INTERNET

Introduction
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a
group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer
based on TCP\IP (Transmission control protocol\Internet protocols) communication
protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The
hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other
for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of
procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link to
information.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN networks.

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under1.Interconnecting of computers to form a network.
2. Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks.
3. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network.
4. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not
working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.

Transfer of a file through Internet:-

Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other ones:Break the file in to small packets,
Attached destination and source address in o packets,
Multiplexed and transmit these packets,
At destination de-multiplex the packets,
Remove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original file,
Make source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to the source.
Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination and
network software reassembles of communications, the computer network performs the following
functionsAddressing and routing
Fragmentation and error correction
Data error checking
Connectivity control
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing
Data flow control
End users interface etc.
The data handling

a single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an open
system interconnection (OSI) model.

OSI NETWORKING MODEL:

The open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and protocols needed to
connect one computer to any other over a network.
The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection in to seven
different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower level layer.
The OSI model is sometimes called the seven layer model. It was developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as standard 7498.

Layers are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer

PHYSICAL LAYER:
The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a network
connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits between nodes on the
physical network. The physical connection can be either point to point or multipoint, and it can
consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex (both directions
simultaneously) transmissions. Moreover, the bits can be transmitted either in series or in parallel
(most network use a serial stream of bits, but the standard allows for both serial and parallel
transmission). The specification for the physical layer also defines the cable used, the voltages
carried on the cable, the timing of the electrical signals, the distance that can be run, and so on.
For example, a NIC network interface network) is part of the physical layer.

DATA LINK LAYER:

the data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning to the bits carried by the
physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the network layer
(layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error detection and
correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements carried by the data link layer are
called frames.
Examples of frame types include x.25 and 802.x (802.x includes both Ethernet and Token Ring
networks).
The data link layer is usually subdivided in to two sub layers, called the Logical link control
(LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub layers. The LLC sub layer performs tasks such as
call set up and termination and data transfer. The MAC sub layer handles frame assembly and

disassembly, error detection and correction, and addressing. The two most common MAC
protocols are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.5 Token ring .Other MAC protocols include 802.12 100
Base VBG, 802.11 Wireless, and 802.7 Broadband.

Network Layer:
The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks. The network
layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The Network layer is
also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP)
and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet protocols include source and destination
routing information. The routing information in each packet tells the network where to send the
packets to reach its destination and tells the receiving computer from where the packet
originated.
Transport Layer:
The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from one network node to
another. It identifies each computer or node on a network uniquely. It ensures that the packets are
decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received. Transport layer protocols
include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is
used in concert with IP and IPX respectively.

Session layer:
The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a network server, or from a peer
on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as sessions. They include
negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of flow and control,
transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to the network.

Presentation Layer:
The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the lower level layer and transform so
it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data compression and
decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.
Application Layer:

The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system and its application interact
with network.
As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating system, and then
goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the OSI model one by
one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted over the network connection.
The computer at the receiving end reverses this process. At each stage of the OSI model, the data
is wrapped with new control information related to the work done at the particular layer. This
control information is different for each layer, but it includes headers, trailers pre-ambles, and
post-ambles.
Therefore, for example, when the data goes into the networking software and components
making up the OSI model, it starts at the application layer and includes an application header and
application data. Next, at the presentation layer, a presentation header is wrapped around the data
and it is passed to the session layer, where a session header is wrapped around all the data, and so
on, until it reaches the physical layer. At the receiving computer this process is reversed.

COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET:

WWW:
World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give
universal access to a large universe of documents.
HTTP:
Hypertext transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer
documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
HTML:

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of
web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and
link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that
provides both voice and data services over the same connection.

Various internet services

1. Leased line
A leased line is a private bidirectional or symmetric telecommunications line between
two or more locations provided in exchange for a monthly rent. Sometimes known as a
private circuit or data line in the UK.
Unlike traditional PSTN lines it does not have a telephone number, each side of the line being
permanently connected to the other. Leased lines can be used for telephone, data or Internet
services. Some are ring down services, and some connect to PBXes.
Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike
dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly
rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed
of the circuit. Because the connection does not carry anybody else's communications, the carrier
can assure a given level of quality.
An Internet leased line is a premium internet connectivity product, delivered over fiber normally,
which is dedicated and provides uncontended, symmetrical speeds, full-duplex. It is also known
as an ethernet leased line, DIA line, data circuit or private circuit.
For example, a T-1 channel can be leased, and provides a maximum transmission speed of
1.544 Mbit/s. The user can divide the connection into different lines for multiplexing data and
voice communication, or use the channel for one data circuit. Leased lines, as opposed to DSL,
are being used by companies and individuals for Internet access because they afford faster data
transfer rates and are cost-effective for heavy users of the Internet.

Applications of leased line

Leased lines are used to build up

private networks, private telephone
networks (by interconnecting PBXs)
or access the internet or a partner
network (extranet).
Leased line alternatives

Leased lines are more expensive than

alternative connectivity services including
(ADSL, SDSL, etc.) because they are reserved exclusively to the leaseholder

2. Dial-up

Internet

Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) by
dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone line. The user's computer or router uses
an attached modem to encode and decode information into and from audio frequency signals,
respectively. Despite the proliferation of high-speed Internet access (broadband), dial-up Internet
access may be used where other forms are not available or the cost is too high, such as in some
rural or remote areas.
Availability

Dial-up connections to the Internet require over 9000 infrastructure other than the telephone
network and the modems and servers needed to make and answer the calls. Where telephone
access is widely available, dial-up remains useful and it is often the only choice available for
rural or remote areas, where broadband installations are not prevalent due to low population
density and high infrastructure cost. Dial-up access may also be an alternative for users on
limited budgets, as it is offered free by some ISPs, though broadband is increasingly available at
lower prices in many countries due to market competition.
Dial-up requires time to establish a telephone connection (up to several seconds, depending on
the location) and perform configuration for protocol synchronization before data transfers can
take place. In locales with telephone connection charges, each connection incurs an incremental
cost. If calls are time-metered, the duration of the connection incurs costs.
Dial-up access is a transient connection, because either the user, ISP or phone company
terminates the connection. Internet service providers will often set a limit on connection
durations to allow sharing of resources, and will disconnect the userrequiring reconnection and
the costs and delays associated with it. Technically inclined users often find a way to disable the
auto-disconnect program such that they can remain connected for more days than one.

3. Broadband
Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data
at high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more
is classified as broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection
allows surfing or downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband
connections. BSNL offers 512 kbps minimum download speed for its Broadband
connections.

Types of Broadband Connections

Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies such as:

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Cable Modem

Fiber

Wireless

Satellite

Broadband over Power lines (BPL)

The broadband technology you choose will depend on a number of factors. These may include
whether you are located in an urban or rural area, how broadband Internet access is packaged
with other services (such as voice telephone and home entertainment), price, and availability.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

DSL is a wireline transmission technology that transmits data faster over traditional copper
telephone lines already installed to homes and businesses. DSL-based broadband provides
transmission speeds ranging from several hundred Kbps to millions of bits per second (Mbps).
The availability and speed of your DSL service may depend on the distance from your home or
business to the closest telephone company facility.
The following are types of DSL transmission technologies:

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Used primarily by

residential customers, such as Internet surfers, who receive a lot of data but
do not send much. ADSL typically provides faster speed in the downstream
direction than the upstream direction. ADSL allows faster downstream data
transmission over the same line used to provide voice service, without
disrupting regular telephone calls on that line.

Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) Used typically by

businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant
bandwidth both upstream and downstream.

Faster forms of DSL typically available to businesses include:

High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL); and

Very High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL).

Cable Modem

Cable modem service enables cable operators to provide broadband using the same coaxial
cables that deliver pictures and sound to your TV set.
Most cable modems are external devices that have two connections: one to the cable wall outlet,
the other to a computer. They provide transmission speeds of 1.5 Mbps or more.
Subscribers can access their cable modem service by simply turning on their computers, without
dialing-up an ISP. You can still watch cable TV while using it. Transmission speeds vary
depending on the type of cable modem, cable network, and traffic load. Speeds are comparable
to DSL.

Fiber

Fiber optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light and
sends the light through transparent glass fibers about the diameter of a
human hair. Fiber transmits data at speeds far exceeding current DSL or cable
modem speeds, typically by tens or even hundreds of Mbps.

The actual speed you experience will vary depending on a variety of factors,
such as how close to your computer the service provider brings the fiber and
how the service provider configures the service, including the amount of
bandwidth used. The same fiber providing your broadband can also
simultaneously deliver voice (VoIP) and video services, including video-ondemand.

Telecommunications providers sometimes offer fiber broadband in limited

areas and have announced plans to expand their fiber networks and offer
bundled voice, Internet access, and video services.

Variations of the technology run the fiber all the way to the customers home
or business, to the curb outside, or to a location somewhere between the
providers facilities and the customer.

Wireless

Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio

link between the customers location and the service providers facility.
Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed.

Wireless technologies using longer-range directional equipment provide

broadband service in remote or sparsely populated areas where DSL or cable
modem service would be costly to provide. Speeds are generally comparable
to DSL and cable modem. An external antenna is usually required.

Wireless broadband Internet access services offered over fixed networks

allow consumers to access the Internet from a fixed point while stationary
and often require a direct line-of-sight between the wireless transmitter and
receiver. These services have been offered using both licensed spectrum and
unlicensed devices. For example, thousands of small Wireless Internet
Services Providers (WISPs) provide such wireless broadband at speeds of
around one Mbps using unlicensed devices, often in rural areas not served by
cable or wireline broadband networks.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide wireless broadband access

over shorter distances and are often used to extend the reach of a "last-mile"
wireline or fixed wireless broadband connection within a home, building, or
campus environment. Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed devices and can be
designed for private access within a home or business, or be used for public
Internet access at "hot spots" such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels,
airports, convention centers, and city parks.

Mobile wireless broadband services are also becoming available from mobile
telephone service providers and others. These services are generally
appropriate for highly-mobile customers and require a special PC card with a
built in antenna that plugs into a users laptop computer. Generally, they
provide lower speeds, in the range of several hundred Kbps.

Satellite

Just as satellites orbiting the earth provide necessary links for telephone and television service,
they can also provide links for broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless
broadband, and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas.
Downstream and upstream speeds for satellite broadband depend on several factors, including
the provider and service package purchased, the consumers line of sight to the orbiting satellite,
and the weather. Typically a consumer can expect to receive (download) at a speed of about 500
Kbps and send (upload) at a speed of about 80 Kbps. These speeds may be slower than DSL and
cable modem, but they are about 10 times faster than the download speed with dial-up Internet
access. Service can be disrupted in extreme weather conditions.

Broadband over Power line (BPL)

BPL is the delivery of broadband over the existing low- and medium-voltage electric power
distribution network. BPL speeds are comparable to DSL and cable modem speeds. BPL can be
provided to homes using existing electrical connections and outlets. BPL is an emerging
technology that is available in very limited areas. It has significant potential because power lines
are installed virtually everywhere, alleviating the need to build new broadband facilities for
every customer.

Replacement of Dial-Up by Broadband

Broadband Internet access (cable, DSL, satellite and FTTx) has been replacing dialup access in many parts of the world. Broadband connections typically offer speeds
of 700 Kbit/s or higher for two-thirds more than the price of dial-up on average. [2] In
addition broadband connections are "always on", thus avoiding the need to connect
and disconnect at the start and end of each session. Finally, unlike dial-up,
broadband does not require exclusive use of a phone line and so one can access the
Internet and at the same time make and receive voice phone calls without having a
second phone line

Advantages of Internet Leased Line over Broadband for Internet Connectivity

We all have faced some problems with our Internet service providers. Downtime, pooled
resources, shared bandwidth and low-speed are some of the most common problems that users
face. An Internet Leased Lines one such solution that minimizes all these issues. It is best suited
for large businesses or organizations like colleges, corporate offices, hospitals, etc. While there
are business broadband options available at pretty good price points, Internet Leased Lines are
still preferred much more with a lot of customers for the following reasons:
1. One of the major drawbacks of broadband connection is that the lines for
broadband internet connection are shared by several users. On the other
hand, leased line does not involve sharing among multiple customers. As a
result, leased lines are far more secured than that of broadband connection.
Security comes from the fact that it is solely dedicated to a single user and
no third-party has any access to it, unlike broadband connections.
2. Leased lines are more reliable that broadband connections. The backbone
network and performance parameters (like latency, jitter etc.) can be
monitored in the case of Internet Leased Lines. So, it is easier to offer SLA
(Service Level Agreements) to the customer and Internet Leased Lines
generally come with an SLA. There are very few broadband plans that offer
such performance guarantee. Leased lines offers better fault tolerance/
performance/ monitoring abilities, especially for higher bandwidths. Having a
reliable connectivity also is a good way to cut the expenses of businesses.
3. For broadband plans, it is typical for customers to encounter interruptions
with the connection, customer service hotline which is way too difficult to
get in touch with and repairs which take a few days. With leased line, such
problems are eliminated. The providers even offer SLAs because they are
capable of guaranteeing quick repairs and continuous monitoring.
4. It is true that both business broadband and leased line give plenty of options
for customers. However, there is a wider choice of bandwidth selection
(64 Kbps, 128 Kbps, 2 Mbps, 155 Mbps, etc.) with Internet Leased Lines. On
the other hand, the business broadband packages are more limited.
5. Leased lines are more flexible than that of broadband connectivity.
Flexibility comes from the fact that lease lines provides its user with the
liberty to use the dedicated line for his specific purpose, either to link his
various branches or for dedicated internet access or both.
6. Leased line is far more cost-effective that broadband connection. Internet
Leased Lines come with unlimited usage plans which enables companies to
add services like video, voice etc. over IP in addition to the internet/ data
connectivity. Broadband plans either come with a limited data usage limit or
the billing would sky-rocket according to the amount of bandwidth used. This
is not ideal for business because limitation with data usage leads to
restricting the operations.

7. The speed that is indicated in broadband and leased line packages can get a
bit confusing. Would a 2 Mbps business broadband deliver the same speed as
a 2 Mbps leased line? The answer is No. Yes, these are the same speed. But
the problem is, since broadband connection is shared with other users,
customers can not always enjoy the 2 Mbps speed. With a leased line, there
is no need to think about down time and peak time.
8. For business broadband plans, the speed specified is applicable only for
downloading. It is set to prioritize downloading only and the uploading speed
is just disappointing. Since businesses require both fast download and
upload speed, having a leased line is very important. Leased lines have
symmetric connection. This means that if the download speed that the
customer picked is 2Mbps, then the upload speed will also be as fast.
9. Internet Leased Lines offer a pool of permanent IP addresses which
enables organizations to run their own mail servers, web servers and other
applications.
10.Internet Leased Lines can be leveraged to form a Virtual Private
Network across multiple branches more effectively than broadband
connections.

Business broadband could also do an excellent job when it comes to providing internet
connection. But however, for bigger companies and business establishments, leased line would
be more appropriate. Aside from the fast and efficient connection speed, this can also establish a
single network for multiple endpoints. It is a perfect solution for organizations that require
dedicated and uninterrupted internet speed.