A Review on VANET Routing Protocols

Sandhya Kohli, Department of Computer Science, RIMT, Mandi Gobindgarh

Rakesh Kumar, Department of Information Technology, M.M. University, Mullana, Ambala
1
ersimranpreet1@gmail.com, 2raakeshdhiman@gmail.com

Abstract
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks which
provides a distinguish approach for intelligent transport system (ITS). The survey of
routing protocols in VANET is important and necessary issue for smart ITS. The
chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols, it
explores the motivation behind the designed and trace the evolution of these routing
protocols. Finally it concludes the chapter by comparing the various routing protocols.
1.

Introduction

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc network is a form of Mobile ad-hoc Networks, to provide

communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment i.e.
roadside equipment. VANET helps in defining safety measures in vehicles, streaming
communication between vehicles, infotainment and telematics. Although VANET is a form of
wireless ad hoc networks, it has a unique property due to high mobility nodes and unreliable
channel condition.

These characteristics pose many challenging research issue, which

include routing, data dissemination, data sharing and security issues.

2.

Overview of Routing Protocols

In VANET, the routing protocols are classified into five categories: Topology based, Position
based, Cluster based, Geo cast and Broadcast.
2.1 Topology based routing protocols
These routing protocols use links information that exists in the network to perform packet
forwarding. They are further divided into Proactive and Reactive.
2.1.1

Proactive routing protocols

The proactive routing means that the routing information ,like next forwarding hope is
maintained in the background irrespective of communication requests. The advantage of
proactive routing protocols is that there is no route discovery is required since the destination
route is stored in the background, but the disadvantage of this protocol is that it provides low
latency for real time application, it also leads to the maintenance of unused data paths, which
causes the reduction in the available bandwidth. The various types of proactive routing
protocols are: LSR, FSR.
2.1.1.1 Link State Routing protocols (LSR)

Link state routing protocols are like a road map as they can create a topological map of the
network and each router can use this map to find the shortest path to the network i.e. link
state routers use a map to find the preferred path to reach the destination. In link state routing
routers send information about the state of its link to other routers in its domain, the state of
those links refer to the directly connected networks and include information about the type of
networks and any neighboring routers on these networks, that is why it is known as Link state
routing. Since in the LSR the same level of routing information accuracy is maintained
throughout the network, which is not possible in case the distance increases as in VANET, as
a result LSR causes full flooding and leads to overheads.
2.1.1.2 Fisheye state routing (FSR)
FSR is similar to LSR, in FSR node maintains a topology table (TT) based upon the latest
information received from neighboring and periodically exchange it with local neighbors.
For large networks to reduce the size of message the FSR uses the different exchange period
for different entries in routing tables. Routing table entries for a given destination are
updated preferably with the neighbors having low frequency, as the distance to destination
increases. The problem with the FSR routing is that with the increase in network size the
routing table also increases. As the mobility increases route to remote destination become
less accurate. If the target node lies out of scope of source node then route discovery fails.
2.1.2

Reactive/Ad hoc based routing

Reactive routing opens the route only when it is necessary for a node to communicate with
each other. It maintains only the routes that are currently in use, as a result it reduces the
burden in the network. Reactive routing consists of route discovery phase in which the query
packets are flooded into the network for the path search and this phase completes when route
is found. The various types of reactive routing protocols are AODV, PGB, DSR and TORA
2.1.2.1 Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)
AODV is a reactive routing protocol; it only builds a route from source to destination if a
node warns to send a packet. If the source node does not know a path to the destination, it
broadcast a route request packet. If the receiving node knows the path to the destination, it
sends a route reply packet to the neighbor. In case the receiving node also does not know a
path it rebroadcast the route request packet, the node stores which neighbor has sent the
request, which node has initiated the route discovery and distance vector.

When the

destination node receives the route request it look into its distance vector table and send the
route reply back to the request originator along the path in the table. Disadvantages of AODV

are: AODV is unable to quickly find, maintain and update long routes in a VANET. Routes
created by AODV break very frequently due to dynamic nature of mobility involved.
2.1.2.2 Preferred Group Broadcasting (PGB)
PGB mechanism reduces the broadcast overhead associated with AODV and to provide route
stability in case of highly dynamic nodes like VANET. Depending upon received signals of
the broadcast receiver can determine whether they are in the preferred group. Since only one
node is allowed to broadcast and the preferred group may not be the one who can make
progress towards the destination, so the PGB mechanism takes longer time.

Packet

duplication can also occur if two nodes in the preferred group start broadcasting at the same
time.
2.1.2.3 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
DSR uses source routing in which the source indicates the sequence of intermediates nodes
on the routing path. In DSR the query packet copy in its header the ids of the intermediate
nodes that it has traversed. The destination then retrieves the entire path from query packet
and uses it for responding, so a path can be established from source to destination. If the
destination sends multiple route replies then the source node may receives and store these
multiple routes from the destination. So an alternative route can be framed when some link in
the current route breaks. Since the DSR carry full routing information so it causes more
routing overheads.
2.1.2.4 Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
TORA belongs to the family of link reversal routing in which directed a cyclic graph is built
which directs the flow of packets and ensures its reachability to all nodes. A node would
construct the directed graph by broadcasting query packets. On receiving a query packet, if
node has a downward link to destination it will broadcast a reply packet; otherwise it simply
drops the packet. A node on receiving a reply packet will update its height only if the height
of replied packet is minimum of other reply packets. TORA Algorithm has the advantage that
it gives a route to all the nodes in the network, but the maintenance of all these routes is
difficult in VANET.
2.2

Position Based Routing Protocols

Position based routing consists of class of routing algorithm. They share the property of
using geographic positioning information in order to select the next forwarding hops. The
packet is send without any map knowledge to the one hop neighbor, which is closest to
destination. Position based routing is beneficial since no global route from source node to

destination node need to be created and maintained. Position based routing is broadly
divided in two types: Position based greedy V2V protocols, Delay Tolerant Protocols.
2.2.1

Position Based Greedy V2V Protocols

In greedy strategy and intermediate node in the route forward message to the farthest
neighbor in the direction of the next destination. Greedy approach requires that intermediate
node should possessed position of itself, position of its neighbor and destination position.
The goal of these protocols is to transmit data packets to destination as soon as possible that
is why these are also known as min delay routing protocols. Various types of position based
greedy V2V protocols are GPCR, CAR and DIR
2.2.1.1 Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR)
GPCR is based upon the fact that city street form a natural planner graph. GPCR does not
require external static street map for its operation. GPCR consists of two components: A
Restricted Greedy forwarding procedure, A repair strategy for routing algorithm. A GPCR
follows a destination based greedy forwarding strategy, it routes messages to nodes at
intersection. Since GPCR does not use any external static street map so nodes at intersection
are difficult to find. GPCR uses heuristic method for finding nodes located at intersections
and designates those nodes as coordinators. Coordinator has the responsibility of making
routing decisions. There are two approaches used for coordinator determination they are (a)
Neighbor Table Approach: The nodes periodically transmit beacon messages which contains
their position information and last known position information of all neighbors, by listening
to beacon messages a node as information about its own position, position of its neighbor and
neighbors neighbor.
intersection.

Using this information node X consider itself to be within the

(b) Correlation coefficient approach: In this case node uses its position

information and the position information of its immediate neighbor to find the correlation
coefficient, pxy. This approach performs better than neighbor table approach. By using this
approach the algorithm can avoid dependencies on external street map.
2.2.1.2 Connectivity Aware Routing Protocols (CAR)
CAR protocols find a route to a destination; it has unique characteristics that it maintains the
cache of successful route between various source and destination pairs. It also predicts the
position of destination vehicle repairs route as the position changes. Nodes using CAR
protocols send periodic Hello beacons that contain their velocity vector information. On
receiving Hello beacons a node will record sender in its neighbor table and calculate its own
velocity vector and velocity vector of its neighbor. Beacons can also be piggybacked on
forwarded data packets to reduce wastage of bandwidth and congestion. Entries expire from

the neighbor table when the distance between nodes exceeds the threshold value. The CAR
protocols establishes the notation of a guard which is a geographic marker message, it is
buffered and passed from one vehicle to another to propagate the information. A guard is a
temporary message that has an ID, a TTL (Time to live) counts, a radius and some state
information. CAR provides two forms of guards. The Standing guard and The Traveling
guard. Routing errors may occur due to communication gap between anchor points or due to
guards. So CAR protocol has two recovery strategies to cope with the problem. The first
strategy is Time out algorithm with active waiting cycle. The second strategy is walk around
error recovery. The CAR protocol has the ability to generate virtual information in the form
of guards, which is a distinct advantage over other protocols.
2.2.1.3 Diagonal-Intersection-Based Routing Protocol (DIR)
DIR protocol constructs a series of diagonal intersections between the source and destination
vehicle. The DIR protocol is based upon the geographic routing protocol in which source
vehicle geographically forwards the data packets towards the first diagonal intersection,
second diagonal intersection and so on until the last diagonal intersection and finally
geographically reaches to designation vehicle.

DIR vehicle is auto adjustable,Auto

adjustability means that one sub path with low data packet delay between two neighboring
diagonal intersections, which is dynamically selected to forward data packets. To reduce the
data packet delay the route is automatically selected with lowest sub path delay. DIR
protocol can automatically adjust routing path for keeping the lower packet delay.
2.2.2

Delay Tolerant Protocols

In urban scenario where vehicle are densely packed locating a node to carry a message is not
a problem but in rural highway situation or in cities at night fewer vehicles are running and
establishing end to end route is difficult. So in such cases certain consideration needs to be
given in sparse networks. The various types of Delay Tolerant Protocols are MOVE, VADD,
and SADV.
2.2.2.1 Motion Vector Routing Algorithm (MOVE)
The MOVE algorithm is an algorithm for sparse VANET scenario. In these scenarios vehicle
act as mobile router that have intermittent connectivity with other vehicles. Connection
opportunities must be scrutinized carefully since they occur infrequently and global topology
is also rapidly changes.

The algorithm must predict whether forwarding message will

provide progress toward intended destination. MOVE algorithm assumes that each node has
knowledge of its own position, heading and destination. From this information the current
vehicle node can calculate the closest distance between the vehicle and message destination.

MOVE algorithm use less buffer space. MOVE algorithm is specially designed for sparse
networks and for vehicles that transfer data from sensor networks to base station.
2.2.2.2 Vehicle Assisted Data Delivery (VADD)
VADD uses a carry and forward strategy to allow packets to be carried by vehicle in sparse
networks for forwarding when the node enters the broadcast range, thereby allowing a packet
to be forwarded by relay in case of sparse networks. VADD require each vehicle to know its
own position and also require an external static street map. Each packet has three modes:
Intersection, StraightWay and Destination, where each mode is based on the location of the
node carrying the packet.

Intersection mode is used when the packet has reached an

intersection at which routing decisions can be made for the packet to be forwarded to a
vehicle along any of the available directions of the intersection. In StraightWay mode the
current node is on a road where there are only two possible directions for the packet to travel,
in the direction of the current node or in the opposite direction. Destination mode is when the
packet is close to its final destination
2.2.2.3 Static Node Assisted Adaptive Routing Protocol (SADV)
SADV aims at reducing message delivery delay in sparse networks. SADV also dynamically
adapts to varying traffic density by allowing each node to measure the amount of time for
message delivery. SADV assumes that each vehicle knows its position through GPS and each
vehicle has accessed to external static street map. SADV has three different modules; Static
Node Assisted Routing (SNAR), Link Delay Update (LDU) and Multipath Data
Dissemination (MPDD). SADV operates in two modes: In Road Mode and Intersection
Mode. SNAR make use of optimal paths, which are determined on the basis of graph
abstracted from road map. LDU maintains the delay matrix dynamically by measuring the
delay of message delivery between static nodes. MPDD helps in multipath routing.
2.3

Cluster Based Routing

Cluster based routing is preferred in clusters. A group of nodes identifies themselves to be a

part of cluster and a node is designated as cluster head will broadcast the packet to cluster.
Good scalability can be provided for large networks but network delays and overhead are
incurred when forming clusters in highly mobile VANET. In cluster based routing virtual
network infrastructure must be created through the clustering of nodes in order to provide
scalability. The various Clusters based routing protocols are COIN and LORA_CBF
2.3.1

Clustering For Open Inter Vehicle Communication Networks (COIN)

COIN is user for scalability and it forms variable diameter clusters, which allow cluster
members to be more then two hops away from their cluster head. The idea of clustering

depends on mobility behavior of vehicle in same cluster. As long as nodes are moving
towards the same direction, they can be grouped into same cluster. Cluster head election is
based on the vehicular dynamics and driver intention instead of ID.

COIN also

accommodates the oscillatory nature inter-vehicle distances. COIN produces much more
stable structure in VANET while introducing little additional overhead.
2.3.2

Location routing Algorithm with Cluster Based Flooding (LORA_CBF)

LORA_CBF is formed with one cluster head, zero or more members in every cluster and one
or more gateways to communicate with other cluster heads. Each cluster head maintains a
"Cluster Table." A "Cluster Table" is defined as a table that contains the addresses and
geographic locations of the member and gateway nodes. The LORA_CBF consist of four
stages: (a) Cluster Formation (b) Location Discovery (LREQ, LREP) (c) Routing of data
packets and (d) Maintenance of Location information. When a source nodes attempts to send
data to a destination, it first checks its routing table to find the location of the destination,
then it sends the packet to the closest neighbor. If it does not find closest neighbor then the
source stores the data packet in its buffer and starts a timer and broadcast LREQ packets.
Only gateways and cluster heads can retransmit the LREQ packet. On receiving the location
request the cluster head confirms that the destination is member of its cluster, then it sends
LREP packets which gives the sender geographic routing because each node knows the
position of the source and the closest neighbor, based on the information from the LREQ
received and the Simple Location Service (SLS). If failure occurs then it is retransmitted by
the cluster head to adjacent cluster heads (Reactive Location Service, RLS) and the
destination address is recorded in the packet. Cluster heads and gateways. Once the source
receives the location of the destination, it retrieves the data packet from its buffer and sends it
to the closest neighbor to the destination.
2.4 Broadcast Routing
Broadcast routing is frequently used in VANET for sharing, traffic, weather and emergency,
road conditions among vehicles and delivering advertisements and announcements. The
various Broadcast routing protocols are BROADCOMM, UMB, V-TRADE, and DV-CAST.
2.4.1

Broadcomm Routing Protocol

Broadcomm is based on hierarchal structure for highway network. In BRAODCOMM the

highway is divided into virtual cells, which move like vehicles. The nodes in the highway are
organized into two level of hierarchy: the first Level includes all the nodes in a cell, the
second level is represented by cell reflectors, which are few nodes located closed to
geographical center of cell. Cell reflectors behaves for certain interval of time as cluster head

and handles the emergency messages coming from same members of the cell or nearby
neighbor. This protocol performs similar to flooding base routing protocols for message
broadcasting and routing overhead.
2.4.2

Urban Multihop Broadcast protocol (UMB)

UMB is designed to overcome the interference, packet collision and hidden node problems
during message distribution in multi hop broadcast. In UMB the sender node tries to select
the furthest node in the broadcast direction for forwarding and acknowledging the packet
without any prior topology information. UMB protocol performs with much success at
higher packet loads and vehicle traffic densities.
2.4.3

Vector Based Tracing Detection (V-TRADE)

It is a GPS based message broadcasting protocols. The basic idea is similar to unicast routing
protocols, Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). V-TRADE classifies the neighbors into different
forwarding groups depending upon position and movement information. For each group only
a small subset of vehicles is selected to rebroadcast the message. V-TRADE improves the
bandwidth utilization but some routing overheads are associated with selecting the next
forwarding node in every hop.
2.4.4

DV-CAST Routing Protocol

DV-CAST provides multihop broadcasting in VANET in three traffic scenario i.e. Dense
Traffic scenario, Sparse Traffic scenario and Regular Traffic scenario. In DV-CAST each
vehicle monitors the state of neighboring vehicle all the time for making broadcast decisions.
If a vehicle Vi receives a new broadcast message then its first checks whether some vehicles
exists behind if there is some vehicle then broadcast suppression schemes are used, otherwise
it will forward the broadcast message. After broadcasting the message it will overhear for a
period of time to ensure that message is successfully broadcasted.
2.5 Geo cast Routing
Geo cast routing is basically a location based multicast routing. Its objective is to deliver the
packet from source node to all other nodes within a specified geographical region (Zone of
Relevance ZOR). In Geo cast routing vehicles outside the ZOR are not alerted to avoid
unnecessary hasty reaction. Geo cast is considered as a multicast service within a specific
geographic region. It normally defines a forwarding zone where it directs the flooding of
packets in order to reduce message overhead and network congestion caused by simply
flooding packets everywhere. In the destination zone, unicast routing can be used to forward
the packet. One pitfall of Geo cast is network partitioning and also unfavorable neighbors,

which may hinder the proper forwarding of messages. The various Geo cast routing protocols
are IVG, DG-CASTOR and DRG
2.5.1

Inter Vehicles Geocast Protocol (IVG)

The IVG protocol broadcast an alarm message to all the vehicles, which are in the critical
area depending on defer time algorithm.

In IVG cache scheme and distance aware

neighborhood selection scheme is used to deal with high velocities in VANET. The main idea
of cached greedy Geo cast inside the ZOR is to add a small cache to hold those packets,
which a node cannot forward. When a new neighbor comes into reach the cached messages
can be forwarded to it. This improved neighborhood selection decrease the network load and
end-to-end data delay.
2.5.2

DG-CASTOR Routing Protocol

DG-CASTOR protocol creates virtual community of nodes, which are able to communicate
during certain period of time. DG-CASTOR consists of location information, it is assumed
that mobile vehicle remain aware of future location of one hop neighbor for efficient and
targeted query dissemination.

DG-CASTOR protocol uses additional information and

generates packets before starting the query delivery. In VANET no base stations are defined
the query source nodes must send the query packets with additional information like: Source
Node ID, Packet Identifier, Rendezvous Region Identifier, Request to Join RDV group, the
query string and its identifier, source node trajectory prediction, Tstart representing the
prediction start time. The source node then sends the query packet to the corresponding onehop neighbor nodes (i.e. node able to communicate with the query source node). As second
step, each node receiving the packet: (i) joins the Rendezvous (Rdv) geo cast group, (ii)
checks its neighbor table, (iii) carries the packet if not already received, and (iv) forwards a
copy of the packet to the targeted nodes (i.e. nodes traveling in the same direction as the
source node), otherwise it forwards the query packet before dropping it. In DG-CASTOR the
Rendezvous Geo cast Region is created based on prediction of future location to estimate the
link availability between mobile nodes. Main advantage of DG-CASTOR is that it reduces
network congestion by avoiding unnecessary packet transmission.
2.5.3

Distributed Robust Geo cast (DRG)

DRG protocol is completely distributed within control overhead, state information and within
frequent topology changes. DRG use following mechanism for retransmission of messages.
Since VANET is prone to frequent, temporary fragmentation, DRG provides a mechanism to
overcome fragmentation for improving the performance. One approach in DRG is periodic
re-transmission of messages until implicit acknowledgement is not received. The scalability

of DRG is also better as its performance is less sensitive to network size or node density.
DRG adapts itself to fit network topology and ensures high delivery ratio in sparse and
disconnected network by incurring overhead.
Protocols

Proactive
Protocols

Reactive
Protocols

Position
Delay
based GreedyBounded
Protocols
Protocols
Wire
lessWire
lessHeuristic
Carry
multi
hopmulti
hopmethod
Forward
Forwarding Forwarding

Prior
Forwarding
Method
Digital
Map
Requirement
No
No
Virtual
Infrastructure No
No
Requirement
Realistic Traffic
Flow
Yes
Yes
Recovery
Multi HopCarry
Strategy
Forwarding Forward
Scenario
Urban
Urban

3.

Cluster BasedBroadcast
Protocols
Protocols

Geo
cast
Protocols

&Wireless
Wire less multiWire
less
Multi
hophop
multi
hop
Forwarding Forwarding
Forwarding

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes
&Carry
Forward
Urban

No
No
&Multi
hopCarry
Forwarding Forward
Sparse
Urban

Yes
&Carry
Forward
Highway

Yes
&Flooding
Highway

Conclusion

In this section we have reviewed existing routing protocols. Table 1 gives a Comparison of
these protocols. Prior forwarding method describes the first routing decision of the protocol
when there are packets to be forwarded. In case of Delay Bounded protocols the prior
forwarding method is used, whereas in all other routing protocols wireless multi hop method
of forwarding is used. Digital map provides street level map and traffic statistics such as
traffic density and vehicle speed on road at different times. Digital map is mandatory in case
of Some of Cluster Based Routing Protocols. Virtual Infrastructure is created through
clustering of nodes in order to provide scalability. Each cluster can have a cluster head, which
is responsible for secure communication between inter-cluster and intra cluster coordination
Table 1: Comparison of Various Protocols

in the network. Recovery strategy is used to recover from unfavorable situations. Recovery
strategy is the criteria, which is used to judge the performance of protocol.
4.
The Future perspectives
The future perspectives for VANET routing protocols should include following:
1. A major challenge in protocol design in VANET is to improve reliability of Protocols
and to reduce delivery delay time and the number of packet retransmission.
2. Driver behavior should be considered for designing of delay bounded routing
protocols since carry and forward is the mainly approach to deliver packets.
3. Geo cast routing for comfort applications should also considered. Comfort messages
are usually tolerant of delay, Network bandwidth is generally reserved for emergency

messages. It is worth to develop an efficient geo cast routing protocol for comfort
applications with delay tolerant capabilities with low bandwidth utilization.
4. The protocol designing for geo cast routing should consider the scalability.
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