The Hiram Bingham Guide to Oxford Referencing v1.

6
What is referencing?

To reference is to identify your sources of information. You need to reference all sources you
use for any assignment that requires investigating.

Referencing provides proof that you have done research by allowing others to check your
sources.

At Hiram Bingham we recommend the use of the Oxford

(footnote/bibliography), which will be explained in this document.

referencing

system

Plagiarism and collusion

To plagiarise is to present others ideas or information as your own. It is a form of cheating. If

you fail to reference your sources, whether you know it or not, you commit plagiarism.1

Collusion is another form of cheating that takes place when you receive unauthorised help.

At Hiram Bingham we use software called Turnitin to help us detect cases of plagiarism and
collusion. You can find out more at www.turnitin.com.

The schools rulebook states that any student who is found to have committed plagiarism or
collusion will receive up to three demerits and the minimum grade (05/20) for that
assignment.2

How to use others ideas and information

A quotation is when you use someone elses exact words. It must be placed within quotation
marks ( ). Example:
Einstein said: Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.3

You can also rewrite a phrase in your own words, but without changing its meaning. This is
known as paraphrasing. Example:
Einstein said simplifying is good within certain limits.4

When you want to insert an image, table or graph into your assignment, you must follow these
steps:
1. Write Figure A next to your first image, table or graph (the second one should be
Figure B, etc.)
2. Give it a short title

J. Carroll, 'Academic Honesty in the IB', IB Position Paper [online document], 2012,
<http://blogs.ibo.org/positionpapers/files/2013/02/Academic-honesty-in-the-IB.pdf>, accessed 20 April 2013.
2
Hiram Bingham School, Reglamento Interno (as modified by 'Sistema de Conducta 2013') [online document], 2012,
<http://intra.hirambingham.edu.pe/hb_intra/hbteacher/documento/200/10._Reglamento_Interno_2012_2.pdf>, accessed
21 April 2013.
3
A. Calaprice (ed.), The Expanded Quotable Einstein, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 317.
4
Calaprice, p. 317.
Page 1 of 6

Examples:

Figure A. Theodore Roosevelt.5

Figure B. Climate graph for Iquitos, Peru.6

Creating footnotes

The little numbers at the end of each of the examples point to footnotes, the references at the
bottom of the page.

Footnotes contain all the information you need to locate a source, such as the author, the title
or the web address. They can be created very easily using Microsoft Word:
1. Place the cursor at the end of the sentence with the
information you want to reference
2. Click References and then Insert footnote

If you want to insert more footnotes, just repeat the procedure.

Word will automatically change the numbers as you add (or
delete) footnotes.

Do I have to write full references every time?

No. You must provide a complete reference only the first time you reference a source.
Footnotes 1-3 on the previous page are examples of full references.

If you want to reference the same source again, use a short

reference. In a short reference, only the last name of the
author and the page number are needed.

Footnote 4 on the previous page is an example of a short

reference.

Special cases for short references:

a. If the text has no author, use the title instead
b. If you have used more than one source by the same
author, use the surname, the title and the page
number

Be lazy!
Abbreviate numbers by
deleting the digits that
dont change. For
example, instead of
writing pp. 1253-1254,
just write pp. 1253-4.

BBC History, 'Theodore Roosevelt (1858 - 1919)', BBC History [web page], 2013,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/roosevelt_theodore.shtml>, accessed 25 April 2013.
6
M. E. Ritter, The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography, [e-book], 2006,
<http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/atmospheric_moisture/geographic_patterns_equator_subtropics.html>,
accessed 25 April 2013.
Page 2 of 6

Examples of footnotes

The table below is divided into printed, online and other sources. This is how to use it:
1.

Locate your type of source in the table

2.

Copy the reference and paste it into your footnote

3.

Replace the information with that of your source

Printed sources
BOOK WITH A
SINGLE AUTHOR
BOOK WITH
MULTIPLE
AUTHORS
BOOK WITH MORE
THAN 3 AUTHORS
BOOK WITH NO
AUTHOR

W. Easter, The Elusive Quest for Growth, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002, p. 21.
R. Y. Cavana, U. Sekaran and B. L. Delahaye, Applied Business Research: Qualitative and Quantitative
Methods, Milton: John Wiley & Sons, 2001, p. 34.
P. E. Murphy et al., Tourism: A Community Approach, New York: Routledge, 1985, pp. 22-6
Use the first listed author followed by et al.
Doing Business in Thailand, 3rd edn., Bangkok: Bangkok Legal Consultant, 1995, p. 16.

EDITED BOOK

P. Ashwin (ed.), Changing Higher Education: The Development of Learning and Teaching, London:
Routledge, 2006, pp. 33-8.
Use either (ed.) or (eds.) following author's surname.

BOOK WITH
CORPORATE
AUTHOR

Victoria University of Technology, Applying for Research Grants, Melbourne: Victoria University of
Technology, 1994, p. 4.

BOOK SECTION OR
CHAPTER

REFERENCE BOOK
NEWSPAPER
ARTICLE
JOURNAL OR
MAGAZINE
ARTICLE

L. A. Crosby, 'Building and Maintaining Quality in the Service Relationship', in S. W. Brown et al. (eds.),
Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1991, pp.
185-240.
The title of the chapter must be between single quotation marks (' ').
New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, p.
67.
In the absence of any editor information, use the title.
M. Steyn, 'Climate Change Myth', The Australian, 11 January 2006, p. 23.
If no author treat same as book with no author.
K. Woo and C. T. Ennew, 'Business-to-Business Relationship Quality: An IMP Interaction-Based
Conceptualization and Measurement', European Journal of Marketing, 38/9, 2004, pp. 1252-71.
The title of the article must be between single quotation marks (' '). 38/9 = volume/issue

Online sources
WEB PAGE
DOCUMENT
VIDEO
IMAGE

Wilderness Society, 'Greenhouse Gases - Choking the Planet', Wilderness Society [web page], 2005,
<http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/climate>, accessed 25 January 2005.
B. Mclennan and S. Keating, 'Making the Links to Student Learning', Citeseer, [online document], 2005, p. 4
<http://tls.vu.edu.au/PEC/PEC_docs/making%20 the%20links%20to%20student%20learning.pdf>,
accessed 17 April 2009.
B. Dutt, Death Debate: Should Euthanasia be Legalised?, [online video], 2007,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_FOwXChg>, accessed 23 August 2009.
N. J. Caire, Western Entrance to Melbourne International Exhibition, [online image], 1880,
<http://catalogue.slv.vic.gov.au/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bIbd=1719334>, accessed 20 October 2009.
Page 3 of 6

E-BOOK
ONLINE JOURNAL
OR MAGAZINE

A. Hitler, Mein Kampf [e-book], New York: Reynal & Hitchhock, 1941, p. 172,
<http://archive.org/stream/meinkampf035176mbp#page/n5/mode/2up>, accessed 4 May 2013.
H. Ju, R. Yen and K. P. Gwinner, 'Internet Retail Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Relational
Benefits.', International Journal of Service Industry Management [online journal], 14/5, 2003, pp. 483-500
<http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx_?direct=true&db=buh&an=12103682>, accessed 17 April 2009.
The title of the article must be between single quotation marks (' '). 14/5 = volume/issue

Other sources
SOURCE CITED IN
ANOTHER SOURCE
UNPUBLISHED
SOURCE

E. Tapscott cited in S. El-Shamy, How to Design and Deliver Training for the New and Emerging
Generations, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2004, p. 67.
Provide the reference for the source that you actually read.
P. Taborga, Interview to Carlos Mesa on the 1952 National Revolution, La Paz, 10 January 2013 [see
Appendix 1].
Interviews, experiments, surveys or videos created by you or your peers fall into this category. If
possible, include the full source as an appendix at the end of the document.
Figure C. Examples of footnotes.7

How to construct a bibliography

The bibliography is a list of every source you have referenced. It is located at the end of the
document (but before any appendixes). Remember:

Sources must be listed in alphabetical order

Every source should only appear once

Surnames should come first and must be in upper case letters

The second line of every entry should be indented

For an example of a complete bibliography, look at the one at the end of this document

Examples of bibliographical entries

Use the table below just like the one for footnotes: copy, paste and replace the information with that
of your source.

Printed sources
BOOK WITH A
SINGLE AUTHOR
BOOK WITH
MULTIPLE AUTHORS
BOOK WITH MORE
THAN 3 AUTHORS
BOOK WITH NO
AUTHOR

EASTER, W., The Elusive Quest for Growth, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
CAVANA, R. Y., SEKARAN, U., and DELAHAYE, B. L., Applied Business Research: Qualitative and
Quantitative Methods, Milton: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
MURPHY, P. E., et al., Tourism: A Community Approach, New York: Routledge, 1985.
Use the first listed author followed by et al.
Doing Business in Thailand, 3rd edn., Bangkok: Bangkok Legal Consultant, 1995.

Victoria University, 'Oxford: A Brief Guide', Victoria University Library Referencing [online document], 2010, pp. 2-4
<http://w2.vu.edu.au/library/referencing/files/2495%20Oxford%20Guide%20(28%209%2010).pdf>, accessed 20 April
2013.
Page 4 of 6

EDITED BOOK

ASHWIN, P. (ed.), Changing Higher Education: The Development of Learning and Teaching, London:
Routledge, 2006.

BOOK WITH
CORPORATE
AUTHOR

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Applying for Research Grants, Melbourne: Victoria

University of Technology, 1994.

BOOK SECTION OR
CHAPTER
REFERENCE BOOK
NEWSPAPER
ARTICLE
JOURNAL OR
MAGAZINE ARTICLE

CROSBY, L. A., 'Building and Maintaining Quality in the Service Relationship', in S. W. Brown, et al. (eds.),
Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1991,
pp. 185-240.
New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
In the absence of any editor information, use the title.
STEYN, M., 'Climate Change Myth', The Australian, 11 January 2006, p. 23.
If no author treat same as book with no author.
WOO, K. and ENNEW, C. T., 'Business-to-Business Relationship Quality: An IMP Interaction-Based
Conceptualization and Measurement', European Journal of Marketing, 38/9, 2004, pp. 1252-71.
The title of the article must be between single quotation marks (' '). 38/9 = volume/issue.

Online sources
WEB PAGE
DOCUMENT
VIDEO
IMAGE
E-BOOK
ONLINE JOURNAL
OR MAGAZINE
ARTICLE

WILDERNESS SOCIETY, 'Greenhouse Gases - Choking the Planet', Wilderness Society [web page], 2005,
<http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/climate>, accessed 25 January 2005.
MCLENNAN, B. and KEATING, S., 'Making the Links to Student Learning', Citeseer [online document],
2005, <http://tls.vu.edu.au/PEC/PEC_docs/Making%20the%20links%20
to%20student%20learning.pdf>, accessed 17 April 2009.
DUTT, B., Death Debate: Should Euthanasia be Legalised? [online video], 2007,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_FOwXChgglc>, accessed August 2009.
CAIRE, J. N., Western Entrance to Melbourne International Exhibition [online image], 1880,
<http://catalogue.slv.vic.gov.au/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibld=1719334>, accessed 20 October 2009.
HITLER, A., Mein Kampf [e-book], New York: Reynal & Hitchhock, 1941,
<http://archive.org/stream/meinkampf035176mbp#page/n5/mode/2up>, accessed 4 May 2013.
YEN, H. JU R. and GWINNER, K. P., 'Internet Retail Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Relational
Benefits.', International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14/5, 2003, 483-500
<http://search.epnet.com/loginaspx?direct=true&db=buh&an=12103682>, accessed 17 April 2009.
The title of the article must be between single quotation marks (' '). 14/5 = volume/issue.

Other sources
SOURCE CITED IN
ANOTHER SOURCE
UNPUBLISHED
SOURCE

EL-SHAMY, S., How to Design and Deliver Training for the new and Emerging Generations, San Francisco:
John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Provide the reference for the source that you actually read.
TABORGA, P., Interview to Carlos Mesa on the 1952 National Revolution, La Paz, 10 January 2013 [see
Appendix 1].
Interviews, experiments, surveys or videos created by you or the class fall into this category. If
possible, include the full source as an appendix at the end of the document.
Figure D. Examples of bibliographical entries.8

Victoria University, pp. 2-4.

Page 5 of 6

The word count

Footnotes and the bibliography should never be included in the word count.

To make sure that Microsoft Word doesnt count your footnotes, follow these steps:

Step 1: Click on the number of words.

Step 2: Uncheck the

box that says Include
textboxes, footnotes
and endnotes.

Final thoughts

Pay attention to detail. When referencing, a single misplaced full stop or capital letter can lead
to confusion and loss of marks.

No guide can cover every possible case. If you cannot find an example of a certain type of
source, use your common sense: search the internet, ask your teachers and, if necessary,
write the reference as you think is best.

The golden rule of referencing is to be consistent, so if you reference a source in a certain

way, make sure you do it the same way every time.

Bibliography
BBC HISTORY, 'Theodore Roosevelt (1858 - 1919)', BBC History [web page], 2013,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/roosevelt_theodore.shtml>, accessed 25 April 2013.
CALAPRICE, A. (ed.), The Expanded Quotable Einstein, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
CARROLL, J., 'Academic Honesty in the IB', IB Position Paper [online document], 2012,
<http://blogs.ibo.org/positionpapers/files/2013/02/Academic-honesty-in-the-IB.pdf>, accessed 20 April
2013.
HIRAM BINGHAM SCHOOL, Reglamento Interno (as modified by 'Sistema de Conducta 2013') [online
document], 2012,
<http://intra.hirambingham.edu.pe/hb_intra/hbteacher/documento/200/10._Reglamento_Interno_2012
_2.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2013.
RITTER, M. E. The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography, [e-book], 2006,
<http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/atmospheric_moisture/geographic_patterns_equat
or_subtropics.html>, accessed 25 April 2013.
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, 'Oxford: A Brief Guide', Victoria University Library Referencing [online document],
2010,
<http://w2.vu.edu.au/library/referencing/files/2495%20Oxford%20Guide%20(28%209%2010).pdf>,
accessed 20 April 2013.

Page 6 of 6