INTA 2030 Fall 2011

Midterm Exam
Part I
Select the best answer for each of the following questions. Each question is worth 1 point.
1. Under what conditions can one discriminate in a moral argument?
a. When the harm done is particularly egregious
b. When one is in a slippery slope situation
c. When the discrimination is shown not to be unacceptably arbitrary
d. When lives are at stake
e. None of the above
2. According to Carr, the morality of states treatment of other states differs from states treatment of
individuals
a. Because states are group persons and are the supreme holders of power
b. Because individuals are the supreme holder of power
c. Because states have the law on their side
d. Because individuals can revolt against the state
e. None of the above
3. Why does Morgenthau conclude that there must be an international morality?
a. Because states never fight each other
b. Because states interact in a diplomatic culture
c. Because states rarely seek to eliminate one another
d. Because states swear to interact in accordance with the UN Charter
4. What, according to Hedley Bull, are the three doctrines about international affairs?
a. Pluralist, solidarist, and consumerist
b. Hobbesian/Realist, Kantian/Revolutionary and Rational
c. Realist, cosmopolitan and solidarist
d. Realist, liberal and constructivist
e. Realist, liberal and Marxist
5. Realism
a. Sees the primacy in political life of authoritarianism
b. Sees the capacity for creativity in all humans
c. Sees the primacy in political life of power and security seeking
d. Sees no value in democracy
6. What is sovereignty?
a. The right to intervene in another states domestic affairs
b. The right to autonomy and independence
c. The duty of self-sufficiency
d. The right to deny anothers legitimacy
e. The right to declare ones self-worth

7. What is rationalism, according to Hedley Bull?

a. A perspective in which international order is primary to justice
b. A perspective in which international justice is primary to order
c. An order that is not anarchical must be established to allow for a just global society to
flourish
d. Order is distributive with justice
e. A perspective according to which sovereign states can cooperate with each other in
an international society without government
8. What is substantive justice, according to Hedley Bull?
a. Recognition of rules that confer specific rights and duties
b. The ability to substantiate a claim of injustice
c. The application of substantive rules to like persons
d. Equality and morality in general
e. The right to a specific portion of the benefit
9. Which form of justice best describes the reciprocal observation of treaties between states?
a. Distributive justice
b. Proportionate justice
c. Commutative justice
d. Collaborative justice
e. Arithmetical justice
10. According to the revolutionist view of the relationship between justice and order,
a. Order is commutative with justice
b. Order is always primary to justice
c. An order that is not anarchical must be established to allow for a just global society
to flourish
d. Order is distributive with justice
e. Sovereign states can cooperate with each other in a society without government
11. Why does Bull turn away from the Hobbesian idea of the state of nature?
a. Because states are not living beings
b. Because a state doesnt have a conscience like an individual does in the state of nature
c. Because state war is total and war between individuals is not
d. Because states are productive and have laws even under anarchy
12. How does Kant think individuals enter into society?
a. Through their free will
b. Through a love for God
c. Through coercion
d. Through reason
e. Through temptation

13. According to Immanuel Kants theses on history,

a. There is a teleology to nature
b. There is no teleology to nature
c. All of nature is destined to eternally remain the same
d. None of the above
14. According to Kant, why can only humans produce beyond what nature has already mechanically
organized?
a. Because only humans have the ability to process information quickly
b. Because other animals are too fearful
c. Because humans are bipedal
d. Because humans have the capacity for reason independent of instinct
e. Because humans have opposing thumbs
15. For Kant, which if the following is the means by which human capacities can be developed?
a. Fear
b. Antagonism
c. Mutual aid
d. Love
e. Pity
16. How can a perfect global civil constitution exist for Kant?
a. Through a world state
b. Through a federation of peoples
c. Through a direct democracy
d. Through a legislature of noblemen
e. Through the persistent effort of a philosopher king
17. According to Kant, what is civil freedom (the freedom that should be limited)?
a. The ability to ignore civil laws in our relations with one another
b. The ability to help others
c. The ability to perfect ourselves
d. The room to use reason publicly in all matters of civil significance
18. Why does Kant say that peace is naturally our moral objective, without our having to strive to be
better people?
a. Because people are naturally good
b. Because people will always try to help others, even during troubled times
c. Because people are so afraid of war that they will do anything to keep peace
d. Because each individuals private inclinations to exempt themselves from the law is
mutually cancelled out in a well-organized society
e. Because a philosopher king will naturally be able to coerce the people into peaceful
submission through the threat of force

19. According to Kant, in order to reach perpetual peace

a. No person should judge another
b. Every individual should love every other individual in the world
c. No independent nation may be acquired by another nation
d. All nations should have standing armies
e. All of the above
20. What is providence, according to Kant?
a. Natures purpose, which can be understood through practical reflection
b. Recognition of the ultimate futility of living
c. The fate of humankind, which can be understood without needing to consider the natural
world
d. A motivation for despotism
e. Love for ones nation above all else
21. According to Kants secret article
a. Senators will always do as the people say
b. Kings will always impose the law no matter how despotic
c. Decision-makers will never listen to the people
d. Decision-makers will listen to philosophers views on governance
e. Private citizens will never say anything of use to decision-makers
22. Why is politics about more than prudence for Kant?
a. Because states have no decision-making capacities
b. Because states are incapable of prudential reasoning
c. Because decision-makers are inherently immoral
d. Because states swear to interact in accordance with universal morals
e. Because individuals are not yet sufficiently enlightened to fully predict the effects of
actions
23. What are the two opposing forces that make perpetual peace possible, according to Kant?
a. Democracy that pulls us apart and theocracy that draws us together
b. Law that draws us together and order that pulls us apart
c. Separate language and religions that pull us apart, and trade that draws us together
d. Love of war that us apart and love of law that draws us together
e. All of the above
24. What is the difference between Kants moral politician and political moralist?
a. A political moralist is only interested in the morality of her actions
b. There is no difference, both recognize their own prejudices
c. There is no difference, neither recognize their own prejudices
d. Only a moral politician acts so as to will that the principle behind the action become
a universal law

25. The film Remains of the Day

a. Is a commentary on conviction and responsibility, according to our lecture
b. Is set in the interwar years
c. Portrays the transition from foreign policy as the activity of an international society of
aristocrats in Europe to foreign policy as real politik conducted by professionals
d. Depicts the presence of Nazi sympathizers in the England
e. All of the above
Part II
Expect to write at around 6 lines for each of the following short answer questions. Each question is
worth 5 points, and partial credit will be given. You can use the back of the sheet if you need extra
space.
26. What is enlightenment, according to Kant?
a. Define enlightenment ( point)
b. Specify what freedom under enlightenment means (2 points)
c. Describe the role of the prince in the age of enlightenment. (1 point)
d. Are we enlightened today? (1 point)
a. Enlightenment is the emergence of humans from their self-imposed immaturity
a. Immaturity is self-imposed by humans when we lack the courage to use our
understanding without guidance from another.
b. Freedom is to be understood here as the room to use reason publicly in all matters
or freedom is the ability to use our own understanding. Without guidance from
others
c. The role of the prince is to prevent anyone from forcibly interfering with anothers
work and to see to it that improvements are resonant with civil order
a. Caesar is not above the grammarians
d. No, but we live in an age of enlightenment
27. Define the following terms:
a. Republic, according to Kant:
b. Hobbess state of nature (state of anarchy):
c. Practical association:
d. Teleology or telos (you can choose either one):
e. World federation (compare this with world state):
a. A form of government in which legislative and political powers are separated
b. Hobbess state of nature (state of anarchy): a social state in which there is no
productivity or trade, no progress, no law, and an ever-present potential for
fighting; the state of human life before the social contract and entry into society
c. Practical association: a type of association based on shared observance of a morality
or system of laws, restrictions on how each may pursue individual purposes,
authoritative practice
d. Study according to the belief that something (ex. a creatures natural capacities) is
destined to develop to a certain completion, and in conformity with its end
a. Telos refers to the end toward which something develops
e. A league of peace conducted through the moral legislative power of reason between
free and independent states (which are themselves federations)
a. A world state would have a world government that rules over peoples and
countries; the countries would not be free and independent

28. On Kants road to enlightenment:

a. Describe the road to enlightenment that leads to governments that treats humans with
dignity (4 points)
b. Why does Kant say that this road reveals a strange and unexpected pattern in human
affairs? (1 point)
a. The road to enlightenment involves the following:
i. Limit civil freedom
1. The Prince says, Argue as much as you want, but obey!
ii. This limitation of civil freedom provides enough room for the expansion of
individuals abilities to think freely
iii. This free thinking, in turn, reacts on individuals mentalities
iv. Individuals free thinking influences principles of government in the
recognition that government can profit by treating humans in accord with
their dignity
v. This path reveals a strange unexpected pattern in human affairs
b. Because it shows that civil freedom actually inhibits individuals abilities to think
freely (or that limiting civil freedom allows individuals to think more freely)