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tissues themselves.
And they have to [INAUDIBLE] they have to
cross a very small space and this space
then is between the tissues of the cells
and, and the vasculature.
And we're going to talk about that in
just a few minutes.
And that is going to occur by diffusion
so, that's going to be a very slow
process that's only a local delivery
system.
And then we have to be able to remove
materials from the body, and this is done
by the renal system, as I said so, liquid
wastes are removed excess ions are
removed.
Excess water is removed through, through
from the urinary system.
And of course the GI tract, the
gastrointestinal tract will remove waste
products, solid waste products.
Alright but the, the physiologist looks
at the bodies in a slightly different
manner and that is they divide it into
what are called fluid compartments.
We have effectively two major fluid
compartments, one is where we take all of
the cytoplasm, that is the liquid
components that are within cells.
The cells are bound by a plasma membrane
and this liquid component, this cytoplasm
we take all of that from all of the cells
and, and put it in to one fluid
compartment.
And that would be called the
intracellular fluid compartment or the
ICF.
And it is bounded by the plasma membrane,
and that's what's shown here.
And then, outside of the cells we have
this extracellular space and this
extracellular fluid compartment or the
ECF, is what is immediately outside of
all of the cells.
The ICF, the intracellular fluid
compartment is the largest off these two
fluid compartments and it is effectively
two thirds of the total body water or the
total fluid of the body.
And the extra side of food compartment is
one third now, these two compartments are
dissimilar in content.
That is that inside cells, we have very
high levels of potassium and very small
concentrations of sodium.
We also have present within the cells,
proteins which are negatively charged.
In the extracellular fluid compartment,
we have very high concentrations of
sodium and small concentrations of
equal to output.
But that the amount of sodium on the
outside of the cells, is different from
the amount of sodium that's inside the
cells.
And the amount of potassium inside the
cells, is different from the amount of
potassium that's on the outside of the
cells.
So, the fluid compartments then are, the
total body water is about 60% of your
total body weight.
So, if we had an individual who was a 70
kg male, then 42 L of that individual are
as fluid, as water.
That means that the intracellular fluid
space or the cytoplasm, which is two
thirds of the total body water, will be
equal to 28 liters.
And that the extracellular fluid space,
which surrounds the cells and is, is
interface between the cells and the
external environment, this would be equal
to 14 liters.
Then within the, the ECF of the extra
cellular fluid space we have this
intravascular fluid and the intravascular
fluid is actually only one twelfth of the
total body water.
And this is one fourths of the ECF, so we
have one fourths of the ECF is equal to
the intervascular space times one third,
which is that which is the ECF.
That is, of the total body water and that
gives us then, one twelfth of the total
body water is equal to the fluid phase of
the blood, or the vasculature, that is
equal to the plasma.
So, that's pretty amazing if you think
about it because when you think about the
body, you think of the fluid phase of the
body is the blood, that is the plasma
which is the fluid portion, the liquid
portion of the blood.
and not all of the other fluids that are
within the body, but it's actually the
smallest amount of fluid that's within
the body.
So, we have self regulating mechanisms
then which are active between these
different fluid phases, these different
fluid compartments.
We have an equilibrium, which is allowing
equal amounts of substance to be
distributed in between intravascular
space and the interstitial space.
So, sodium, potassium, chloride, the
calcium, they equally distribute between
these two phases, these two compartments.
There's no net transfer of substance or
homeostasis is about.
So, that's our central theme, and what
we're going to see is that all of the
organs of the body are going to act on
that ECF to try to keep the contents of
the ECF under a reg under this very
narrow range.
Which is compatible with the life of the
cells.
So, what happens if we do not maintain E,
the ECF in this very tight range of of
needed factors?
When we have input is equal to the output
we'll have wellness.
So, under those conditions then, as long
as they, the materials that are within
the ECF are within the range of that's
compatible with life of the cells,
everything is fine.
But when we have inputs, say for instance
this is effectively out, is increased
over output, then we can get illness or
pathophysiology.
And the converse can occur, if we have
output that is greater than input then
again, we can have illness or
pathophysiology.
And so it is this balance, this very
tight balance that has to be maintained
at all times in order to keep the body at
a constant, at a constant activity.
If the organ system does not perform its
function, then we can end up with input
or output which is not equal to, to to
the opposite.
Under those conditions then, we will have
pathophysiology.
So, one of the major ways that the body
is going to regulate this, this ECF, is
by using homeostatic control systems or
reflex loops.
And that's what's diagrammed here, and
that reflex loops have essentially three
components.
They have a sensor, which is going to
detect a specific signal or a stimulus.
And that sensor then sends the
information to what is called the
integration center and this integration
center is usually the brain.
The integration center has within it, the
set points that the bod, that are
compatible with the life of the cells.
And so, it will then evaluate the
incoming signal to see whether or not the
incoming signal matches the set point
that the body needs or whether it exceeds
it or is below it.
It then will decide whether or not it
needs to make response, and will send out