At1577 E12 PDF

PUMA Open V1.
2
Le gal Cyc le Serv ices
January 2005
ID Number: AT1577E
Rev. 12
Users Guide
Copyright 2005 by AVL List GmbH, Graz - Austria

The contents of this document may not be reproduced in any form
or communicated to any third party without the prior written
consent of AVL. While every effort is made to ensure its correctness,
AVL assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions which may
occur in this document or for damage caused by them.
All mentioned trademarks or registered trademarks are owned by
their respective owners.
Printed in Austria at AVL
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1
What you should know ................................................................................................ 3

1.1
1.2
1.3
Safety Instructions .........................................................3

Intended Use ...................................................................3
Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open............................4
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.4
About This Manual .........................................................6

1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
Light Duty Test Cycles ................................................. 4

Heavy Duty Test Cycles............................................... 5
Legal Specifications ..................................................... 5
Available Heavy Duty Test Cycles ............................... 5
Available Light Duty Test Cycles ................................. 6
Abbreviations and Glossary Terms.............................. 7
Typographic Conventions ............................................ 8
Online Help .................................................................. 9
We want to Hear From You ......................................... 9
Light Duty Cycles....................................................................................................... 11

2.1
2.2
Overview........................................................................11
Requirements................................................................ 11
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
Additional Normnames............................................... 12
Import Driving Profiles................................................ 13
Import Monitoring Function ........................................ 14
Create Own Tests ...................................................... 18
Generate Tolerance Band and Look-Ahead Driver ...21

2.3.1
2.3.2
Parameters for VTOL and LAD.................................. 22

Generate Tolerance Band.......................................... 25
Generate ECE ...................................................... 27
Generate FTP ....................................................... 29
Create New Definitions ......................................... 30
2.3.3
Activate Tolerance Band....................................... 31

Activate Look-Ahead Driver (LAD)............................. 32
Additional Points Function .................................... 33
Speed Curve Filtering Function ............................ 35
Raise Shift Plateau Function ................................ 38
Useful Information................................................. 41
Look-Ahead Driver Activation Object.................... 42
2.4
Tolerance Band Monitoring .........................................43

2.4.1
Principle of Tolerance Band Monitoring ..................... 43

Monitoring V_Tolerance_Monitoring ................... 44
Helper scripts and activation objects .................... 45
2.4.2
Formula V_Tolerance_Check ............................. 46

ECE Monitoring.......................................................... 47
PUMA Open
Statuory Test Cycles - Light Duty
Table of Contents
2.4.3
2.4.4
EPA Monitoring .......................................................... 47

Online Window........................................................... 48
Heavy Duty Cycles ETC and HDTC .......................................................................... 51

3.1
3.2
Overview........................................................................51
Requirements................................................................ 53
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
Additional Normnames............................................... 53
Modification of Test Facility Parameters (TFP).......... 57
Modification of Unit Under Test Parameters (UUT) ... 58
Test Import (BSQ, SSQ) ............................................ 59
Parameterization of Full Load Curve Recording .......60

3.3.1
3.3.2
Parameterization of Full Load Curve in EMP............. 60

Parameterization ETC (ECE)..................................... 63
Parameterization in ECT....................................... 63
3.3.3
Parameterization in EMP ...................................... 63

Parameterization HDTC (EPA) .................................. 64
Parameterization in ECT....................................... 64
3.4
Test Description ...........................................................65

3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.5
Test Execution .............................................................. 73

3.5.1
3.5.2
3.6
Full Load Curve Recording ........................................ 73

Test Run .................................................................... 75
Regression Analysis ....................................................76

3.6.1
3.6.2
3.7
Overview .................................................................... 65
Recorder Parameterization (REC) ............................. 67
Measurement Request (MRQ)................................... 69
Profile Parameterization (SSQ).................................. 71
Parameterization for Regression Analysis Activation 72
Function ..................................................................... 76
Results ....................................................................... 78
ESC Test Cycle .............................................................79

3.7.1
3.7.2
Generation of ESC Test Cycle................................... 81

Parameters of ESC Test Cycle .................................. 84
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Safety Instructions
What you should know

This documentation describes the functions of "statutory test cycles"
for passenger cars (light duty) and for trucks (heavy duty) in the PUMA
Open test bed system.
This section contains information on the following topics:
Searching for
topics:
1.1
Safety Instructions
Intended Use
Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open
About This Manual
Detailled information to the functionalities of light duty and heavy duty

you will find at:
What you should know on page 3
Heavy Duty Cycles ETC and HDTC on page 51
Safety Instructions
This documentation contains important Warnings and Safety
Instructions that users must observe. Only by careful observance of
these requirements and safety instructions can a smooth operation be
guaranteed.
1.2
Intended Use
Statutory test cycles (light duty) serve for testing passenger car
engines on PUMA Open test beds, especially with regard to measuring
exhaust emissions. The permissible emission values are specified by
(the respective country's) legislative bodies. Light duty test cycles must
not be used for testing truck engines.
Statutory test cycles (heavy duty) serve for testing truck engines on
PUMA Open test beds, especially with regard to measuring exhaust
emissions. The permissible emission values are specified by (the
respective country's) legislative bodies. Heavy duty test cycles must
not be used for testing passenger car engines.
For any use outside the application purpose mentioned or in the case
of non-observance of the necessary requirements and safety instructions no guarantee and/or liability shall be assumed.
PUMA Open
Statutory Test Cycles - Light Duty
1.3

Statutory test cycles are "standardized" test runs that are used for the
certification of combustion engines on engine test beds or chassis
dynos by means of defined driving profiles.
Typical examples
Typical examples for light duty statutory test cycles are FTP75, J1015,
etc.. Typical examples for heavy duty statutory test cycles are FTP75,
ECE R83, etc..
Kinds of statutory
test cycles
The PUMA Open system is comprised of two distinct kinds of statutory

test cycles:
Statutory test cycles for passenger cars (light duty)
Statutory test cycles for trucks (heavy duty)
Important: The component "statutory test cycles for passenger cars"

and "statutory test cycles for trucks" contains the software functions to
define the respective parameters and run statutory test cycles for
passenger cars.
The test cycles are available in the form of the legally required
demand values as BSQ tests.
Complete statutory test cycles including emission measurements and
evaluations are available as application packages (AVL GEM301H).
1.3.1
Light Duty Test Cycles

Light Duty Tests are statutory test cyles which mainly serve to test
passenger car engines.
The requirement is a time-based vehicle speed profile that is run on a
chassis dyno or on an engine test bed.
In PUMA Open, these tests are carried out by dynamic steps (SSQ).
Important: Configuration ISAC is needed to perform light duty tests!
http://www.avl.com
1.3.2
Heavy Duty Test Cycles

The functions included enable the recording of full load curves and the
automatic running of transient profiles which are available in a
normalized (percentage or calculated) form.
Demand value
output
The demand value output (PUMA steady-state steps or SSQ

sequences) is effected by means of steady-state engine control modes
(speed/torque/alpha), which are adjusted to the respective engine by
using the characteristic quantities of the specific engine (denormalized
values).
Full load
characteristic
The recording of the specific full load characteristic for the respective
heavy duty transient test is performed automatically and in compliance
with the relevant regulations. The standard test cycles are available as
driving profiles (SSQ), but can be adapted slightly to meet the user's
needs.
Regression
analysis
The concluding regression analysis according to ECE and EPA

provides information about the quality of the control.
Important: Configuration EMCON400 or ISAC400 is needed to carry
out heavy duty tests!
1.3.3
Legal Specifications
The contents of the statutory test cycles are specified by the legislative
bodies of the relevant regions (EPA, ECE, etc.), taking into account the
following criteria:
1.3.4
Test run execution (vehicle speed, gear shift points, etc.) in

compliance with the allowed deviations of the actual speed
Definition of measurements to be taken during the test run
(emission measurements, etc.)
Monitoring of exhaust emission limits during a whole test cycle
Available Heavy Duty Test Cycles

The scope of delivery includes wo ready test cycles:
TST_ETC
TST_ETC contains the ECE specifications for the European Transient

Cycle.
TST_HDT
TST_HDT contains the EPA specifications for the Heavy Duty

Transient Cycle.
The two transient test cycles HDTC and ETC are available in a
normalized form, i.e., relative demand value tracks. The necessary
adaptations can be made by means of the graphical editor SSQ.
In addition, there are two templates for the ESC test cycle (with or
without additional points (modes)).
PUMA Open
About This Manual
1.3.5
Available Light Duty Test Cycles

The PUMA Open test bed system supports the parameterization and
performance of the following statutory test cycles, which are available
as dynamic step sequences (SSQ):
ECE1504_05M
EU/ECE test cycles (ECE regulations 15/04 and 15/05).
FTP75
EPA test cycle
J1015
Japan 10.15 mode cycle
JAPAN11
Japan 11 mode cycle
SC03
EPA additional cycle aggressive behavior
US06
EPA additional cycle with air-conditioning unit

Important: The Puma Open system contains the complete driving
profiles with the possibilities of tolerance band monitoring and
optimization by means of the look-ahead driver. Complete statutory
test cycles including emission measurements and evaluations are
available as application packages (AVL GEM 301L).
1.4
About This Manual

Target group
The documentation is intended for test bed engineers who set the filter
functions for PUMA Open channels (normnames) and use them in
PUMA Open.
This documentation cannot and is not meant to replace adequate
training!
Requirements
Secondary
literature
In order to be able to work with statutory test cycles, you must meet the
following requirements:
Basic knowledge of PUMA Open
Basic knowledge of setting test run parameters (BSQ, SSQ)
Basic knowledge of emission measuring technologies
For further information on this topic, please refer to the following AVL
documentation:
AT1806E10 "ISAC400"
AT1748E10 "Parameterization Tools"
http://www.avl.com
About This Manual
1.4.1
Abbreviations and Glossary Terms

BSQ
Block Sequence Editor
CITT
Curb Idle Transmission Torque
DYS
Dynamic Step
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe (UN Organization)
ECE R 15
Emission regulation (contains test cycle "part 1" from ECE R 83)
ECE R 83
ECC (European Urban Cycle) and EUDC Cycle (MVEG and NEFZ)
EPA
Environment Protection Agency (US)
ESC
European Stationary Cycle
ETC
European Transient Cycle

New test run for truck and bus engines. This test cycle will be used for
emission certification together with ESC test run.
EUC
Elementary Urban Cycle (part of ECE R 83)
EUDC
Extra Urban Driving Cycle (part of ECE R 83)
FTP
Federal Test Procedure (transient test cycle for passenger cars))
FTP75
Transient test cycle for passenger cars and light trucks, derived from
the statutory test cycle FTP-72. Is used for emission certification
testing of passenger car and light truck engines in the U.S.
HDTC
Heavy-Duty FTP Transient Cycle
J1015
Japan 10-15 mode test cycle - is used in Japan for the emission certification testing of passenger cars.
LAD
Look-Ahead Driver
LAFY
Los Angeles Freeway (part of FTP cycle)
LANF
Los Angeles Non Freeway (part of FTP cycle)
MVEG
ECE+EUDC test cycle
NYNF
New York Non Freeway (part of FTP cycle)
OICA/ACEA
Also called ESC test run
SC03
Addition to FTP test cycle. Is used for emission simulation in

connection with air-conditioning systems.
SFTP
US06 & SC03 - addition to FTP test cycle
SSQ
Step Sequence Editor
UDC
Urban Driving Cycle (part of ECE R 83)
US06
Addition to FTP test cycle - simulation of aggressive highway driving.
VTOL
Velocity tolerance
PUMA Open
About This Manual
1.4.2
Typographic Conventions
This documentation uses the following icons and standard text styles:
ATTENTION:
Icon and text indicate a warning of situations or actions that could
potentially lead to personal injury, hardware damage and/or significant
data loss.
Important: Icon and text indicate very important information or

instructions. If these instructions are ignored, you will not be able to
finish, or will have (significant) difficulties finishing the actions
described in this documentation.
Note: Icon and text refer to further information (tip, literature, etc.).
Example: The gray example box describes an example.
Standard text styles and their use:

Bold
Parameters; control elements in windows and

dialog boxes; important text
Italics
Foreign or new terms; book titles; wherever you

are required to type user-dependent information
such as characters or text. If you read, for
example, macro name, then you are required to
type the name of a macro.
UPPERCASE
LETTERS
Keys; shortcut keys; operating states; file name

extensions
Courier
Programming examples; source code
Times New Roman
Formulas
Menu | Option
Describes how to select a menu item (here called

Option) found in the menu (here called Menu).
Bullets, lists and their use:

1.
Step-by-step procedures; sequential lists
2.
Unordered series of concepts, items or options
Unordered series of concepts, items or options in

the form of subordinate clauses
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About This Manual
1.4.3
Online Help
This printed manual is also available as online Help.
Open the online Help:
1.4.4
via the PUMA Open menu Help
or by pressing the control key F1 for context-sensitive Help.
We want to Hear From You

AVL continually strives to improve its documentation and, with this
thought in mind, we would like to hear what you have to say about it.
Whether you want to suggest an improvement to a particular manual,
complain that a concept is not explained well enough or point out an
error, we want to know.
To this end, we have created the following e-mail address for all
documentation-related correspondence:
docu@avl.com
We look forward to hearing from you!
PUMA Open
10
About This Manual
http://www.avl.com
Overview
Light Duty Cycles

This section contains detailed information on the following topics:
2.1
Overview
Requirements
Overview
The functions of the system enable the automatic running of dynamic
light duty test cycles on an engine test bed by use of ISAC 400 driver
and vehicle simulation.
The test cycles are available to users as driving profiles, which can be
adapted slightly and run on the engine test bed.
2.2
Velocity tolerance
band
A velocity tolerance band can be generated automatically for the

respective cycle. The current vehicle velocity is monitored during the
run time.
Look-ahead
driver
The function look-ahead driver is used to simulate the behavior of an

experienced driver who achieves minimum throttle movement by
making the best possible use of speed profile tolerances. Reasonable
gear shift handling can especially help to reduce the drop in actual
speed during the gear shifting procedure.
Requirements
Certain requirements must be met in order to be able to work with light
duty test cycles. This section contains detailed information on the
following requirements:
Additional Normnames
Import Driving Profiles
Import Monitoring Function
Create Own Tests
PUMA Open
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Requirements
2.2.1
In order to be able to use the functions tolerance band monitoring
and look-ahead driver, you will need additional normnames.
Important: These normnames are taken into account automatically
with standard installations.
For a customer specific normname directory, the following normnames must be added by means of the NED (in the group Calculated
Quantities).
Channel
Name
System Name
Description
LAH_TB_H
lkahead_tolb_hi
Velocity tolerance band, upper limit
LAH_TB_L
lkahead_tolb_low
Velocity tolerance band, lower limit
LAD_V
lkahead_calc_vel
Look-ahead driver: speed
Note: For online monitoring by means of scripts and formulas the

following normnames (in the group Calculated Quantities) are
required:
Channel
Name
System Name
Description
QcNOK
QcNOK
Quality Check failed for whole cycle
QcCnt
QcCnt
Quality Check counter / timer for actual violation
QcCnt15
QcCnt15
Quality Check counter for violations less 15 sec
QcCntAct
QcCntAct
Quality Check flag for checking only once
QcEnable
QcEnable
Quality Check flag for enabled formula
QcVioHi
QcVioHi
Quality Check indicator for upper violation
QcVioHLo
QcVioHLo
Quality Check indicator for lower violation
QcVioCnt
QcVioCnt
Quality Check counter for overall violations
QcVioTim
QcVioTim
Quality Check violation time
QcVioTyp
QcVioTyp
Quality Check type (0..ECE 1..FTP)
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Requirements
2.2.2
Import Driving Profiles

Carry out the following steps in order to import a driving profile:
Fig. 1
1.
Start the Application Manager.
2.
Start the PUMA Open Explorer.
3.
Select target directory (e.g. \ComputerName, \Projects, \AVL,

\Project Data).
4.
Activate the function Import in the right-hand area of the Explorer

(click with right mouse button in the right-hand window).
5.
Select the desired XML file from the directory dat\xml (cycletemplates.xml)
Import driving profile

Important: In the test shown in the figure above, no test cycle (BSQ)
has been defined; the profile templates are contained as dynamic step
sequences (SSQ) in the Library subdirectory.
PUMA Open
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Requirements
2.2.3
Import Monitoring Function

Note: The limit definitions and formulas are contained as examples in
the test supplied (VTOLTest).
Fig. 2
1.
2.
3.
Select target directory (e.g. \ComputerName, \Projects, \AVL,

\Project Data).
4.
Activate the function Import in the right-hand area of the Explorer

(click with right mouse button in the right-hand window).
5.
Select the desired XML file from the directory dat\xml (cycletemplates.xml)
Import monitoring function

VTOLTest
In the test shown in the figure below, the Library subdirectory contains
the components for the tolerance band monitoring:
http://www.avl.com
Requirements
Fig. 3
Components for tolerance band monitoring
PUMA Open
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Requirements
Fig. 4
Profile
ECE1505EU3
Example of an ECE driving profile.
Profile
P1_und_P2
Example of an EPA driving profile.
Recorder
This recorder definition contains all relevant quantities of the tolerance

band monitoring. However, this recorder is not necessary for the function.
Formula
V_Tolerance
_Check
These cyclic formulas are calculated depending on the respective

limits and contain the legal exceptions for upper/lower deviations from
statutory limits.
Formula Editor
http://www.avl.com
Requirements
Monitoring
V_Tolerance_
Monitoring
Fig. 5
These limits contain the parameters of the individual upper or lower

deviations of the current speed and the overall result of the monitoring.
Step specific limits
PUMA Open
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Requirements
2.2.4
Create Own Tests

You may combine the following components with the respective driving
profile (with generated tolerance band) to create your own tests:
Formula V_Tolerance_Check
Monitoring V_Tolerance_Monitoring
In order to create the test, you have to copy these components from
the example's library (by means of the PUMA Open Explorer) into the
library of the new test. In addition, the desired profile with generated
tolerance bands is required.
Important:
You must insert the respective activation object at the beginning of the
profile by Legal Cycles:
Start ECE
Start FTP
The following Cycle must be inserted at the end of the profile:
Stop
Fig. 6
Driving profile in the PUMA Open Explorer (SSQ)
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Requirements
Activation object
Legal Cycle
Services
Start (ECE)
Start (FTP)
Stop
Fig. 7
Activation object Legal Cycle Services
PUMA Open
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Requirements
http://www.avl.com
Generate Tolerance Band and Look-Ahead Driver
2.3

Using the function Tools | Velocity Tolerance and Look-Ahead
Driver, you can create additional demand value tracks for a specific
profile for
upper tolerance band
lower tolerance band and/or
optimized demand speed (look-ahead driver)
in the form of a newly generated profile:

1.
2.
Select the desired profile (in the library of the test or a common
directory).
3.
Invoke by use of the function Tools | Velocity Tolerance and

Look-Ahead Driver (to load the profile that has been selected).
Fig. 8
Velocity Tolerance and Look-Ahead Driver
Note: For velocity tolerance we use the abbreviation VTOL, and

look-ahead driver is abbreviated as LAD.
Below you will find detailed information on the following topics:
Parameters for VTOL and LAD
Generate Tolerance Band
Activate Look-Ahead Driver (LAD)
PUMA Open
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2.3.1
Parameters for VTOL and LAD

Define the parameters in the window Velocity Tolerance and
Look-Ahead Driver:
Fig. 9
Velocity Tolerance and Look-Ahead Driver
Sequence Properties
The following parameters are set in the Sequence Properties area:
New sequence
name
Under New sequence name, the name of the new sequence to be

generated can be defined. The name of the original profile plus extension _gen is used as a default (if nothing is entered).
Activation area
If you want to use the functions Velocity Tolerance Band and

Look-Ahead Driver only over a certain area, you can select an area at
Activation Area (by default, this is the whole SSQ area).
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Note: If a profile with the same name already exists in the library, you
can overwrite it. You are asked whether you want to overwrite a profile
in the dialog box: Overwrite sequence with the given name if it
exists.
Create speed
tolerance tracks
(VTOL)
If you select this parameter (tick), velocity tolerance tracks for the
upper and lower tolerance bands will be generated.
Tolerance time
This parameter is used to define the tolerance time for the calculation.
Value range:
Upper speed limit
This parameter is used to define the upper speed limit.

Value range:
Lower speed limit
0.5 to 5 seconds
0.1 to 10 km/h
This parameter is used to define the lower speed limit.

Value range:
0.1 to 10 km/h
Note: For further information, please refer to 2.3.2 "Generate Tolerance Band" on page 25!
Create
look-ahead driver
(LAD)
If you select this parameter (tick), a track for the look-ahead driver will
be generated.
LAD time
This parameter defines the time distance of the new points generated
by LAD.
Value range:
Additional points
0,5 to 5,0 seconds
This parameter is used to define the number of additional points for an

existing point.
Available values:
0, 2, 4, 6
Note: For further information, please refer to 2.3.3 "Activate

Look-Ahead Driver (LAD)" on page 32!
Filter speed curve
This parameter is used to disable/enable (tick) the function Filter

speed curve.
Filter time
This parameter is used to define the time frame for the calculation of
the filtered velocity track.
Value range:
Utilization
1 to 20 seconds
This parameter is used to define the degree of utilization of the filtered

value in relation to the tolerance band:
0%, no deviation from original curve
100%, full utilization of tolerance range
PUMA Open
23
24
Raise shift
plateau
This parameter is used to disable/enable (tick) the function Raise shift

plateau.
Time before
gearshift
With this parameter you set the time from which the demand vehicle
speed is to be increased.
Time after gearshift
With this parameter you set the time until which the demand vehicle
speed is to be increased.
Raise at
100 km/h
With this parameter you determine for how many km/h the demand
vehicle speed is to be increased at 100 km/h. The current value is
interpolated linearily.
Note: For detailed information, please refer to "Raise Shift Plateau
Function" on page 38.
Set FTP Defaults
You use this button to set the default setting for the FTP cycle.
Note: For detailed information, please refer to "Generate FTP" on
page 29.
Set ECE Defaults
You use this button to set the default setting for the ECE cycle.
Note: For detailed information, please refer to "Generate ECE" on
page 27.
Input/Selection field for

names
You can define an existing or a new cycle name for the default settings
in this field.
OK
You start the generation by choosing the OK button. Afterwards the

application will be closed.
Cancel
By use of Cancel, you close the application without generating a

driving profile.
http://www.avl.com
2.3.2
Generate Tolerance Band

In addition to the mandatory speed profile, driving cycles for statutory
emission tests must also have a tolerance band, within which the
actual vehicle speed must remain so that the test passes as valid.
You can generate the upper and lower velocity tolerances depending
on the original track and the necessary related parameters.
1.
2.
3.
Select the profile template (from a library).
4.
Activate Tools | Velocity Tolerance and Look-Ahead
Driver.
5.
Set the parameters.
6.
Click OK.
Note: The profile that has been generated only becomes visible after
the F5 key has been pressed.
The following figure shows a detail of a driving profile before and after
the generation of the tolerance bands:
Fig. 10 Driving profile before and after VTOL
PUMA Open
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The two tolerance tracks are defined by means of system channels

which are standard normnames:
LAH_TB_H
for upper tolerance band
LAH_TB_L
for lower tolerance band
Note: The parameters contained in the starting profile, such as e.g.

engine commands, measurements, activation objects, etc., are kept
during the generation.
ATTENTION!
Changes in the profile are overwritten if the generation is repeated!
Important: Any changes that you want to remain during the generation may only be made in the original profile!
Generate ECE
Generate FTP
Create New Definitions
Activate Tolerance Band
http://www.avl.com
Generate ECE
The default settings for the ECE test cycles (ECE1504, ECE1505, etc.)
can be set by means of the Set ECE Defaults button.
This setting also includes the defaults for the values for the look-ahead
driver (LAD).
Statutory values
for ECE
The statutory values for the tolerance time and the velocity tolerances
comply with the requirements of directive 70/220/EEC or regulation
ECE R-83.
Parameters
ECE Parameters
Create speed tolerance tracks
ON
Tolerance time
1 sec
Upper speed limit
2 km/h
Lower speed limit
2 km/h
Create look-ahead driver
ON
LAD time
1 sec
Additional points
Filter speed curve
ON
Filter time
2 sec
Utilization
50%
Raise shift plateau
ON
Time before gearshift
10 sec
2 sec
Raise at 100 km/h
2 km/h
The following figures show a profile detail before and after the generation of tolerance bands (and look-ahead driver).
Fig. 11 Profile detail before the generation
PUMA Open
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Fig. 12 Profile detail after the generation
Important: To ensure the Bend of the tolerance bands, at least two

points are always inserted!
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Generate FTP
The default settings for the FTP test cycles (FTP75, SC03, US06, etc.)
can be set by means of the Set FTP Defaults button.
This setting also includes the default setting for the values for the
look-ahead driver (LAD).
The statutory values for the tolerance time and the velocity tolerances
comply with the requirements of EPA 40CFR86 86.115-78.
Parameters
FTP
Create speed tolerance tracks
ON
Tolerance time
1 sec
Upper speed limit
3.2 km/h
Lower speed limit
3.2 km/h
LAD time
1 sec
Create look-ahead driver
ON
Additional points
Filter speed curve
ON
Filter time
6 sec
Utilization
80%
Raise shift plateau
OFF
Time before gearshift

Raise at 100 km/h
The following figures show a profile detail before and after the generation of tolerance bands (and look-ahead driver).
Fig. 13 Profile detail before the generation
Fig. 14 Profile detail after the generation
PUMA Open
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Create New Definitions

The default settings for ECE and FTP can be varied and stored under
a new name as a reusable setting.
1.
Activate Tools | Velocity Tolerance and Look-Ahead
Driver.
2.
Change the desired parameters.
3.
Activate drop-down menu at the bottom of the window.
4.
Select Add new and enter the name.
Fig. 15 Assign name for default setting

5.
Choose the OK button.
6.
If you want to activate this default setting, you must select it from
the drop-down menu (as shown in the figure below).
Fig. 16 Select name

Note: The default settings for ECE and FTP can also be changed by
modifying the values for ECE or FTP.
http://www.avl.com
Activate Tolerance Band

In order to activate the formulas defined under 2.2.3 "Import Monitoring
Function" on page 14, you must insert the start of the respective monitoring at the beginning of the profile by means of the activation objects
Start (ECE) or Start (FTP).
Fig. 17 Activate tolerance band
PUMA Open
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32
2.3.3
Activate Look-Ahead Driver (LAD)

Tolerance band
In addition to the specified speed profile, driving cycles for statutory

emission tests must also have a tolerance band, within which the
actual vehicle speed must remain so that the test passes as valid. A
test bed driver on a chassis dyno can use this tolerance band in the
sense of a minimum throttle movement. Before gear shift procedures,
the test bed driver can accelerate the vehicle beyond the demand
vehicle speed to compensate for the drop in speed during the gear
shifting.
Look-Ahead
Driver function
On the dynamic engine test bed, the test bed driver is simulated by a
speed regulator. The demand speed at the regulator input and the
momentary vehicle speed determine the throttle movement. The
look-ahead driver now enables the output of a separate demand speed
profile, and this profile simulates the behavior of a test bed driver.
Compliance with the tolerance band is checked on the basis of the
legally stipulated speed profile.
Driving profile
With this tool the modified driving profile can be created. The user may
still edit the newly created profile afterwards. The aim of this procedure
is to make changes smoother at those points of the speed profile
where the demand acceleration changes, in order to obtain a lesser
throttle movement (alpha) and facilitate the compliance of the actual
driving speed with the tolerance band.
The tool forms the linear mean value of the demand speed over a
parameterized time and enables the automatic insertion of gear shift
plateaus. A gear shift plateau is an increase in the demand speed
before gear shifting, in order to compensate for the drop in speed of the
vehicle during the gear shift procedure.
For driving profiles with a relatively big step duration (e.g.: ECE cycle)
additional steps can be inserted at the relevant spots for a finer graduation.
Activation from
test cycle
From the test cycle, the look-ahead driver can be activated or deactivated by means of activation objects from the BSQ/SSQ.
Additional Points Function
Speed Curve Filtering Function
Raise Shift Plateau Function
Useful Information
Look-Ahead Driver Activation Object
http://www.avl.com
Additional Points Function

This function is used to generate further demand value points around
existing demand value points in a dynamic profile. The demand values
that have been defined are interpolated linearily at the newly inserted
points.
This function is needed in order to:
generate the key points for the tolerance band to be generated for
synthetic driving profiles (e.g. ECE cycles),
guarantee a better possibility of filtering for synthetic and real
driving profiles.
Fig. 18 Additional points with LAD

LAD time
The parameter LAD time defines the time distance of the points to be
inserted (by means same number as Tolerance time.
Additional points
The parameter Additional points indicates how many points should

be generated symmetrically around an existing demand value point.
The number of additionally generated points is predefined at 2,4 or 6.
The time distance in which the additional points are inserted is defined
indirectely by the parameterized tolerance time.
2 additional
points
If 2 points are inserted, the time distance before and after the existing
demand value point exactly matches the parameterized tolerance time.
Fig. 19 2 additional points

4 additional
points
If 4 points are inserted, these are inserted in addition to the points

described above also at half the tolerance time before and after the
demand value.
6 additional
PUMA Open
33
34
points
If 6 points are inserted, new points are inserted also at one and a half
of the tolerance time in addition to the points described above.
Fig. 20 Insertion of additional points with LAD

Note: If with the tolerance band generation function no points before
and after the original point at the time distance of the tolerance time
are defined, these are generated automatically even if the option
Additional points is turned off or if the value is 0.
Note: If any points to be inserted lie before or after an existing point in

terms of time, they will not be inserted!
Important: The use of this option leads to a multiplication of data

quantities and should preferably be used only for synthetic profile definitions (e.g. ECE cycles)!
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Speed Curve Filtering Function

The Filter speed curve function helps to smooth the driving profile
within the legally specified tolerance band. In this context, the newly
inserted demand value track of the look-ahead driver is modified while
the original track of the speed specification remains unchanged.
The algorithm forms the linear mean value over the specified time
while compliance with the tolerance band is ensured at the same time.
Requirements
The driving profile is filtered under the following criteria:
Control mode RG/v (must also be met in the previous and subsequent steps)
Gear greater than 0
Fig. 21 Parameter for speed curve filtering

Filter time
Time observed in seconds for the mean value formation.
Utilization
Maximum degree of utilitzation of the filtered point relative to the tolerance band.
Fig. 22 Filter speed curve (1)
PUMA Open
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36
If the possible time for filtering is smaller than the time that has been
specified (at the margins of the area), then the mean is taken over the
maximum time still possible.
Fig. 23 Filter speed curve (2)

Note: This also holds true for the beginning of RG/v sequences or for
starts from standstill.
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Example: Below an example for the filter:
Fig. 24 Original profile
Fig. 25 Filter time 6 seconds, utilization 80%
Fig. 26 Filter time 10 seconds, utilization 100%
PUMA Open
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38
Raise Shift Plateau Function

The Raise shift plateau function serves to raise the demand speed
during gear shifting in order to compensate for the drop in vehicle
speed that occurs during the gear shift procedure due to air resistance
and friction.
With this function the demand speed before and after the gear shift
procedure can be increased relative to the absolute speed.
Note: This function is activated only in the case of shifting to a higher
gear.
Important: This function only makes sense for a theoretical shift

plateau (synthetic driving profile, e.g.: ECE cycle). In the case of real
recorded driving profiles, this behavior already exists in the profile
recorded.
Parameters for
Raise shift
plateau
The following parameters are available for the Raise shift plateau
function:
Fig. 27 Parameter for "Raise shift plateau"

Time before
gearshift
This parameter indicates the time of the linear increase before the
moment of gear shifting [s].
This parameter indicates the time of the linear increase after the
moment of gear shifting [s].
Raise at
100 km/h
Raising of speed at 100 km/h. The respective current value is interpolated linearily [km/h]
Note: The respective increase in speed depends on the current
demand speed, the parameter Raise at 100 km/h and the time
distance to the moment of gear shifting.
At the moment of gear shifting, the increase only depends on the
parameter Raise at 100 km/h and the demand speed:
Example: Parameter Raise at 100 km/h = 4 km/h

Demand speed at shift point = 50 km/h
New increased demand speed at moment of gear shifting = 2 km/h
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For all other demand value points within the time range time before
gear shifting to time after gear shifting, the increase is interpolated
linearily depending on the moment of gear shifting.
Example:
Current demand value point is at a distance of 60% of the time before
gear shifting and the relative increase in speed is 2 km/h.
Increase of this demand value is 60% of 2 km/h = 1.2 km/h
Fig. 28 "Raise shift plateau" function

1
Moment of gear shifting
Points in this area are modified
Time before gear shifting
Time after gear shifting
Increase in speed by 2 km/h
This point is increased by 60% of 2 km/h (= 100%)
Tabelle 1:
Important: The time definitions for time before gear shifting and
time after gear shifting must not overlap with the previous and
subsequent increases!
PUMA Open
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40
Requirements
The criteria for a raise in the gear shift plateau are as follows:
Control mode RG/v must be defined in the previous and subsequent steps
Gear shift criterion must have been set to Gear
Current gear must be greater than 0 (not when starting)
Subsequent gear must be greater (upshift)
Important: If a further gear shift procedure is defined within the time

range to be modified, then changes are executed only up to this
procedure.
Fig. 29 Raise shift plateau - time overlap
Fig. 30 Modified demand value curve with gear shift procedure

ATTENTION!
When gear shift plateaus are inserted, it is not monitored whether
tolerance bands are observed!
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Useful Information
Synthetically Defined Driving Profiles (examples ECE and Japan
cycles)
The demand speed value of the driving profile is based on a theoretical
ramp with gear shift plateaus in between. The gear shift plateau is
defined with a constant speed during the gear shift procedure.
However, this is not the case in real conditions. The vehicle speed will
drop slightly during this phase depending on the existing air resistance
and friction. In order to avoid this deviation between demand value and
actual value after the gear shift procedure (when the regulator tries to
compensate and thus causes higher exhaust emissions), one can use
the function Raise shift plateau. This function helps to keep the deviation as small as possible after the gear shift procedure.
This function can be used together with the Filter function and the
insertion of additional points.
Real Recorded Driving Profiles (example FTP75)
The speed profile was recorded with a vehicle under real conditions
(and with the gear shift procedures carried out). The driving profile
therefore also represents the related drop in speed during the gear
shift procedure.
Therefore it does not make sense to use the Raise shift plateau function for these cycles!
You can use the Filtering function in order to optimize the path of the
throttle actuator (and the related exhaust emissions) making the best
possible use of the statutory tolerances.
PUMA Open
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Look-Ahead Driver Activation Object

The look-ahead driver function can be turned on and off by means of
the step sequence activation object in the BSQ.
This activation object contains the following functions:
Enable look-ahead driver
Disable look-ahead driver
Fig. 31 "Step Sequence" activation object

Activation object
in test cycle
In the test cycle, you use this activation object as follows:
Fig. 32 Activation object in test cycle

Important: The look-ahead driver must be activated before the start
of the test cycle (which has been generated with look-ahead driver).
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Tolerance Band Monitoring
2.4

The tolerance band monitoring is performed online during the test
cycle. This section contains detailed information on the following
topics:
2.4.1
Principle of Tolerance Band Monitoring
ECE Monitoring
EPA Monitoring
Online Window
Principle of Tolerance Band Monitoring

The statutory cycles are performed using the driver and vehicle simulation (ISAC). Whether the actual speed value is within the tolerance
band is monitored during the run time by limit monitoring, scripts and
formulas.
Requirements
A driving profile with a generated tolerance band must be available (look-ahead driver is optional).
Limit monitoring is active during the whole test cycle.
In the event of a limit violation a script is executed, which issues a
message and turns on the cyclic calculation over the duration of
the violation. At the same time, a monitoring function to check
whether the tolerance limit is reached again is turned on.
The statutory conditions are monitored over the duration of the
violation.
When the tolerance limit is reached again, a script is executed,
which issues information on the violation.
Fig. 33 Tolerance band monitoring

Further detailed information in this section:
PUMA Open
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44
These limits apply to the parameters of the individual upper or lower
deviations of the current speed and the overall result of the monitoring.
Note: For detailed information, please refer to our manual "AT1761
Limit Monitoring"!
V_ACT > LAH_TB_H

Violation of upper tolerance band occurred
V_ACT < LAH_TB_H
Violation of upper tolerance band within range again
V_ACT > LAH_TB_L
Violation of lower tolerance band occurred
V_ACT < LAH_TB_L
Violation of lower tolerance band within range again
Note: The reactions to violations are assigned to the below scripts!
Example: Parameterization of limit monitoring (monitoring of the

upper limit):
Fig. 34 Limit monitoring - "Reaction" tab

Furthermore, this group contains the monitoring of the overall result
which is represented as value of the normname QcNOK (validity of the
tolerance band monitoring).
The script LcsVTOLUpper is executed.
http://www.avl.com
Helper scripts and activation objects

In PUMA Open there are following helper scripts available for reaction
on limit violations:
Helper scripts
VTOLUpper
Violation of upper tolerance band

occurred
VTOLUpperOK
Violation of upper tolerance band

within range again
VTOLLower
Violation of lower tolerance band

occurred
VTOLLowerOK
Violation of lower tolerance band

within range again
The individual scripts contain the control of the below calculation and
the message output with the relevant system information, such as point
in time, SSQ step number and duration of the violation.
Important: You must insert the respective activation object Legal
Cycle Services (according to ECE or FTP) by action track
Commands.
Start (FTP)
Start of monitoring according to EPA

/ FTP regulations
Start (ECE)
Start of monitoring according to ECE

regulations
Important: You must insert the activation object Stop at the end of
the driving profile.
Stop
Behavior in the
case of limit
violations
Stop of monitoring
If the statutory limits are violated or exceptions occur, the helper script
LcsVTOLNotOK which provides information on the cause of the negative evaluation is executed:
LcsVTOLNotOK
Tolerance check failed
PUMA Open
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46
The cyclic formula is calculated depending on the respective limits and
contains the legal exceptions for upper or lower deviations from the
statutory limits.
Note: For detailed information on the subject "Formulas in PUMA
Open", please refer to our manual "AT1756 Formula Handling"!
This formula is processed cyclically at a frequency of 10 Hz:

public QcCnt, QcCntAct, QcCnt15, QcNOK
if QcEnable then
QcCnt = QcCnt + 1
// is tolerance check enabled

// count time
if QcVioTyp = 1 then
if QcCnt > 20 then
if QcCntAct = 0 then
QcCnt15 = QcCnt15 + 1
if QcCnt15 > 3 then
QcNOK = 1
endif
QcCntAct = 1
endif
endif
if QcCnt > 150 then
QcNOK = 1
endif
endif
//
//
//
//
//
//
check according to EPA regulation

check for violation > 2 sec
check only once
increment counter for violations > 2 sec
2 sec violation more than 3 times
cycle failed
if QcVioTyp = 0 then
if QcCnt > 5 then
QcNOK = 1
endif
endif
// check according to ECE regulation

// check for violation > 0,5 sec
// cycle failed
// mark as checked
// violation longer than 15 sec

// cycle failed
else
QcCnt = 0
QcCntAct = 0
endif
Important: If the normnames are changed, these must be considered

in the calculation!
http://www.avl.com
2.4.2
ECE Monitoring
Deviations by +/- 2 km/h between the speed indicated and the theoretical speed during acceleration, constant speed and deceleration when
the vehicle is braked are permissible. In a transition from one test
section to the next section, higher-than-specified velocity tolerances
are permissible as long as such deviation does not last longer than 0.5
seconds.
2.4.3
EPA Monitoring
The following velocity tolerances apply:
Upper limit
Lower limit
Permissible
upper deviations
3.2 km/h over the highest point of the curve during one second of
the specified time span.
3.2 km/h under the lowest point of the curve during one second of
the specified time span.
Fluctuations in speed which exceed these limits (as might be the
case during gear shifting) are permissible if they do not last for
more than 2 seconds at a time.
Up to three additional violations of the velocity tolerance are permissible, as long as they are less than 15 seconds and clearly
documented.
PUMA Open
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2.4.4
Online Window
At the beginning of the test cycle, the online window of the monitoring
is displayed:
Fig. 35
QualCheck
indicator upper
viol.
These fields show colors (red/green) for the status of the current tolerance violation.
QualCheck
indicator lower viol.
These fields show colors (red/green) for the status of the current tolerance violation.
QualCheck
counter actual
violat.
This field indicates the current duration of a violation in seconds.
Quality Check
failed whole cycle
This field gives a visual indication (red/green) of the current total status
of violations according to the applicable legislation.
Normnames
The normnames that are available can be used for further decisions
during the test cycle (e.g. cancel current test cycle if it is no longer
valid).
http://www.avl.com
Messages
window
The messages window indicates the violations that occurred and their
elimination, togther with the respective number, time, step number and
duration:
Fig. 36 Messages window
PUMA Open
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50
http://www.avl.com
Overview
Heavy Duty Cycles ETC and HDTC

3.1
Overview
Requirements
Parameterization of Full Load Curve Recording
Test Description
Test Execution
Regression Analysis
Overview
Requirement for
tests
Before the execution of a test, it is necessary to record the full load

characteristic for denormalization.
These data can be stored in the Unit Under Test Parameters (UUT) for
later tests.
Content of test
cycle
The automatic test cycle contains the following steps:
Start recorder
All data that are relevant for evaluation (regression analysis) are stored
as recorder data in the test result.
Run test cycle
When the profile is loaded (normalized values), the data that have
been determined by means of recording the full load characteristic
(reference speed for 0% and 100% or torque values of the full load
characteristic) are denormalized.
During the run, these data (demand and actual values) are stored in
the ASAM-ODS database.
For the evaluation it is also necessary to store the relevant characteristic quantities. Those are for example:
Store relevant
characteristic
quantities
Max. torque of full load characteristic
Speed with maximum torque
Maximum power
Speed with maximum power
Start evaluation
The evaluation (PUC/CONCERTO) is automatically started by means

of the activation object Regression Analysis, function Start Application.
Trigger evaluation
The evaluation is triggered by means of the activation object Regression Analysis, function Analyze.
Calculate regression results
The regression analysis is made on the basis of the results stored in

the database (recorder data and the characteristic quantities stored)
using scripts and macros in PUC/CONCERTO.
PUMA Open
Statutory Tests - Heavy Duty
51
52
Overview
Transfer of results
The results obtained must be transferred from PUC/CONCERTO to

PUMA. This means, the statutory limits and the characteristic quantities of the regression analysis that were determined online are sent
from PUC/CONCERTO to PUMA.
Storing results
PUMA stores the results in the form of a measurement.
Displaying the
values of a regression analysis
The current values (and limits) are displayed in a separate PUMA

window.
The color markings (red/green) provide information on compliance with
the respective statutory limits.
All results and limits are available as normnames in the PUMA Open
system.
Fig. 37 Function of heavy duty test cycles in PUMA Open
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Requirements
3.2
Requirements
Certain requirements must be met in order to be able to work with
heavy duty test cycles. This section contains detailed information on
the following requirements:
3.2.1
Modification of Test Facility Parameters (TFP)
Modification of Unit Under Test Parameters (UUT)
Test Import (BSQ, SSQ)
Parameterization of Full Load Curve in EMP
Parameterization ETC (ECE)
Parameterization HDTC (EPA)
Overview
Recorder Parameterization (REC)
Profile Parameterization (SSQ)
Parameterization for Regression Analysis Activation
Full Load Curve Recording
Test Run
Function
Results
Additional normnames are needed in order to be able to carry out the
regression analysis.
Important: These normnames are taken into account automatically
with standard installations.
If you use a customer specific normname directory, you will have to
add the following normnames with NED:
Normname
(English)
Normname
(German)
Description
DNORMTY DNORMTY Transient

P
P
denorm.
0=US,1=EU,
2=no
N_REF0
N_REF0
Unit D
DT
M# BK B#
S#
VG
#
OF
F
System
Name
Real
30
DNORMTYP
Real
30
N_REF0
Speed 0% for rpm

Transient
denorm.
PUMA Open
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54
Requirements
Normname
(English)
Normname
(German)
Description
Unit D
DT
M# BK B#
S#
VG
#
OF
F
System
Name
N_REF100 N_REF100 Speed 100%

for Transient
denorm.
rpm
Real
30
N_REF100
T_MAX_FL M_MAX_V
L
max.torque
from full load
curve
Nm
Real
21
T_MAX_FL
N_TMAXF
L
N_TMAXV
L
Speed at
max.torq.fullload curve
rpm
Real
21
N_TMAXFL
P_MAX_F
L
P_MAX_F
L
Max.Power
from full load
curve
kW
Real
21
P_MAX_FL
N_PMAXF
L
N_PMAXF
L
Speed
max.Power
full load
curve
rpm
Real
21
N_PMAXFL
CITT
CITT
Curb idle
transmittion
torque
Nm
Real
24
72
ECT_CITT
N_MRS
N_MRS
Measured
rated speed
acc. to EPA
rpm
Real
30
EPA_N_Meas
Rated
NREF_EC
E
NREF_EC
E
Param. rated
speed acc. to
ECE
rpm
Real
30
EMP_N_Ref
N_FL_MA
X
N_VL_MA
X
Max. speed
for full load
curve
rpm
Integ 8
er
30
EMP_FL_Nm
ax
N_FL_MIN
N_VL_MIN Min. speed

for full load
curve
rpm
Integ 8
er
30
EMP_FL_Nmi
n
REG_PHA
S
REG_PHA
S
Regression
phase
Real
24
REG_PHAS
TRANSTYP
TRANSTYP
Type of
transmission
0=Man 1=Aut
Integ 8
er
26
TRANSTYP
actgd_n
actgd_n
Regression:
slope speed
Real
23
14
actgd_n
actgd_md
actgd_md
Regression:
slope torque
Real
23
18
actgd_md
actgd_p
actgd_p
Regression:
slope power
Real
23
22
actgd_p
acto_n
acto_n
Regression:
offset speed
rpm
Real
23
26
acto_n
acto_md
acto_md
Regression:
offset torque
Nm
Real
23
30
acto_md
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Requirements
Normname
(English)
Normname
(German)
Description
Unit D
DT
M# BK B#
S#
VG
#
OF
F
System
Name
acto_p
acto_p
Regression:
offset power
kW
Real
23
34
acto_p
actc_n
actc_n
Regression:
coefficient
speed
Real
23
38
actc_n
actc_md
actc_md
Regression:
coefficient
torque
Real
23
42
actc_md
actc_p
actc_p
Regression:
coefficient
power
Real
23
46
actc_p
actse_n
actse_n
Regr.: standard deviation speed
rpm
Real
23
50
actse_n
actse_md
actse_md
Regr.: standard deviation torque
Real
23
54
actse_md
actse_p
actse_p
Regr.: standard deviation power
Real
23
58
actse_p
act_sht
act_sht
Regression:
shift of
values
Real
23
62
act_sht
actd_p
actd_p
Regr.:
number of
deleted
points
Real
23
66
actd_p
act_pi
act_pi
Regression:
integrated
power
Real
23
70
act_pi
act_pd
act_pd
Regression:
integr. dem.
power
Real
23
74
act_pd
RA_Start
RA_Start
Start of evaluation
Real
10
50
RA_Start
RA_Nmax
d
RA_Nmax
d
Maximum
std. deviation speed
rpm
Real
10
50
RA_Nmaxd
RA_Nming
RA_Nming
Minimum
gradient of
speed
Real
10
50
RA_Nming
RA_Nmax
g
RA_Nmax
g
Maximum
gradient of
speed
Real
10
50
RA_Nmaxg
RA_Nmax
o
RA_Nmax
o
Maximum
offset of
speed
Rp
m
Real
10
50
RA_Nmaxo
PUMA Open
55
56
Requirements
Normname
(English)
Normname
(German)
Description
Unit D
DT
M# BK B#
S#
VG
#
OF
F
System
Name
RA_Nminc
RA_Nminc
Minimum
correlation of
speed
Real
10
50
RA_Nminc
RA_Tmaxd RA_Tmaxd Maximum

std. deviation torque
Nm
Real
10
50
RA_Tmaxd
RA_Tming
Minimum
gradient of
torque
Real
10
50
RA_Tming
RA_Tmaxg RA_Tmaxg Maximum

gradient of
torque
Real
10
50
RA_Tmaxg
RA_Tmaxo RA_Tmaxo Maximum

offset of
torque
Nm
Real
10
50
10
RA_Tmaxo
RA_Tminc
Real
10
50
11
RA_Tminc
RA_Pmaxd RA_Pmaxd Maximum

std. deviation power
KW
Real
10
50
12
RA_Pmaxd
RA_Pming
Minimum
gradient of
power
Real
10
50
13
RA_Pming
RA_Pmaxg RA_Pmaxg Maximum

gradient of
power
Real
10
50
14
RA_Pmaxg
RA_Pmaxo RA_Pmaxo Maximum

offset of
power
KW
Real
10
50
15
RA_Pmaxo
RA_Pminc
RA_Pminc
Minimum
correlation of
power
Real
10
50
16
RA_Pminc
RA_Pmini
RA_Pmini
Minimum
integrated
power
Real
10
50
17
RA_Pmini
RA_Pmaxi
RA_Pmaxi
Maximum
integrated
power
Real
10
50
18
RA_Pmaxi
DYS_CON
T
DYS_CON
T
Control mode of DYS
Integ 2
er
36
DYS_CONT
PUCSYNC
PUCSYNC Syncronisation with PUC
Integ 8
er
24
PUCSYNC
RA_Tming
RA_Tminc
RA_Pming
Minimum
correlation of
torque
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Requirements
3.2.2
Modification of Test Facility Parameters (TFP)

The standard installation already includes the below modifications. If
you use customized parameters, the following additions are required.
Further data
storage tables
Create the following new data storage tables (DST) in the parameter
block TFP using PAM:
1.
DSTHDTD
Contains the characteristic quantities for the regression analysis.
Fig. 38 Storage table DSTHDTD

2.
Name DSTHDTR
Contains the results of the regression analysis.
Fig. 39 Storage table DSTHDTR
PUMA Open
57
58
Requirements
Additions in KEY
3.
Add the following entries (storage keys) to the parameter block

KEY:
RA and
RR
Fig. 40 Parameter block KEY
3.2.3
Modification of Unit Under Test Parameters (UUT)

The standard installation already includes the below modifications. If
you use customized parameters, the following additions are required.
Modifications in
ECT
1.
You must expand subgroup REAL by adding normname

REG_PHAS in the parameter block ECT.
Fig. 41 Parameter block ECT (subgroup REAL)

2.
In the parameter block ECT you must expand subgroup

INTEGER by adding the normnames SELECT and PUCSYNC:
Fig. 42 Parameter block ECT (subgroup INTEGER)
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Requirements
3.2.4
Test Import (BSQ, SSQ)

Carry out the following steps in order to import a test:
1.
Start the Application Manager
2.
Start the AVL Explorer
3.
Select target directory (e.g. NameOfComputer/Projects/AVL/

Project Data)
4.
Choose the function Import in the right-hand area of the BSQ

(click with left mouse button in the right-hand window).
5.
Import the desired XML files from the dat\xml directory

(TST_ETC.XML or TST_HDT.XML).
6.
Generate test cycle.
Fig. 43 Import test cylce in BSQ
PUMA Open
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60
3.3

The full load characteristic is recorded automatically (with a constant
gradient of 8 rpm) to form the basis for the denormalization of the
demand value tracks, which is absolutely necessary for running transient test cycles. According to the test cycle (HDTC or ETC) the
respective full load curve is selected and parameters for the engine
specific speeds are defined when the unit under test is parameterized
(block EMP and block ECT).
3.3.1
Parameterization of Full Load Curve in EMP

You must define the following parameters in parameter block EMP:
Fig. 44 Parameter block EMP

Minimum [rpm]
This parameter is used to define the lower limit of the engine map
(should be less than or equal to the value of the curb idle speed
parameter from ECT).
Important: If the speed limits (minimum, maximum) are changed, you
must expand the data range using the menu item Expand from the
PAM main menu bar. All torque values are set to 0 and a new
recording of the full load characteristic is necessary.
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Maximum [rpm]
This parameter is used to define the upper limit of the engine map.
Important: If the speed limits (minimum, maximum) are changed,
you must expand the data range using the menu item Expand. All
torque values are set to 0 and a new recording of the full load characteristic is necessary.
Ramp [rpm/s]
This value (8 rpm/s) is specified by the relevant legislative body and

cannot be altered.
Alternative
normname of
speed
Depending on the case, you may either parameterize a normname or

leave this field blank:
Standard case
If this field remains blank, the value of the normname from parameter
block EMC that is allocated to system channel SV_dyno_speed is
used (mostly N or SPEED)
Exceptional case
If you wish to use a different speed signal (e.g. filtered more strongly),
you must parameterize this normname.
Important: The new normname must be defined also in the recorder
and in the PUC INI-file (..\instpath\puc\data\req4puc.ini)!
Alternative
normname of
torque
Depending on the case, you may either parameterize a normname or

leave this field blank:
Standard case
If this field remains blank, the value of the normname from parameter
block EMC that is allocated to system channel actual_ torque is used.
It is subject to the respective configuration:
Dyno type APA100 ELB or HLB:

The normname of SV_dyno_Te_loadcell is used.
Dyno type AMK or AFA:

The normname of SV_torque_shaft is used (mostly TORQUE).
Exceptional case
If you wish to use a different torque signal (e.g. filtered more strongly),
you must parameterize this normname.
Important: The new normname must be defined also in the recorder
and in the PUC INI-file (..\instpath\puc\data\req4puc.ini)!
Full load curve

according to
Here you select the relevant legislation:
ETC(EU)
The parameterized reference speed according to ECE specified by

the relevant legislative body is used for denormalization.
HDTC(US)
The higher value of rated speed (from ECT) or measured rated

speed according to EPA is used for denormalization.
PUMA Open
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62
Measured rated
speed according
to EPA
This value is determined during the run time from the full load characteristic curve according to the regulations and can be displayed only
after storing the Unit Under Test Parameters (once the full load curve
has been parameterized according to HDTC). This value cannot be
parameterized.
Parameterized
reference speed
according to ECE
When parameterizing the full load curve according to ETC, you must
enter the reference speed (nref) for denormalization. The reference
speed is determined from the steady-state measurement of the full
load curve of the engine under net conditions.
Speed [rpm]
This parameter indicates those speed values (x-axis for full load curve)
at which the full load points are recorded.
Throttle [%]
This value is constantly preset to 100% for the recording of a full load
curve (and cannot be parameterized).
Torque [Nm]
During the recording of a full load curve, these values are measured
online; however, they can be edited later.
Important: When parameterizing a full load curve, you must take into
consideration the following situations:
New parameters, or no full load curves have been recorded and

stored:
In this case, the torque values are still 0. To run a statutory test
cycle, you must record a full load curve!
Speed limits (minimum, maximum) have been changed and

newly generated by means of Expand:
As all torque values are set to 0, a new recording of the full load
characteristic is necessary.
Full load curve has been recorded and stored; however, a new
curve should be recorded:
Use the menu item Expand from the PAM main menu bar to
delete the data range. All torque values are set to 0 and a new
recording of the full load characteristic is necessary.
http://www.avl.com
3.3.2
Parameterization ETC (ECE)

For ETC you must perform the following parameterization:
Parameterization in ECT
Curb idle speed
[rpm]
Set the parameters for the curb idle speed (rpm).
Fig. 45 Parameter block ECT for ETC (ECE)
Parameterization in EMP
Minimum [rpm]
Maximum [rpm]
Full load curve according to ETC (EU):
Parameterized reference speed according to ECE
Fig. 46 Parameter block EMP for ETC (ECE)
PUMA Open
63
64
3.3.3
Parameterization HDTC (EPA)

For the HDTC (EPA) you must perform the following parameterization:
Parameterization in ECT
Rated speed [RPM] for determining the upper reference value

(max from ..)
Curb idle speed [rpm]
Curb idle transmission torque CITT [Nm] (ECT block)
Fig. 47 Parameter block ECT for HDTC (EPA) (1/2)
Fig. 48 Parameter block ECT for HDTC (EPA) (2/2)
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Test Description
3.4
Test Description
3.4.1
Overview
Test Run
Function
Results
Overview
A BSQ test consists of various BSQ components (activation objects,
BSQ objects, commands, etc.).
This imported test includes the BSQ objects Dynamic Steps and
Recorder and Regression Analyses.
Fig. 49 Test run TST_ETC (BSQ)
PUMA Open
65
66
Test Description
Dynamic Steps
and Recorder
BSQ object Dynamic Steps and Recorder defines the activation of

recorder and profile.
Fig. 50 BSQ object Dynamic Steps and Recorder

Regression
Analyses
BSQ object Regression Analyses defines the activation of evaluation.
Fig. 51 BSQ object Regression Analyses
http://www.avl.com
Test Description
3.4.2

The recorder (RECORDER_EURO3_ETC or RECORDER_HDT)
contains all quantities necessary for the evaluation. They may not be
altered or removed.
General tab
The General tab of REC contains the following parameters:
Fig. 52 REC - General tab

Storage tab
The storage tab of REC contains the following parameters:

Important: Pay attention to the result name (REG)!
Fig. 53 REC - Storage tab
PUMA Open
67
68
Test Description
Channels tab
The Channels tab of REC contains the following parameters:
Fig. 54 REC - Channels tab
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Test Description
3.4.3
Measurement Request (MRQ)

Two measurement requests are required for the evaluation:
Parameterzization of measurement requests (MRQ)
MRQD and
MRQR
MRQD
This MRQ must be parameterized as follows:
Name:
MRQD (in the General tab)
Result key:
RA (in the General tab)
Storage table:
DSTHDTD (in the Storage tab)
Fig. 55 MRQD - General tab
PUMA Open
69
70
Test Description
MRQR
This MRQ must be parameterized as follows:
Name:
MRQR (in the General tab)
Result key:
RA (in the General tab)
Storage table:
DSTHDTR (in the Storage tab)
Fig. 56 MRQR - General tab
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Test Description
3.4.4

The test cycle includes the profiles ETCDYS or HDTDYS1 and
HDTDYS2, respectively:
Fig. 57 Step sequences in BSQ/SSQ
PUMA Open
71
72
Test Description
3.4.5

The regression analysis is activated in the test cycle by means of an
activation object. This activation object Regression Analysis contains
the following functions:
Start Application
Analyze
Fig. 58 Activation object for regression analysis

Before the activation object is used, the normname PUCSYNC is set to
0, and after execution of the analysis (during which this normname is
set to 1), the system waits until the value is greater than 1.
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Test Execution
3.5
Test Execution
Test execution includes the following work steps:
3.5.1
Test Run
Function
Results

In the PUMA Open operating state MANUAL, you can open the Full
Load Curve window by use of the menu item Functions | Engine |
EMP Full Load Curve.
Fig. 59 Full load curve

Start
Starts recording of full load curve (only possible if the engine has been
started).
Stop
Stops recording of full load curve.
PUMA Open
73
74
Test Execution
Save
The Save function is used to store the Unit Under Test Parameters
(UUT) including the full load curve.
In addition to the parameters of the full load curve, the following reference speeds used for the denormalization are represented:
N_REF0 Reference speed for 0 %
N_REF100 Reference speed for 100 %
Note: If the measured rated speed nMRS cannot be calculated during

the recording according to EPA, the following message will appear:
Cannot calculate measured rated speed out of full load curve!
This is the case, for instance, if the 98% value of the maximum power
curve could not be determined.
Remedy: Increase speed of full load curve.
Important: When recording a full load curve, you must take into
consideration the three following situations:
The speed limits (minimum, maximum) have been changed:

As all torque values are set to 0, a new recording of the full load
characteristic will be necessary.
No full load curve has been recorded yet:

In this case, the torque values are still 0. To run a statutory test
cycle, you must record a full load curve!
A full load curve has already been recorded and stored:

It is not necessary, but you may record the full load curve again.
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Test Execution
3.5.2
Test Run
After the test run has been started, the Recorder window is activated,
which shows the test progression.
Fig. 60 Recorder during test run
PUMA Open
75
76
Regression Analysis
3.6
Regression Analysis
The regression analysis is performed by means of the data postprocessing tool (PUC or CONCERTO), which enables the calculation of
quality criteria such as gradient, offset, correlation coefficient and
standard deviation.
3.6.1
Function
The below calculations are carried out for speed, torque und power.
They are given in the formulas using speed as one example:
Regression
Fig. 61 Regression
n_regress = ( n_offset + n_gradient n_demand )
Offset and gradient are calculated so that

n
(n_errori)
attains a minimum value.

By contrast,
n_error i = n _regress i n_actual i
and n ist the number of stored values.
http://www.avl.com
Regression Analysis
Standard
deviation
rd =
1 - n
---------- (n_offset + n_gradient n_demand i n_
n2
1
Tab. 2
Correlation coefficient
n
(n_actuali n_actual_aver) (n_demand i n_demand_aver)
1
n_corr = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------n
(n_actual i n_actual_aver)
(n_demandi n_demand_ave r)
1
The averaged actual speed is calculated as follows:

1
n_actual_aver = ---
n
n_actuali
1
The averaged demand speed is:

1
n_demand_aver = ---
n
n_demandi
1
Integrated power
The integrated power is calculated for both the demand values and
actual values.
Integrated actual power (only positive power is taken into account):
n
p_actual_integr =
p_actuali
1
Integrated demand power (only positive power is taken into account):

n
p_demand_integr =
p_demandi
1
Difference between integrated actual power and demand power in

percent:
p_actual_integr
----------------------------------------- 1 100
p_demand_integr
PUMA Open
77
78
Regression Analysis
3.6.2
Results
After the regression analysis has been calulated, the results are
displayed automatically in the PUMA Open window shown below.
For speed, torque and power, the respective gradient, offset, correlation coefficient and standard deviation are calculated and displayed
together with the statutory limits.
The integrated power, integrated demand power and power deviation
are calculated.
In addition, the number of deleted points (normname acd_p) is available and the time shift in [s] is displayed.
If all criteria are met, this can be seen easily from the color of the title
bar (Quality Check Regression) (green = ok, red = error).
Fig. 62 POI window Regression Analysis
Important: The statutory limits are coded in the PUC formulas and
cannot be changed.
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ESC Test Cycle
3.7
ESC Test Cycle

The ESC test cycle (European Stationary Cycle) is a 13-mode
steady-state cycle, which is used to test the engine on the test bed in a
number of steady-state modes. During the specified time the engine
must be operated in every mode and carry out the engine speed
changes and load changes in the first 20 seconds. Emissions are
measured in every mode and calculated on the basis of the respective
weighting factor.
The respective inspector in charge may require additional arbitrarily
chosen modes during the certification.
The below table lists the respective modes (speed and torque) and the
duration.
ESC Test Modes
Mode
Engine Speed
Load in
%
Weighting %
Duration
Idle
15
4 minutes
100
2 minutes
50
10
2 minutes
75
10
2 minutes
50
2 minutes
75
2 minutes
25
2 minutes
100
2 minutes
25
10
2 minutes
10
100
2 minutes
11
25
2 minutes
12
75
2 minutes
13
50
2 minutes
PUMA Open
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80
ESC Test Cycle
Graphical representation of modes
Fig. 63 Modes
The engine specific speeds A, B and C are determined as follows:
High speed
The high speed n hi is the speed at which 70% of the maximum net
power are attained.
Low speed
The low speed n lo is the speed at which 50% of the maximum net
power are attained.
Formulas for
engine speeds
The engine speeds A, B and C must be calculated according to the

following formulas:
A = nlo + 0.25(nhi - nlo)
B = nlo + 0.50(nhi - nlo)
C = nlo + 0.75(nhi - nlo)
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ESC Test Cycle
Fig. 64 Modes A, B, C
The torque is determined from full load at a percentage rate relative to
the respective speed point.
Important: The speeds A, B and C must be determined manually.
3.7.1
Generation of ESC Test Cycle

The step sequences CycleTemplates included in the delivery (see
chapter Test Import (BSQ, SSQ) on page 59) contain two templates
for the ESC test cycle:
ECSTemplate - template of ESC test cycle

ESCTemplateAdditional - template of ESC test cycle including
additional points (modes)
These contain the statutory step sequences, which can be adjusted to

the respective predefinitions of speeds A,B and C and the maximum
torques thus rendered.
PUMA Open
81
82
ESC Test Cycle
A new step sequence is generated.

Invoke the ESC tool from the PUMA Open Explorer:
Procedure for generation:
1.
2.
3.
Select the step sequence template (default: ESCTemplate).
4.
Start generation by choosing Tools | European Stationary
Cycle (ESC).
Fig. 65 Generate new step sequence

5.
Set the parameters.
Note: For detailed information, please refer to ESC Sequence on

page 83.
6.
Press the OK button.
Note: The profile that has been generated only becomes visible after
the F5 key has been pressed.
http://www.avl.com
ESC Test Cycle
When you start the generation of the new ESC sequence, the ESC
window is displayed:
Fig. 66 ESC properties

The parameters in this window have the following meaning:
ESC Sequence
Input field for the name of the sequence to be generated (default

setting is automatically proposed with extension _esc).
The following input fields refer to the 3 characteristic speed levels A,B
and C:
Engine speed
[rpm]
Input field for the speed.
Load [Nm]
Input field for the maximum torque.
Correction
Input field for the torque correction value (which is an absolute value
added to the calculated load)
The parameters contained in the step sequence template such as,
e.g.: engine commands, measurements, activation objects, etc. remain
the same during the generation.
ATTENTION:
Modifications in the profile are overwritten if the generation is
repeated!
Important: Modifications that are intended to remain during the

generation may only be made in the original profile!
PUMA Open
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84
ESC Test Cycle
3.7.2
Parameters of ESC Test Cycle

The result of the generation is a step sequence with the values calculated for the 13 modes:
Fig. 67 New step sequence for ESC
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Index
Index
A
Activation area 22
Activation objects 18, 31, 32, 42
Additional points 23, 27
Application packages 6
Limit 46, 47
Lower 47
Upper 47
Limit violations 43
Look-ahead driver 42
Disable 42
Enable 42
Utilization 23, 27, 29
B
BSQ 59
C
Calculated quantities 12
Control mode RG/v 35, 40
D
Demand speed 32
Demand value points 33
Demand value tracks 21, 35
Deviations 47
Driving profiles 13, 35
Import 13
Real 33
Real recorded 38, 41
Synthetic 33, 38
Synthetically defined 41
Mean value 35
Mean value formation 35
Messages window 49
Monitoring 45
Start acc. to ECE 45
Start acc. to EPA 45
MRQD 69
MRQR 70
N
Normname directory 12
Customer specific 12
Normnames 12, 46, 48
Additional 12
PAPACSI 59
Permissible upper deviations 47
Points 29
Additional 29, 33
Filtered 35
Inserted 33
ECE defaults 24
ECT 58
EMCON400 5
EMP 60
ETC 63
Filter time 23, 27, 29

Filtering 33
Formulas 46
cylic 46
FTP defaults 24
Raise at 100 km/h 27, 29, 38

Raise speed 38
REC 67
Sequence name 22
Shift plateau 32, 41
Raise 27, 29
Smoothing 35
Speed limit 23
Lower 23, 27, 29
Upper 23, 27, 29
System channels 26
Gear 35, 40
Gear shift 24
Time after 24, 27, 29, 38
Time before 24, 27, 29, 38
Gear shift procedures 32, 38
Gear shifting 32, 38
H
HDTC 64
I
ISAC400 5
K
KEY 58
T
Tolerance band 32, 35, 44
Reactions to violations 44
Violation lower 44
Violation upper 44
Tolerance time 23, 27, 29, 33
Tolerance tracks 26
TST_ETC.XML 59
TST_HDT.XML 59
PUMA Open
S t a t Gesetzliche
u t o r y T e s Prflufe
t C y c l e sLight
- L iDuty
ght Dut
V
Violations
Total status 48
85
86
Index
http://www.avl.com
AVL List GmbH

Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
Tel.: +43 316 787-0, Fax: +43 316 787-400
http://www.avl.com

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PUMA Open V1.

Copyright 2005 by AVL List GmbH, Graz - Austria

What you should know ................................................................................................ 3

Safety Instructions .........................................................3

About This Manual .........................................................6

Light Duty Test Cycles ................................................. 4

Light Duty Cycles....................................................................................................... 11

Generate Tolerance Band and Look-Ahead Driver ...21

Parameters for VTOL and LAD.................................. 22

Activate Tolerance Band....................................... 31

Tolerance Band Monitoring .........................................43

Principle of Tolerance Band Monitoring ..................... 43

Formula V_Tolerance_Check ............................. 46

EPA Monitoring .......................................................... 47

Heavy Duty Cycles ETC and HDTC .......................................................................... 51

Parameterization of Full Load Curve Recording .......60

Parameterization of Full Load Curve in EMP............. 60

Parameterization in EMP ...................................... 63

Test Description ...........................................................65

Test Execution .............................................................. 73

Full Load Curve Recording ........................................ 73

Regression Analysis ....................................................76

ESC Test Cycle .............................................................79

Generation of ESC Test Cycle................................... 81

What you should know

Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open

About This Manual

Detailled information to the functionalities of light duty and heavy duty

What you should know on page 3

Heavy Duty Cycles ETC and HDTC on page 51

Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open

Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open

The PUMA Open system is comprised of two distinct kinds of statutory

Statutory test cycles for passenger cars (light duty)

Statutory test cycles for trucks (heavy duty)

Important: The component "statutory test cycles for passenger cars"

Light Duty Test Cycles

Statutory Test Cycles in Puma Open

Heavy Duty Test Cycles

The demand value output (PUMA steady-state steps or SSQ

The concluding regression analysis according to ECE and EPA

Test run execution (vehicle speed, gear shift points, etc.) in

Available Heavy Duty Test Cycles

TST_ETC contains the ECE specifications for the European Transient

TST_HDT contains the EPA specifications for the Heavy Duty

About This Manual

Available Light Duty Test Cycles

EU/ECE test cycles (ECE regulations 15/04 and 15/05).

EPA test cycle

Japan 10.15 mode cycle

Japan 11 mode cycle

EPA additional cycle aggressive behavior

EPA additional cycle with air-conditioning unit

About This Manual

Basic knowledge of PUMA Open

Basic knowledge of setting test run parameters (BSQ, SSQ)

Basic knowledge of emission measuring technologies

About This Manual

Abbreviations and Glossary Terms

Block Sequence Editor

Curb Idle Transmission Torque

Economic Commission for Europe (UN Organization)