Beruflich Dokumente
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Laboratory Report
RATIO CONTROL
Group A7
NUR MADIHAH BINTI YASER
14490
13291
13205
MARHAINA ISMAIL
13113
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Theory
Methodology
5.1 Experimental Steps
5.1.1 Experiment A: PID Flow Control
5.1.2 Experiment B: PID Control Loop Tuning
5.1.3 Experiment C: Ratio Control
6.0 Results
6.1 Experiment A: PID Flow Control
6.2 Experiment B: PID Control Loop Tuning
6.3 Experiment C: Ratio Control
6.4 Calculations
7.0 Discussion
8.0 Conclusion
9.0 Error and Recommendations
10.0 Appendices
Page
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1.0
ABSTRACT
In this experiment, Ratio Control, the purpose is to study the characteristics of
Proportional Band, Integral Action and Derivative Action on a flow process control loop
and also ratio control. The first experiment is about to see the effect on a single loop for
PID flow control by changing the derivative time. The derivative time is changed to 1s,
3s and 5s. From this experiment, it is observed that as the derivative action values
increase, the process reaches stability faster. It is because the derivative action in a PID
controller functions to ensure that the controller output proportionate the rate of change
or error. In the second experiment, the Proportional Band values are changed from PB =
1000, 50 and 10 to see the effect on a single loop for PID control loop tuning. The graphs
showed that when the values of PB = 1000, the process reaches stability upon some time.
At PB value of 50 we observe the graph to be critically stable (sinusoidal waves).whereas
at PB value of 10 shows process instability. The optimum value for Proportional Band is
between 1000-50. The last experiment is to study the characteristics of ratio control.
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From there, we observed that the ratio of loop 2 to loop 1 is 2:1 and it shows that by
setting the value for one loop will affect the other loop by their ratio.
2.0
INTRODUCTION
Ratio control is used to ensure that two or more process variables such as material flows
are kept at the same ratio even if they are changing in value. There are some examples of
ratio control such as mixing and blending two liquids, injecting modifiers and pigments
into resins before molding or extrusion, adjusting heat input in proportion to material
flow and burning air. However, basically, we will use PID controller as a generic
controller because it is widely used in industrial control system
3.0 THEORY
There are three separate constant parameters in the PID controller calculation which are
the proportional (P), the integral (I), and the derivative values (I). Each parameter has its
own roles based on the change of the current rate.
Particular operating situation will have particular properties. For each percent change in
the variable controlled, the proportional band will give how much corrective signal the
controller can produce for particular properties. The amounts of movements that will
produce at the control valve can be detected by the controllers output signal.
The function of integral action is to continue the proportional controllers initial
corrective signal until there is no difference between the process value (PV) and the
desired value (Set point). It is expressed in Minutes per Repeat.
Derivative action is the time that the proportional added with the derivative that will take
to reach certain amount of output. In advance the proportional action alone would
produce the same output. Derivative action is expressed in Minutes.
These three terms are summed up to give the output for the PID controller.
4.0 METHODOLOGY
Ratio control is used when the flow rate of two or more streams must be held on
proportional or must be kept with the desired/same ratio even if the value is changing.
For the first and second experiments, we are about to carry out several evaluation on
proportional, integral and derivative effect on a single loop by stimulate the values of D =
1s, 3s and 5s for PID flow control and values of PB = 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50 and 10 for
PID control loop tuning. For the third part of this experiment, we are playing with two
loops, loop 1 and loop 2 in order to imitate the ratio control effect.
The experiment consists of 3 parts:
1. To see the changes or dynamic response when the values of D is changing while
other values are kept constant.
D values: 1s, 3s, 5s
2. To see the changes or dynamic response when the values of PB is changing while
other values are kept constant.
PB values: 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 10
3. To observe the changes in ratio control when the value of PB for loop 2 (manual
mode) is stimulate, and to see the effect on loop 1 (auto mode) when the value is
changed.
4.1 Experimental Steps
4.1.1 Experiment A: PID Flow Control
1. The steps of start-up procedure is followed before starting the experiment on PID
flow control, PID control loop tuning and ratio control.
4. The recorder is turned on. The control loop 1 is put into auto mode.
5. A change is stimulated by adjusting FT520 to 50 LPM using HV 533.
5.0 RESULT
Experiment A: PID Flow Control
The first experiment was carried out by manipulating the TD values while maintaining
the PB and TI values. The following shows the graph of flow responses for derivative
time of 50 LPM and 75 LPM set pints.
Values that are maintained, PB = 200, I=6s, D= 1s
50 LPM
75 LPM
Figure 1: TD = 1s
50 LPM
75 LPM
Figure 2: TD = 3s
50 LPM
75 LPM
Figure 3: TD = 5s
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PB = 100
PB = 50
PB = 10
Figure 5: PB = 100 and 50. The system can be considered as critically stable. At PB
= 10, it is unstable
Experiment C: Ratio Control
This experiment was carried out by setting the flow rate to 40 LPM. Then, it was
stimulated by adjusting the flow rate to 50 LPM.
60 min
7.0 DISCUSSION
Basically, a control loop consists of a sensor, transmitter, controller and final control
element. A sensor is to measure the measured value. Then, transmitter will pass the signal
which is the value measured by sensor to the controller. The controller will decide the
specific action to be taken once the value obtained by sensor and transmitted by
transmitter is compared with the set point. After that, the controller will then tell the final
control element such as the valve to take appropriate actions either to open the valve or
vice versa. This mechanism can also be explained by the diagram shown below:
This is due to the derivative action in a PID controller functions to ensure that the
controller output proportionate the rate of change or error. It is useful when sudden
changes in measured variable occur. This explains why with higher derivative action
value, the graph reaches stability faster upon the introduction of disturbances.
In the second experiment, the Integral Action is set to 1000s and Derivative Action is set
to 0s. By setting these values, the Proportional Band is activated in the controller.
Initially, the Proportional Band is set to 1000, decreases to 500, 200, 100, 50 and 10.
Between the values of PB = 1000-100, the process reaches stability upon some time. At
PB value of 50, the graph is shown to be critically stable (sinusoidal waves). While, the
PB value of 10 shows the process instability. Thus, the optimum value for Proportional
Band is between 1000-50. Proportional Band in a PID controller acts to compare the set
value with the measured value. By doing this, it will adjust the opening or closing of the
valve for the flow rate to reach its set point.
In the third experiment, the objective is to demonstrate the characteristics of ratio control.
Ratio Control is controlling two processes simultaneously. In other words, in this type of
control, the variable in one loop is determined by the value of the other loop. Firstly, PID
controller is set to PB = 200, I = 6s and D = 1s. Then, the flow rate is introduced from
another loop. Setting this flow rate to 40 LPM, it is shown that the flow rate of another
loop is 20 LPM. At one loop of 50 LPM, the other loop is 25 LPM. Thus, it can be
conclude that the ratio of loop 2 to loop 1 is 2:1. From this experiment, it is clear as to
how this ratio control system operates. Setting the value for one loop affects the other
loop by their ratio.
8.0 CONCLUSION
After completing this experiment,we come to conclusion which are process stability
depends on Derivative Action .As the value of Derivative Action increases, the process
reaches stability faster. This is because the derivative action in a PID controller is
function to ensure that the controller output proportionate the rate of change or error.
Besides that,we found that the optimum value for Proportional Band is between 1000-50.
Proportional Band in a PID controller acts to compare the set value with the measured
value. Last but not least,the ratio of loop 2 to loop 1 is 2:1. In this experiment, we can
say that setting the value for one loop affects the other loop by their ratio.
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