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C CIRCUITS
THEORY
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Waveforms
Phasor diagram
Impedance
Phase difference
=R
Instantaneous power
p = vi
2
2
(1-cos2t)
cos2t
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
= VI
A.C CIRCUITS
V=L
i =
THEORY
(cost) = sin
...
Phasor diagram
Impedance
Z=
A.C CIRCUITS
For a dc supply,
THEORY
f = 0 XL = 0
Power
Instantaneous power,
p = vi
= Vm sin. sin
= Vm sin cos .
=
sin 2
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
i=C
= C
dt
dt
(Vm sin t)
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Waveform
Phasor diagram
Impedance
Z=
The quantity
Xc =
Power difference = 00
Power factor
Power
Instantaneous power p = vi
= Vm sin t = Im sin ( + 900)
= (sin t cos t)
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
sin 2t
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Impedance
= + + 3 + jXLI
= (R + jXL) I
= R + jXL = Z
Z = Z
= tan-1
= tan-1
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
where
and
= tan-1
Waveforms
V m Im
2
cos cos (2 )
2
cos
V m Im
2
10
cos (2 )
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
V m Im
2
cos and a
V m Im
2
V m Im
2
cos
V m Im
2
cos = VI cos
S=
11
2 + 2
A.C CIRCUITS
Power triangle
cos
and
THEORY
R
Z
V =Z.-I
P = VI cos = Z.I. I.
Q = VI sin = Z.I. I.
R
Z
XL
Z
= I2 R (W)
= I2 XL (VAR)
VR
V
Z
S
12
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Impedance:
= +
= R- jXc
= (R jkXc)
= (R jkXc)
=Z
Z=
R2 X c2 =
13
R2
1
2 C 2
A.C CIRCUITS
= tan-1
XC
R
= tan-1
THEORY
1
RC
Im =
= tan-1
XC
R
Vm
Z
= tan-1
Waveforms
14
1
RC
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Power:
Active power
P = VI cos = I2R
Reactive power
P = VI sin = I2Xc
Apparent power
S = VI I2Z
Power Triangle
pf =
pf =
VR
V
R
Z
P
S
15
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
16
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Impedance
= + + = R +JjXLI JjXLI = [R + j (XL XC) ]
R2 + (X L X C )2
= tan-1
XL Xc
Impedance triangle
Case (i) XL > XC
17
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
18
A.C CIRCUITS
THEORY
Power:
Average power P = VI cos = I2R
Reactive power
Q = VI sin = I2X
Apparent power
S = VI = I2Z
Power Triangle
Case (i) XL > XC
VR
19
A.C CIRCUITS
20
THEORY