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(Websters dictionary)
Design
Engineering
Artistic
Engineering design: Process of applying various techniques and scientific principles for the
purpose of defining a device, a process or a system in sufficient details to permit its
realization.
e.g.: Machine design: deals with the creation of machinery that works safely, reliably and well
Q: What is a machine?
An apparatus consisting of interdependent parts (also called as machine elements)
A device that modifies force or motion [Transfer of energy/useful work]
It is the task of an engineer to calculate these motions, forces and energy transferred to
determine the size, shapes and materials needed for each of the element of machine.
These forms the core of machine design.
1
Definition of problem
Synthesis
Selection
Detailed Design
Prototyping & testing
Production
Its a idealization that describes the physical behavior of the intended system as an
assembly of parts signifying the various machine elements
Each part is represented using sketches/drawings denoting its geometry and equations are
set up to determine the response of parts once input is applied
Almost always the starting model is basic one to capture the essential phenomenon with
hand drawn sketches and back of the envelope calculations
The model can be enhanced in steps through inclusion of details and subsequently use of
computers
Computer aided design and engineering (CAD, CAE)
Highly iterative process
Based on the expected loading, using free body diagram (F.B.D), forces, moments and
torques on individual elements are calculated
Using the material behavior of the machine components, stress and deflection is evaluated
to ensure safety/reliability of the component during usage
Analysis can be either based on Strength of Materials approach or detailed Theory of
Elasticity based stress calculations carried out using Finite element method (FEA) through
softwares like ANSYS, ABAQUS
3
Uncertainty
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples:
Inhomogeneity
Influence of time on strength and geometry
Composition of material and effect of variation on properties
Effect of wear
Deterministic techniques must be modified by stochastic methods
Codes: Set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture and construction
Organizations:
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: http://www.bis.org.in/)
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM: http://www.astm.org/)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME: http://www.asme.org/)
British Standards Institution (BSI: www.bsigroup.com/)
Name
Symbol
Length
metre/meter
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
Temperature
Kelvin
Electric current
ampere
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
Output calculations should be expressed using the same number of significant digits as the
given input data
All intermediate calculations should be carried out using maximum possible accuracy to
minimize round-off error