Wk 6 Chapter 44 Activity and Exercise Terms

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1.

Active range-of-motion exercises: Isotonic exercises in

which the client independently moves each joint in the body
through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching
all muscle groups within each plane, over the joint

2.

Functional strength: ability of the body to perform work

26.

Gait: the way a person walks

27.

High-Fowler's position: a bed-sitting position in which the

28.

Hypertrophy: enlargement of a muscle or organ

29.

Isokinetic (resistive) exercises: muscle contraction or

30.

Isometric (static or setting) exercise: muscle contraction

head of the bed is elevated 60 to 90 degrees

Activity-exercise pattern: refers to a person's pattern of

exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation

3.

25.

Activity tolerance: the type and amount of exercise or daily

tension against resistance

activities an individual is able to perform

4.

Aerobic exercise: any activity during which the body takes in

without moving the joint (muscle length does not change),

which involves exerting pressure against a solid object.

more or an equal amount of oxygen than it expends

5.

Ambulation: the act of walking

6.

Anabolism: a process in which simple substances are converted

by the body's cells into more complex substances (e.g., building
tissue, positive nitrogen balance)

7.

Anaerobic exercise: involves activity in which the muscles

cannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream; used in
endurance training

8.

Ankylosed: permanently immobile joints

9.

Anorexia: loss of appetite

10.

Atrophy: wasting away; decrease in size of organ or tissue (e.g.,

31.

tension is constant and the muscle shortens to produce muscle

contraction and active movement
32.

Base of support: the foundation on which an object rests

12.

Bed rest: strict confinement to bed (complete bed rest), or the

client may be allowed to use a bedside commode or have
bathroom privileges

13.

Calculi: renal stones

14.

Catabolism: a process in which complex substances are broken

down into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue)

15.

33.

16.

Contracture: permanent shortening of a muscle

17.

Crepitation: (1) a dry, crackling sound like that of crumpled

cellophane, produced by air in the subcutaneous tissue or by air
moving through fluid in the alveoli of the lungs; (2) a crackling,
grating sound produced by bone rubbing against bone

18.

19.

34.

21.

Logrolling: a technique used to turn a client whose body must at

all times be kept in straight alignment

35.

Lordosis: an exaggerated concavity in the lumbar region of the

vertebral column

36.

Low Fowler's position: a bed-sitting position in which the

head of the bed is elevated between 15 and 45 degrees, with or
without knee flexion

37.

Metabolism: the sum of all physical and chemical processes by

which a living substance is formed and maintained and by which
energy is made available for use by the organism

38.

Mobility: ability to move about freely, easily, and purposefully in

the environment

39.

Orthopneic position: a sitting position to relieve respiratory

difficulty in which the client sits either in bed or on the side of the
bed, leaning over an overbed table across the lap; an adaptation
of the high-Fowler's position

40.

Orthostatic hypotension: decrease in blood pressure related

to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or
standing positions

Dorsal recumbent (back-lying) position: a supine position

with the head and shoulders slightly elevated

41.

Osteoporosis: demineralization of the bone

Dorsal (supine) position: a back-lying position without a

42.

Pace: number of steps taken per minute or the distance taken in

Embolus: a blood clot (or a substance such as air) that has

43.

Paresis: slight or incomplete paralysis

moved from its place of origin and is causing obstruction to

circulation elsewhere (plural: emboli)

44.

Passive range-of-motion (ROM) exercise: exercise in

one step when walking

pillow
20.

Line of gravity: an imaginary vertical line drawn through an

object's center of gravity

Center of gravity: the point at which all of the mass (weight) of

an object is centered

Lateral (side-lying) position: position in which a person lies

on one side of the body

muscle)
11.

Isotonic (dynamic) exercise: exercise in which muscle

which another person moves each of the client's joints through

their complete range of movement, maximally stretching all
muscle groups within each plane over each joint

Exercise: a type of physical activity; a planned, structured, and

repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or
more components of physical fitness

22.

Flaccid: weak or lax

23.

Foot drop: plantar flexion contracture

24.

Fowler's position: a semi-sitting position in which the head of

the bed is raised to an angle between 45 and 60 degrees, typically
at 45 degrees

45.

Physical activity: bodily movement produced by skeletal

muscles that requires energy expenditure and produces
progressive health benefits

46.

Prone position: position in which a client lies on his or her

abdomen with the head turned to one side

47.

Proprioception: awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium; knowledge of position, weight, and resistance of objects
in relation to body

48.

Range of motion (ROM): the maximum degree of movement possible for each joint

49.

Relaxation response: physiologic state achieved through deep relaxation breathing

50.

Sims' (semiprone) position: side-lying position with lowermost arm behind the body and the upper arm at the shoulder and the elbow,
with the client's legs flexed in front

51.

Spastic: describing the sudden, prolonged involuntary muscle contractions of clients with damage to the central nervous system

52.

Supine position: see Dorsal position

53.

Thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein followed by formation of a blood clot

54.

Thrombus: a solid mass of blood constituents in the circulatory system; a clot (plural: thrombi)

55.

Tripod (triangle) position: the proper standing position with crutches; crutches are placed about 15 cm (6 in.) in front of the feet and out
laterally about 15 cm (6 in.), creating a wide base of support

56.

Urinary incontinence: a temporary or permanent inability of the external sphincter muscles to control the flow of urine from the bladder

57.

Urinary reflux: backward flow of urine

58.

Urinary retention: the accumulation of urine in the bladder and inability of the bladder to empty itself

59.

Urinary stasis: stagnation of urinary flow

60.

Valsalva maneuver: forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venous
blood return to the heart

61.

Vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation