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Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Macrostructure
Aggregates (CA, FA)
Hydrated cement paste (hcp)
Entrapped air voids
Microstructure
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Macrostructure of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Macrostructure
Visible cracks
in hcp and
aggregates due
to volume
change
(to understand
cause of cracks,
we need to look at
microstructure)
Microstructure
Alkali-silica reaction:
Frost action:
Sulfate attack:
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
ASR Gel
which
expands
Concrete
cracking
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Concrete Technology
Concrete quality
Economic/Environmental impacts
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Signs of ASR
Where?
Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Transition Zone
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Images of:
un-damaged concrete
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Alkali-Silica Gel
inside ESEM
inside SEM
Concrete Technology
ASR Damage
Concrete rail road tie
disintegrated due to ASR
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
salt-contaminated aggregates
penetration of seawater
penetration of deicing solution
ASR Gel
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Concrete Technology
Insoluable alkalis
Blast furnace slag, volcanic glass, fly ash, silica
fume
Iceland uses CFS (Condensed Silica Fume) in all cement
Provides pores; allows gel room to expand
harmlessly
Structural Design
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Frost Action
Spalling
D-cracking and scaling
Where?
Northern Climates
Concrete pavements, retaining walls, bridge
decks
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Concrete Technology
Frost Action
Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Damage Mechanism
Hydraulic pressure*
Osmotic Pressure
Capillary Ice Growth
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Hydraulic Pressure
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Freeze-Thaw Damage
Freeze-thaw
scaling of a
railroad bridge
Freeze-thaw scaling
of a railroad bridge,
detailed view
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Paste Damage
low w/c ratio
Ensure proper curing of
concrete
Air entraining agents
Aggregate Damage
Frost-resistant aggregates
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Concrete Technology
Sulfate Attack
Seawater
Organic-rich environments (sewage,
stagnant water)
Industrial waste
Soils and groundwater
Clinker (delayed release)
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Sulfate Attack
Where?
Concrete Technology
Chemical Reactions
Ettringite formation
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Chemical Reactions
Expansion Mechanism
Concrete Technology
Ettringite Formation
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Chemical Reactions
Gypsum formation
CH + S + H CSH2
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Concrete Technology
Chemical Reactions
Magnesium-sulfate attack:
Formation of insoluble, poorly alkaline
magnesium hydroxide reduces stability of C-S-H;
hence C-S-H is attacked by the sulfate solution.
MgSO4+CH+2H => CaSO4.2H20+Mg(OH)2
3MgSO4+3C-S-H+|8H
3(CaSO4).2H2O+3Mg(OH)2+2SiO2.H2O
+3Mg(OH)2+2SiO2.H2O
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Sulfate attack
X-ray diffraction analysis of un-damaged and deteriorated
concrete
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Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Durability of Concrete
Concrete Technology
Alkali-Silica Reaction:
Macrostructure:
Sulfate Attack:
Macrostructure:
Microstructure:
Frost Action:
Macrostructure:
Microstructure:
Cracking,
characteristic whitish
appearance.
Microstructure:
Gypsum and
ettringite form with
hydration products in
hcp and expand;
ettringite crystals
deposit in internal
cracks and voids.
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