.
relating the inlet ow velocity and the inlet Mach number, as given
in Eq. (1). For the twin-entry turbine the mass ow parameter is
calculated considering the contribution of each limb on the overall
ow capacity. The mass ow leaving the two entries mixes prior
entering to the rotor and it is therefore sensible to consider an
average of the ow properties. From the energy equation, the
stagnation temperature is calculated as a mass weighed average
value while for the total pressure at inlet, an area average value is
Fig. 3. Rotating chopper plate for the air pulse generator to experimentally simulate exhaust gas pulsation.
MFPins;SE
MFPins;TE
p
_ ins T01ins
m
P01ins
s
_ ins;in
_ ins;out
m
m
T
T
_ ins;tot 01ins;in m
_ ins;tot 01ins;out
m
_ ins;tot ,
m
0:5 P01ins;in P01ins;out
(1)
(2)
8.00
T01/P01)
7.00
180
5.00
The instantaneous pressure ratio is given in Eq. (3). In a twinentry turbine, the pressure ratio can be dened using an area
averaged pressure ratio between the two entries as given in Eq. (4).
PRins;TE
P01ins
P5ins
(4)
hts ins;SE
_
W
actualins
_
W
(5)
U
Cis
ins;SE
pDNins
s
_
2W
(7)
isentins
_ ins
m
U
Cis
ins;TE
pDNins
_
_
2 W isent;in W
isent;out ins
_ ins;tot
m
3.00
Single Entry Nozzled
Nozzeless
Steady Nozzeless
2.00
1.00
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
x 1e-5
60Hz, 80% Speed
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
Steady Nozzleless
0.00
1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
Fig. 4. Comparison of the mass ow parameter vs. pressure ratio curves between the
single-entry nozzled and nozzleless turbine at 40 & 60 Hz, 80% equivalent speed
condition (nozzleless results from Szymko [24]).
(6)
4.00
isentins
_
W
actualins
hts ins;TE
_
_
W isent;in W
isent;out ins
6.00
(3)
1 P01ins;in P01ins;out
P5ins
2 P5ins
0.00
PRins;SE
x 1e-5
(8)
181
a more open positions especially at 40 and 50 vane angle settings,
the turbine gradually exhibit negative efciency. This reects the
decrease in the tangential ow velocity at open nozzle positions in
the low pressure ratio region. It is also noticed that during the rst
120 crank angles, where most of the isentropic power concentrated in the pulse, both the nozzleless and nozzled turbines shows
no signicant difference in most cases. The nozzled turbine shows
increasing departure from the nozzleless unit at closer nozzle
settings, which can be explained as the effect of choking and mass
accumulation. Table 2 shows the velocity ratio, cycle-averaged
efciency and the equivalent quasi-steady efciency for the
nozzleless and nozzled turbines as shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen
that the cycle-averaged efciency is generally lower than the quasisteady assumption in most cases. However, in specic, it is clear
that the degree of departure of the unsteady conditions from the
equivalent quasi-steady is more pronounced in the nozzled turbine,
especially at higher vane angle settings.
6. Results and discussions: twin-entry VGT
6.1. Swallowing capacity of twin-entry turbine
1.6
Efficiency (
t-s)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.2
40 Hz
-1.6
60 Hz
Nozzleless
80%Speed
-2
0
90
180
Phase Angle (Deg)
270
40deg
50deg
65deg
70deg
60deg
1.6
t-s)
1.2
Efficiency (
360
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.2
-1.6
40Hz, 80%Speed
-2
0
90
180
270
360
1.6
Efficiency (
t-s)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.2
-1.6
60Hz, 80%Speed
-2
0
90
180
270
360
Table 2
Energy weighed cycle-averaged values of velocity ratio and efciency for singleentry nozzled and nozzleless turbine, 80% equivalent speed conditions (nozzleless
results from Szymko, [24]).
Frequency & conguration
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
hquasi-steady
40
40
40
40
40
40
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
40deg
50deg
60deg
65deg
70deg
nozzleless
0.65
0.662
0.652
0.645
0.619
0.624
0.604
0.607
0.613
0.603
0.588
0.626
(2.8%)
(3.1%)
(12.6%)
(15.4%)
(14.6%)
(4.6%)
0.576
0.638
0.739
0.757
0.734
0.672
60
60
60
60
60
60
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
40deg
50deg
60deg
65deg
70deg
nozzleless
0.676
0.684
0.682
0.662
0.62
0.653
0.657
0.69
0.686
0.64
0.556
0.691
(7.3%)
(4.2%)
(7.1%)
(13.2%)
(19.4%)
(0.8%)
0.584
0.648
0.757
0.772
0.75
0.683
182
220
240
Outer Limb
Inner Limb
200
180
160
140
120
100
Outer Limb
Inner Limb
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
45
90
135
190
Inlet Static Pressure (kPa)
180
Outer Limb
170
180
225
270
315
360
Inner Limb
160
150
140
130
120
110
180
Outer Limb
170
Inner Limb
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
100
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Fig. 6. Twin-entry turbine typical inlet static pressure proles for in-phase and 180 out-of-phase admission: given for individual entries, inner and outer limbs.
Fig. 7. Swallowing capacity of twin-entry turbine at 50% equivalent speed and inphase full admission: given for individual entries, inner and outer limbs as well as
mass averaged combination.
Fig. 8. Swallowing capacity of twin-entry turbine at 80% equivalent speed and inphase full admission: given for individual entries, inner and outer limbs as well as
mass averaged combination.
183
Fig. 9. Swallowing capacity of twin-entry turbine at 50% equivalent speed and 180
out-of-phase admission: given for individual entries, inner and outer limbs as well as
mass averaged combination.
184
90
90
Wisnt
Wact
75
Power (kW)
60
Power (kW)
75
45
30
Wact
60
45
30
15
15
0
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
25
Wisnt
Wact
20
Wisnt
Wact
20
Power (kW)
Power (kW)
Wisnt
15
10
15
10
5
0
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Fig. 10. Twin-entry turbine isentropic and actual power proles for in-phase and 180 out-of-phase admissions: given for individual entries, inner and outer limbs.
Zq
hts energyavg
Zq
_
hts Wt
isent dt
Zq
_
Wt
isent dt
_
Wt
act dt
Zq
_
Wt
isent dt
hts cycleavg
(9)
Zq
U
Cis
energyavg
U
_
,Wt
isent dt
Cis t
Zq
(10)
_
Wt
isent dt
1
_
_
_
In a twin-entry conguration W
isent W isent;in W isent;out , while the velocity
ratio U/Cis is equal to that provided in Eq. (8).
185
Table 3
Comparison of energy weighted cycle-averaged and quasi-steady efciency.
60 vane angle
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
hquasi-steady
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
hquasi-steady
0.542
0.503
0.533
0.472
0.456
0.631
0.631
0.611
0.626
25.4%
25.4%
0.8%
0.640
0.596
0.629
0.835
0.616
0.823
0.784
0.768
0.781
6.5%
19.8%
5.4%
Out-of-phase
40Hz
0.587
60Hz
0.464
80Hz
0.567
0.434
0.415
0.526
0.647
0.586
0.641
32.9%
29.2%
17.9%
0.595
0.587
0.577
0.631
0.520
0.560
0.768
0.763
0.757
17.8%
31.8%
26.0%
In-phase
40 Hz
60 Hz
80 Hz
In-Phase Flow
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
Efficiency
Efficiency
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
40
50
60
70
80
0.3
0.4
Frequency (Hz)
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
U/Cis
Cycle avrg eff - 27.9
50%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Quasi-steady - 27.9
50%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
80%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Cycle avrg eff - 43.0
Quasi-steady - 43.0
80%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Fig. 11. Comparison cycle-averaged vs. quasi-steady efciency for the in-phase ow at 50% and 80% equivalent speed for 60 vane angle.
0.8
0.8
0.75
0.75
0.7
0.7
0.65
0.65
0.6
0.6
Efficiency
Efficiency
Out-of-Phase Flow
0.55
0.5
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.3
40
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz)
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
U/Cis
50%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Cycle avrg eff - 27.9
50%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Quasi-steady - 27.9
80%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Cycle avrg eff - 43.0
80%revs/K^0.5
Equiv Speed
Quasi-steady - 43.0
Fig. 12. Comparison cycle-averaged vs. quasi-steady efciency for the out-of-phase ow at 50% and 80 equivalent speed for 60 vane angle.
186
Unsteady/Quasi-steady ratio
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
Out of phase 50% Equiv Speed
0.7
0.6
0.5
40
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 13. Ratio between cycle-averaged and quasi-steady efciency for the in-phase and
out-of-phase ow at 50% and 80 equivalent speed.
was observed in the cycle-averaged efciency variation. In the outof-phase ow conditions, the cycle-averaged efciency shows large
discrepancies from the quasi-steady e at 50% equivalent speed
a difference of 32.9%, 29.2% and 17.9% was measured at 40 Hz, 60 Hz
and 80 Hz respectively. A similar drop was also found at 80%
equivalent speed e the cycle-averaged efciency deviates from the
quasi-steady by 17.8%, 31.8% and 26.0% for the 40 Hz, 60 Hz and
80 Hz cases respectively.
Another interesting aspect to taken into account is the effect of
the pulsed ow phases (in-phase or out-of-phase) on the efciency.
From Table 3 it can be seen that the out-of-phase condition is
detrimental to the overall efciency above all at high speed. At 80%
equivalent speed, the cycle-averaged efciency drops from 0.835,
0.616, and 0.823 down to 0.631, 0.520, and 0.560 for 40 Hz, 60 Hz
and 80 Hz respectively, from the in-phase to out-of-phase ow
condition e this corresponds to a drop of 32.2%, 18.4%, and 46.9%
respectively. However, the same decit is not observed at lower
speed where the efciency drop is much lesser. At 50% equivalent
speed, the efciency drops from 0.472, 0.456 and 0.631 to 0.434,
0.415 and 0.526 (corresponding to a drop of 8.75%, 9.8% and 19.96%)
for 40 Hz, 60 Hz and 80 Hz respectively, from the in-phase to outof-phase ow condition.
In order to further understand the correlation between the
cycle-averaged and the quasi-steady assumption, the ratios
between these efciencies has been calculated for both in-phase
and out-phase ow at 50% and 80% equivalent speeds. The
parameter called efciency ratio is plotted in Fig. 13 against pulse
frequency (40 Hz, 60 Hz, 80 Hz). As noted from Fig. 13, at 80%
equivalent speed, the efciency ratio for the in-phase ow does not
vary substantially with frequency, which goes in favour of the
quasi-steady assumption. The dip observed at 60 Hz (efciency
ratio z0.8) can be considered as the result of the transition through
a region where the quasi-steady assumption no longer applies. In
the out-of-phase ow conditions instead the efciency ratio
remains below unity for both 50% and 80% equivalent speeds.
In order to understand the efciency trends, the unsteady timeaveraged power and mass ow were calculated and compared to the
quasi-steady values e these are shown in Fig. 14 for 80% speed. The
quasi-steady values are obtained from the steady curves at the
equivalent unsteady isentropic energy averaged velocity ratio.
The gure show shat the quasi-steady average values generally over
predict the corresponding unsteady values since the power and
mass ow ratio remain below unity. The mass ow and power vary
in a consistent manner for both in-phase and out-of-phase ow
conditions e a decreasing value in the ratio observed with
increasing frequency. Despite the similarities existing between the
in-phase and out-of-phase power and mass ow ratios, Fig. 14
shows that in out-of-phase ow condition, the mass ow ratio
(and hence the isentropic power ratio) is approximately equal to
unity for almost any frequency, thus showing that the quasi-steady
assumption is adequate for a full unsteady calculation. The same
does not occur for the in-phase conditions for which a dip at 60 Hz
can be observed in the mass ow and isentropic power ratio. As
already observed before (Fig.10) such a dip could be attributed to the
increasingly unsteady correlations between the wave action and
lling and emptying effects in the nozzled turbine system. On the
efciency side, the trend observed for the ratios between the cycleaveraged and the quasi-steady efciencies (Figs. 11 and 12) are reected in the actual and isentropic power ratios e the isentropic
power ratios remains consistently above the actual power ratio.
Comparing the cycle-averaged efciency with the quasi-steady
assumption based on full admission conditions is not conclusive
when dealing with twin-entry turbines. It is a known fact that the
twin-entry turbine is meant to work in out-of-phase ow conditions in most cases. The incoming pulses from each bank of
manifolds occur at staggered intervals, thus the turbine works in
partial admission conditions in most cases compared to full admission. Therefore, in order to evaluate the quasi-steady assumption in
the out-of-phase ow conditions, it is appropriate to refer to the
partial admission maps instead of the full admission. Table 4 shows
the quasi-steady efciency calculated using the full and partial
admission conditions. The cycle-averaged efciencies and the ratio
In Phase Flow
2
Unsteady/Quasi-steady ratio
Unsteady/Quasi-steady ratio
40
60
80
Frequency (Hz)
Wisnt
ratio
Wis ratio
Wact ratio
40
60
Frequency (Hz)
80
Fig. 14. Ratio cycle-averaged and quasi-steady power and mass ow rate for the in-phase and out-of-phase ow at 80% equivalent speed and 60 vane angle.
187
Table 4
Comparison between cycle-averaged and quasi-steady efciency considering full and partial admission assumption for the quasi-steady value.
Out-of-phase ow (quasi-steady assumption based on partial admission condition)
50% equivalent speed
40 Hz
60 Hz
80 Hz
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
hqs, full
hratio
hqs,partial
hratio
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
hqs,full
hratio
hqs, partial
hratio
0.587
0.464
0.567
0.434
0.415
0.526
0.647
0.586
0.641
0.67
0.70
0.82
0.530
0.533
0.534
0.81
0.77
0.98
0.595
0.587
0.577
0.631
0.520
0.560
0.768
0.763
0.757
0.82
0.68
0.73
0.607
0.607
0.608
1.03
0.85
0.92
Unsteady/Quasi-steady ratio
1.1
vane angle, the efciency is higher than those measured at 40 and
70 , while the 40 vane angle setting seems to perform better than
the 70 . The efciency decit for the 70 vane angle compared to
the optimum vane angle is approximately 17.3%, 10.1% and 17.7% for
40 Hz, 60 Hz and 80 Hz respectively. Such a penalty in efciency
could be attributed to the blockage effects due to closed nozzle
settings, similar to what was found in the single-entry investigations [25]. The mass accumulation in the volume (volute pipe)
reduces the possible momentum imparted to the rotor with
consequent lower power output.
6.4. Further considerations
The analysis carried out within the current paper comes as
a continuation of a similar study done on the same turbine
congurations under steady-state conditions [18]. The results obtained in steady-state conditions showed that the mass ow
parameters for the twin-entry are almost independent of the
conguration and of the type of ow admission (partial or unequal
admission [18]). A similar behaviour is not observed as the turbines
starts to operate under unsteady conditions. Even though the
hysteresis loops between the entries seem to have a fair degree of
symmetry, there are still some issues, which need to be addressed
in order to be able to make a nal judgement over the turbine
performance. These can be identied mainly in (1) the reliability
of the quasi-steady assumption, for which there are still on-going
debates but it is common to both single and twin-entry congurations, and (2) the physical approach in the evaluation of the
performance parameters for a twin-entry turbine. Within the
current paper, in accordance with previously published works
[18,27], a mass weighed averaged total temperatures and an area
averaged pressure ratios were considered for the calculation of
mass ow parameters. However, the complexity attributed to the
mixing of the travelling pulses and the extra degree of freedoms
due to the admission conditions (either in-phase or out-of-phase)
makes the assessment particularly complex. In this sense the
experimental results presented here provide an initial and rather
unique insight on the response of a variable geometry twin-entry
Full Admission
50%
Equiv Speed
revs/K^0.5
1
0.9
Full Admission
80%
Equiv Speed
revs/K^0.5
Table 5
Energy weighted cycle-averaged efciency for different vane angles.
50% equivalent speed
0.8
Partial Admission
50%
Equiv Speed
revs/K^0.5
0.7
Partial Admission
80%
Equiv Speed
revs/K^0.5
0.6
0.5
40
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 15. Ratio of cycle-averaged and quasi-steady efciency for the out-of-phase ow at
50% and 80% equivalent speed, obtained using the full and partial admission quasisteady value.
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
U/Cis
hcycle-avg
0.593
0.548
0.519
0.593
0.590
0.347
0.542
0.503
0.533
0.472
0.456
0.631
0.51
0.541
0.487
0.470
0.463
0.288
Out-of-phase
40 Hz
0.556
60 Hz
0.524
80 Hz
0.587
0.425
0.344
0.433
0.587
0.464
0.567
0.434
0.412
0.526
0.472
0.478
0.485
0.261
0.311
0.349
In-phase
40 Hz
60 Hz
80 Hz
188
0.6
0.6
Cycle averaged efficiency
In Phase Flow
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
40
50
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
40 deg
60 deg
70 deg
Fig. 16. Comparison of cycle-averaged efciency for different vane angles (40 , 60 and 70 ) for the in-phase and out-of-phase ow at 50% equivalent speed.
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