Parts of Speech:

The words that we use can be divided into these classes:

noun - A noun is a type of word that represents a person,
thing, or place, like mother, apple, or valley.
verb - A verb is a type of word that describes an action or a
state of being, like wiggle, walk, run, jump, be, do, have,
or think.
pronoun - A pronoun is a substitute for a noun. Some
pronouns are: I, me, she, hers, he, him, it, you, they, them,
etc.
adjective - An adjective is a word that describes something
(a noun). Some adjectives are: big, cold, blue, and silly.
One special type of adjective is an article, a word that
introduces a noun and also limits or clarifies it; in English,
the indefinite articles are a and an, the definite article
is the.
adverb - An adverb is a word that tells "how," "when,"
"where," or "how much". Some adverbs
are: easily, warmly, quickly, mainly, freely, often,
and unfortunately.
preposition - A preposition shows how something is
related to another word. It shows the spatial (space),
temporal (time), or logical relationship of an object to the
rest of the sentence. The

words above, near, at, by, after, with and from are
prepositions.
conjunction - A conjunction is a word that joins other
words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Some conjunctions
are: and, as, because, but, or, since, so, until, and while.
interjection - An interjection is a word that expresses
emotion. An interjection often starts a sentence but it can be
contained within a sentence or can stand alone. Some
interjections are oh,wow, ugh, hurray, eh, and ah.
There are different types of nouns namely:
Proper proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names
of persons, places, or things.

Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakeys Pizza, Game of Thrones

Common common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic
names of persons, things, or places.

Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series

Concrete this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five
senses.

Examples: folder, sand, board

Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you cant perceive
through your five senses.

Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery

Count it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.

Examples: kitten, video, ball

Mass this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called noncountable nouns, and they need to have counters to quantify them.

Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter

Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter

Collective refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.

Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)
This great list of nouns can help you explore more nouns.

Kinds of Pronouns
There are six kinds of pronouns with different functions:

1. Personal pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun
that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number of
persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
For example, you are referring to a female subject in the sentence, the pronouns that are
appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are referring to a male, you can use: he,
him, and his. For a group of persons, not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are:
they, them, and theirs.
Personal pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition, and can
also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective personal pronouns,
objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal pronouns.
Examples:

You are definitely the biggest science nerd Ive ever met.

In the example above, the underlined pronoun serves as the subject.

Harry persuaded her to come with him.

The pronoun her is the object of the verb persuaded. Him, on the other hand, is the
object of the preposition with.

Ours is the one on the left.

The pronoun ours signifies possession.

2. Demonstrative pronouns
The function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that,
and those. The pronouns this and these points to things that are nearby while the other
two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also consider the number of
things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, this and that should be used, while for
plural nouns these and those are appropriate.
Examples:

That is the car that Ill buy for my birthday.

The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun that is far from him/her.

She said she wanted these.

The underlined pronoun refers to a plural noun and also serve as the object of the
verb wanted.

3. Indefinite pronouns

This kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another,
each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few,
and many.
Examples:

Many were called for the interview but only 3 were hired.

Hes ready to give up everything for his familys safety.

4. Intensive pronouns
The function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this
kind of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and
ourselves.
Examples:

The president himself said that it was a terrorist attack.

I myself knew that it was a mistake.

5. Interrogative pronouns
As the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of
interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and
whomever.
Examples:

Who wrote the book 1984?

What did the doctors say?

6. Relative pronouns
This kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common
relative pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
Examples:

The contestant who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.

In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of the verb gets. The
subordinate clause, who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot,
describes the nouncontestant.

He will accept whichever project comes first.

The subordinate clause, whichever project comes first, serves as the object of the
verb will accept.

7. Reflexive pronouns

This kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns
are: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
Example:

Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.

The pronoun herself refers back to the subject of the sentence, which is Sandra.

He promised to repair the broken fence, however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.

The underlined reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject we.

Indefinite Pronouns
These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in
general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody. Example:
Everyone is already here.

Relative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These
are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. Example: The driver who
ran the stop sign was careless.

Intensive Pronouns
These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself,
herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves. Example: He himself is his
worst critic.

Demonstrative Pronouns
There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus
attention on the nouns that are replacing. Examples: Such was his understanding. Those
are totally awesome.

Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever,
whomever, whichever, and whatever. Example: Who will you bring to the party?

Reflexive Pronouns
There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones
that end in self or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and
the object are the same noun.

I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse.

The robber hurt himself chasing me through the alley.

We also use them to emphasize the subject.

Usually, the guy I borrowed the money from will send an employee to collect the
money, but since I owed so much, he himselfcame to my house.

Examples of Pronouns in Context

As we said before, adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun

and we should know that not all adjectives are the same. They modify nouns and

pronouns differently, and just like the other parts of speech, there are
:different kinds of adjectives. These are

Descri*ptive Adjectives

Among the different kinds of adjectives, descri.ptive adjectives are probably

the most common ones. They simply say something about the quality or the
.kind of the noun or pronoun theyre referring to
Examples
.Ahmed is witty
.I am tired
.Messi's reflexes are amazing

Adjective of Number (Quantity

As the name suggests, this kind of adjective answers the

"?question, How many? or How much

Examples
Twenty-one students failed the exam
.The plants need more water

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives point out pronouns and nouns, and always come
.before the words they are referring to
Examples
.I used to buy this kind of shirts
.When the old man tripped over that wire, he dropped a whole bag of groceries

Poss*essive Adjectives

.Obviously, this kind of adjectives shows ownership or possession

.Aside from that, possessive adjectives always come before the noun
Examples
.I cant answer my seatwork because I dont have a calculator
.Adam sold his car

Interrogative Adjectives
.Interrogative adjectives ask questions and are always followed by a noun

Exapmles
?What movie are you watching
?Wich plants should be placed over here

Adverbs of Manner

This kind of adverb describes the manner by which something was done or something
happened. Adverbs of manner answer the question How?

Examples:

1.

The students measured the volume of the chemicals accurately.

The italicized adverb describes the verb measured.

2.

She walks gracefully.

Gracefully modifies the verb walks.

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place simply answer the question Where? Here are some examples:

1.

Heisenberg looked away from the dead body.

The adverb away answers the question, Where did Heisenberg look?

2.

They built a huge toy factory nearby.

The adverb nearby answers the question, Where did they build the huge toy factory?
You will notice based on these examples that adverbs of place can be placed right after the
verb or after the object of the verb.

Adverbs of Time

Aside from answering when an event occurred, adverbs of time also answer questions like,
How long? and How often?

Examples:

1.

Syndra lived in Germany for a year.

For a year tells how long something happened (how long Syndra lived in Germany).

2.
Im going to the dentist tomorrow.
The adverb tomorrow indicates when something will be done.

Adverbs of Degree

This kind of adverb indicates the degree at which something will be done. It tells something
about the intensity.

Examples:
1.

You didnt try hard enough.

Hard enough is an adverb pertaining to the verb, try.

2.

The temperature of the room was extremely

Extremely describes the adjective, high.

Question 3: What are the Most Important Tips for Using Adverbs?
Sometimes, students know what adverbs are but dont know how to use them properly. So
here are the most useful tips that you should keep in mind:
1.

In writing an adverb of manner, you must never write the adverb in between the verb
and the object of the verb.

Example (from above):

The students measured accurately the volume of the chemicals. (wrong)
The students measured the volume of the chemicals accurately. (correct)
The first sentence is wrong because the adverb is located somewhere between measured
(verb) and volume (object of the verb).

2.

Know when to use the comparative or superlative forms of adverbs. Words

like more or less are added to the main adverb when comparing two
things. Most or least are used if there are three or more things to compare.

Examples: most often; more frequently

3.

4.

Not all words ending in ly are adverbs. This is pretty obvious, but some students
assume that a word is an adverb just because it ends in ly.

Do not overly use adverbs. If there are single alternative words, you can use those.

Examples:

Instead of walk heavily > trudge

Instead of ate hurriedly > gobbled
Adverbs can be sorted into the kinds of questions they answer.

Adverbs of manner answer the question, How? She watched the children carefully.
Adverbs of time answer the question, When? I always arrive early for my
appointment.
Adverbs of place answer Where? Why dont you play outside?
Adverbs of degree answer How much? After the trip, I was totally exhausted.
Adverbs of frequency would answer the question How often? We watch
movies occasionally.

Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that
adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:

Adverb of Manner this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.

Example: Annie danced gracefully.

The word gracefully tells how Annie danced.
Adverb of Time- this states when something happens or when it is done.
Example: She came yesterday.
The italicized word tells when she came.
Adverb of Place this tells something about where something happens or where
something is done.
Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
The adverb everywhere tells where I looked.
Adverb of Degree this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing
happens or is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
The italicized adverb answers the question, To what degree is the child talented?

6. Preposition
Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are
commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation
point.
Examples of Interjections:

Sample Sentences:

Ouch! That must have hurt.

Hurray, we won!

Hey! I said enough!

The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.

Verb types
Verbs vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that follow it and the
relationship those words have with the verb itself. There are six types: intransitive, transitive,
infinitives, to-be verbs, and two-place transitive (Vg- verb give), and two-place transitive (Vc- verb
consider).[1]

Intransitive verbs
An intransitive verb is one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by
an adverb (a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence. For
example: "The woman spoke softly." "The athlete ran faster than the official." "The boy wept."

Linking verbs
A linking verb can't be followed by an adverb or end a sentence, but instead must be followed by a
noun or adjective, whether in a single word or phrase. Common linking verbs
includeseem, become, appear, look, and remain. For example: "His mother looked worried."
"Josh remained a reliable friend." Therefore, linking verbs 'link' the adjective or noun to the subject.
Adjectives that come after linking verbs are predicate adjectives, and nouns that come after linking
verbs are predicate nouns.[1]

Transitive verbs
A transitive verb is followed by a noun or noun phrase. These noun phrases are not called predicate
nouns, but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon.
For example: "My friend read the newspaper." "The teenager earned a speeding ticket."
A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example: "The
newspaper was read by my friend." "A speeding ticket was earned by the teenager."