A Term Report on;

The Equation of Mechanical Energy

Submitted to :
Sir Kamran Sibtain & Sir Ifkar Ahsan
Naqvi
Transport Phenomena

Group Members

S. M. Sibtain Jafri
(2k8-ChE-108)
Badar Rasheed
(2k8-ChE-113)
Waqas Siddique
(2k8-ChE-120)
Zafar Afzal
(2k8-ChE-127)

Section B , 8th Semester

September 7 , 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me

the strength and health to do this work until it done.
Not forgotten to my Family for providing everything.
Internet, books, computers and all that as my source to
complete this report. They also supported me and encouraged
me to complete this task.
Then I would like to thank my teacher, Sir Kamran Sibtain
& Sir Ifkar Ahsan Naqvi for guiding me. We had some
difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we
knew what to do. They tried and tried to teach us until we
understand what we supposed to do in completing this report.
And Thanks to my Friends who encouraged throughout this
project. Last but not least, my friends who were my Group
Members and doing this job with me and sharing our ideas.
They were helpful that when we combined and discussed
together, we had this task done.

Content

Topic

Page No.

Acknowledgement

The Equation of Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Derivation

4,5,6

Applications of The Equation of Mechanical Energy

Other Applications

References

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THE EQUATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

Introduction

Many uid systems are designed to transport a uid from one

location to another at a specied ow rate, velocity, and elevation difference,
and the system may generate mechanical work in a turbine or it may consume
mechanical work in a pump or fan during this process. These systems do not
involve the conversion of nuclear, chemical, or thermal energy to mechanical
energy. Also, they do not involve heat transfer in any signicant amount, and
they operate essentially at constant temperature. Such systems can be
analyzed conveniently by considering only the mechanical forms of energy
and the frictional effects that cause the mechanical energy to be lost (i.e., to
be converted to thermal energy that usually cannot be used for any useful
purpose).
Mechanical Energy
The mechanical energy can be dened as the form of energy that
can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal
mechanical device such as an ideal turbine. Kinetic and potential energies are
the familiar forms of mechanical energy. Thermal energy is not mechanical
energy, however, since it cannot be converted to work directly and completely
(the second law of thermodynamics).
Derivation
Mechanical energy is not conserved in a flow system, but that
does not prevent us from developing an equation of change for this quantity.
We can obtain equations of change for a number of non conserved quantities,
such as internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The equation of change for
mechanical energy, which involves only mechanical terms, may be derived
from the equation of motion

We take the dot product of the velocity vector v with the equation
of motion and then do some rather lengthy rearranging, making use of the
equation of continuity

We also split up each of the terms containing

into two

parts. The final result is the equation of change for kinetic energy:

At this point it is not clear why we have attributed the indicated physical
significance to the terms

and

We now introduce the potential energy (per unit mass)

defined by

Then the last term may be rewritten as:

T he equation of continuity may now be used to replace

The latter may be written as

if the potential energy is

independent of the time. This is true for the gravitational field for systems that
are located on the surface of the earth; then

where g is the

(constant) gravitational acceleration and h is the elevation coordinate in the

gravitational field.
With the introduction of the potential energy, assumes the following form:

This is an equation of change for kinetic-plus-potential energy. Since

above equations contain only mechanical terms, they are both referred to as
the equation of change for mechanical energy.
The term

may be either positive or negative depending on

whether the fluid is undergoing expansion or compression. The resulting

temperature changes can be rather large for gases in compressors, turbines,
and shock tubes.
The term

is always positive for Newtonian fluids because

it may be written as a sum of squared terms:

which serves to define the two quantities

index

takes

on

the

values

1,

2,

3,

the

hence the
velocity

components

and the Cartesian coordinates

The symbol
The quantity

is the Kronecker delta, which is 0 if

describes the degradation of mechanical energy into

thermal energy that occurs in all flow systems (sometimes called the viscous
dissipation heating) This heating can produce considerable temperature rises
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in systems with large viscosity and large velocity gradients, as in lubrication,

rapid extrusion, and high-speed flight.
(Another example of conversion of mechanical energy into heat is the rubbing
of two sticks together to start a fire, which scouts are presumably able to do.)
When we speak of "isothermal systems," we mean systems in which there are
no externally imposed temperature gradients and no appreciable temperature
change resulting from expansion, contraction, or viscous dissipation.
Applications of The Equation of Mechanical Energy
The most important use of Eq. is for the development of the
macroscopic mechanical energy balance (or engineering Bernoulli equation)

Other Applications

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References
Transport Phenomena, Second Edition R. Byron Bird, Warren E.

Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot

SlideShare.com

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