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Global warming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Contents
1 Temperature changes
2 Radiative forcing
2.1 Greenhouse gases
2.2 Aerosols and soot
2.3 Solar variation
3 Feedback
4 Climate models
5 Attributed and expected effects
5.1 Environmental
5.2 Economic
6 Responses to global warming
6.1 Mitigation
6.2 Adaptation
6.3 Geoengineering
7 Debate and skepticism
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Temperature changes
Main article: Temperature record
The most commonly discussed measure of global warming is the trend in
globally averaged temperature near the Earth's surface. Expressed as a linear
trend, this temperature rose by 0.74C 0.18C over the period 19062005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost
double that for the period as a whole (0.13C 0.03C per decade, versus
0.07C 0.02C per decade). The urban heat island effect is estimated to
account for about 0.002 C of warming per decade since 1900.[8]
Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.12 and
0.22 C (0.22 and 0.4 F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite
temperature measurements. Temperature is believed to have been relatively
stable over the one or two thousand years before 1850, with regionallyvarying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age.
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stability in temperature from 1999 to 2009 is consistent with such an episode.[13] [14]
Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about twice as fast as
ocean temperatures (0.25 C per decade against 0.13 C per decade).[15] Ocean temperatures increase more
slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean
loses more heat by evaporation.[16] The Northern Hemisphere warms faster than the Southern Hemisphere
because it has more land and because it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to the
ice-albedo feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere
this does not contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to
mix between hemispheres.[17]
The thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that climate can take
centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate commitment studies indicate that even if greenhouse
gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.5 C (0.9 F) would still occur.[18]
Radiative forcing
Main article: Radiative forcing
External forcing is a term used in climate science for processes external to the climate system (though not
necessarily external to Earth). Climate responds to several types of external forcing, such as changes in
greenhouse gas concentrations, changes in solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit
around the Sun.[2] Attribution of recent climate change focuses on the first three types of forcing. Orbital cycles
vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and thus are too gradual to have caused the temperature changes
observed in the past century.
Greenhouse gases
Main articles: Greenhouse gas and Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of
infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower
atmosphere and surface. It was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824
and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.[19]
Existence of the greenhouse effect as such is not disputed, even by those
who do not agree that the recent temperature increase is attributable to
human activity. The question is instead how the strength of the greenhouse
effect changes when human activity increases the concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of
about 33 C (59 F).[20][C] The major greenhouse gases are water
vapor, which causes about 3670 percent of the greenhouse effect;
carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 926 percent; methane (CH4),
which causes 49 percent; and ozone (O3), which causes 37
percent.[21][22] Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but they are
composed of liquid water or ice and so are considered separately from
water vapor and other gases.
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount
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CO2 concentrations are continuing to rise due to burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. The future rate of
rise will depend on uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. Accordingly, the
IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios gives a wide range of future CO2 scenarios, ranging from 541 to
970 ppm by the year 2100.[27] Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach these levels and continue emissions
past 2100 if coal, tar sands or methane clathrates are extensively exploited.[28]
The destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons is sometimes mentioned in relation to global
warming. Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduction of
stratospheric ozone has a cooling influence, but substantial ozone depletion did not occur until the late 1970s.[29]
Tropospheric ozone contributes to surface warming.[30]
Soot may cool or warm, depending on whether it is airborne or deposited. Atmospheric soot aerosols directly
absorb solar radiation, which heats the atmosphere and cools the surface. Regionally (but not globally), as much
as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.[36] When
deposited, especially on glaciers or on ice in arctic regions, the lower surface albedo can also directly heat the
surface.[37] The influences of aerosols, including black carbon, are most pronounced in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in Asia, while the effects of greenhouse gases are dominant in the extratropics and southern
hemisphere.[38]
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Solar variation
Main article: Solar variation
Variations in solar output have been the cause of past climate changes.[39]
Although solar forcing is generally thought to be too small to account for a
significant part of global warming in recent decades,[40][41] a few studies
disagree, such as a recent phenomenological analysis that indicates the
contribution of solar forcing may be underestimated.[42]
Greenhouse gases and solar forcing affect temperatures in different ways.
Solar variation over the last
While both increased solar activity and increased greenhouse gases are
thirty years.
expected to warm the troposphere, an increase in solar activity should warm
the stratosphere while an increase in greenhouse gases should cool the
stratosphere.[2] Observations show that temperatures in the stratosphere have been steady or cooling since
1979, when satellite measurements became available. Radiosonde (weather balloon) data from the pre-satellite
era show cooling since 1958, though there is greater uncertainty in the early radiosonde record.[43]
A related hypothesis, proposed by Henrik Svensmark, is that magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays
that may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei and thereby affect the climate.[44] Other research
has found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.[45][46] A recent study concluded that
the influence of cosmic rays on cloud cover is about a factor of 100 lower than needed to explain the observed
changes in clouds or to be a significant contributor to present-day climate change.[47]
Feedback
Main article: Effects of global warming
A positive feedback is a process that amplifies some change. Thus, when a warming trend results in effects that
induce further warming, the result is a positive feedback; when the warming results in effects that reduce the
original warming, the result is a negative feedback. The main positive feedback in global warming involves the
tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. The main negative feedback in
global warming is the effect of temperature on emission of infrared radiation: as the temperature of a body
increases, the emitted radiation increases with the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
Water vapor feedback
If the atmosphere is warmed, the saturation vapor pressure increases, and the amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere will tend to increase. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor
content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water
vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. The result is a much
larger greenhouse effect than that due to CO2 alone. Although this feedback process causes an increase
in the absolute moisture content of the air, the relative humidity stays nearly constant or even decreases
slightly because the air is warmer.[48]
Cloud feedback
Warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds. Seen from below, clouds emit infrared
radiation back to the surface, and so exert a warming effect; seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and
emit infrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect. Whether the net effect is warming or
cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud. These details were poorly observed
before the advent of satellite data and are difficult to represent in climate models.[48]
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Lapse rate
The atmosphere's temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. Since emission of infrared
radiation varies with temperature, longwave radiation escaping to space from the relatively cold upper
atmosphere is less than that emitted toward the ground from the lower atmosphere. Thus, the strength of
the greenhouse effect depends on the atmosphere's rate of temperature decrease with height. Both theory
and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height,
producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect. Measurements of the rate
of temperature change with height are very sensitive to small errors in observations, making it difficult to
establish whether the models agree with observations.[49]
Ice-albedo feedback
When ice melts, land or open water takes its place. Both land and
open water are on average less reflective than ice and thus absorb
more solar radiation. This causes more warming, which in turn causes
more melting, and this cycle continues.[50]
Arctic methane release
Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of methane in
the arctic.[51] Methane released from thawing permafrost such as the
Aerial photograph showing a
frozen peat bogs in Siberia, and from methane clathrate on the sea
section of sea ice. The lighter
floor, creates a positive feedback.[52]
blue areas are melt ponds and
the darkest areas are open
Reduced absorption of CO2 by the oceanic ecosystems
water, both have a lower
Ocean ecosystems' ability to sequester carbon is expected to decline
albedo than the white sea ice.
as the oceans warm. This is because warming reduces the nutrient
The melting ice contributes to
levels of the mesopelagic zone (about 200 to 1000 m deep), which
the ice-albedo feedback.
limits the growth of diatoms in favor of smaller phytoplankton that are
poorer biological pumps of carbon.[53]
CO2 release from oceans
Cooler water can absorb more CO2. As ocean temperatures rise some of this CO2 will be released. This
is one of the main reasons why atmospheric CO2 is lower during an ice age. There is a greater mass of
CO2 contained in the oceans than there is in the atmosphere.
Gas release
Release of gases of biological origin may be affected by global warming, but research into such effects is
at an early stage. Some of these gases, such as nitrous oxide released from peat, directly affect
climate.[54] Others, such as dimethyl sulfide released from oceans, have indirect effects.[55]
Climate models
Main article: Global climate model
The main tools for projecting future climate changes are mathematical models
based on physical principles including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and
radiative transfer. Although they attempt to include as many processes as
possible, simplifications of the actual climate system are inevitable because of
the constraints of available computer power and limitations in knowledge of
the climate system. All modern climate models are in fact combinations of
models for different parts of the Earth. These include an atmospheric model
for air movement, temperature, clouds, and other atmospheric properties; an
ocean model that predicts temperature, salt content, and circulation of ocean
waters; models for ice cover on land and sea; and a model of heat and
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moisture transfer from soil and vegetation to the atmosphere. Some models
also include treatments of chemical and biological processes.[56] Warming
due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases is not an assumption of the
models; rather, it is an end result from the interaction of greenhouse gases
with radiative transfer and other physical processes in the models.[57]
Although much of the variation in model outcomes depends on the
greenhouse gas emissions used as inputs, the temperature effect of a specific
greenhouse gas concentration (climate sensitivity) varies depending on the
model used. The representation of clouds is one of the main sources of
uncertainty in present-generation models.[58]
Global climate model projections of future climate most often have used
estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPCC Special Report on
Emissions Scenarios (SRES). In addition to human-caused emissions, some
models also include a simulation of the carbon cycle; this generally shows a
positive feedback, though this response is uncertain. Some observational
studies also show a positive feedback.[59][60][61] Including uncertainties in
future greenhouse gas concentrations and climate sensitivity, the IPCC
anticipates a warming of 1.1 C to 6.4 C (2.0 F to 11.5 F) by the end of
the 21st century, relative to 19801999.[1]
Models are also used to help investigate the causes of recent climate change
by comparing the observed changes to those that the models project from
various natural and human-derived causes. Although these models do not
unambiguously attribute the warming that occurred from approximately 1910
to 1945 to either natural variation or human effects, they do indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated
by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.[62]
The physical realism of models is tested by examining their ability to simulate current or past climates.[63] Current
climate models produce a good match to observations of global temperature changes over the last century, but
do not simulate all aspects of climate.[26] While a 2007 study by David Douglass and colleagues found that the
models did not accurately predict observed changes in the tropical troposphere,[64] a 2008 paper published by
a 17-member team led by Ben Santer noted errors and incorrect assumptions in the Douglass study, and found
instead that the models and observations were not statistically different.[65] Not all effects of global warming are
accurately predicted by the climate models used by the IPCC. For example, observed Arctic shrinkage has
been faster than that predicted.[66]
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glacier retreat, ice shelf disruption such as that of the Larsen Ice Shelf, sea
level rise, changes in rainfall patterns, and increased intensity and frequency
of extreme weather events are attributable in part to global warming.[67]
Other expected effects include water scarcity in some regions and increased
precipitation in others, changes in mountain snowpack, and some adverse
health effects from warmer temperatures.[68]
Economic
Main articles: Economics of global warming and Low-carbon economy
The IPCC reports the aggregate net economic costs of damages from
climate change globally (discounted to the specified year). In 2005, the
average social cost of carbon from 100 peer-reviewed estimates is US$12
per tonne of CO2, but range -$3 to $95/tCO2. The IPCC's gives these cost
estimates with the caveats, "Aggregate estimates of costs mask significant
differences in impacts across sectors, regions and populations and very
likely underestimate damage costs because they cannot include many nonquantifiable impacts."[82]
One widely publicized report on potential economic impact is the Stern
Review, written by Sir Nicholas Stern. It suggests that extreme weather
might reduce global gross domestic product by up to one percent, and that in
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IPCC AR4.
Mitigation
Main article: Mitigation of global warming
Mitigation of global warming is accomplished through reductions in the rate
of anthropogenic greenhouse gas release. Models suggest that mitigation can
quickly begin to slow global warming, but that temperatures will appreciably
decrease only after several centuries.[93] The world's primary international
agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the Kyoto Protocol, an
amendment to the UNFCCC negotiated in 1997. The Protocol now covers
more than 160 countries and over 55 percent of global greenhouse gas
emissions.[94] As of June 2009, only the United States, historically the
world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has refused to ratify the treaty.
The treaty expires in 2012. International talks began in May 2007 on a future
treaty to succeed the current one.[95] UN negotiations are now gathering
pace in advance of a meeting in Copenhagen in December 2009.[96]
Many environmental groups encourage individual action against global
warming, as well as community and regional actions. Others have suggested
a quota on worldwide fossil fuel production, citing a direct link between fossil
fuel production and CO2 emissions.[97][98]
There has also been business action on climate change, including efforts to improve energy efficiency and limited
moves towards use of alternative fuels. In January 2005 the European Union introduced its European Union
Emission Trading Scheme, through which companies in conjunction with government agree to cap their
emissions or to purchase credits from those below their allowances. Australia announced its Carbon Pollution
Reduction Scheme in 2008. United States President Barack Obama has announced plans to introduce an
economy-wide cap and trade scheme.[99]
The IPCC's Working Group III is responsible for crafting reports on mitigation of global warming and the costs
and benefits of different approaches. The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report concludes that no one
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technology or sector can be completely responsible for mitigating future warming. They find there are key
practices and technologies in various sectors, such as energy supply, transportation, industry, and agriculture,
that should be implemented to reduced global emissions. They estimate that stabilization of carbon dioxide
equivalent between 445 and 710 ppm by 2030 will result in between a 0.6 percent increase and three percent
decrease in global gross domestic product.[100]
Adaptation
Main article: Adaptation to global warming
A wide variety of measures have been suggested for adaptation to global warming. These measures range from
the trivial, such as the installation of air-conditioning equipment, to major infrastructure projects, such as
abandoning settlements threatened by sea level rise.
Measures including water conservation,[101] water rationing, adaptive agricultural practices,[102] construction of
flood defences,[103] Martian colonization,[104] changes to medical care,[105] and interventions to protect
threatened species[106] have all been suggested. A wide-ranging study of the possible opportunities for
adaptation of infrastructure has been published by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers.[107]
Geoengineering
Main article: Geoengineering
Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of Earth's natural environment on a large scale to suit human
needs.[108] An example is greenhouse gas remediation, which removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere,
usually through carbon sequestration techniques such as carbon dioxide air capture.[109] Solar radiation
management reduces absorbed solar radiation, such as by the addition of stratospheric sulfur aerosols [110] or
cool roof techniques.[111]. No large-scale geoengineering projects have yet been undertaken.
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land-use change.
In 2007-2008 the Gallup Polls surveyed 127 countries. Over a third of the
world's population were unaware of global warming, developing countries less aware than developed, and
Africa the least aware. Awareness does not equate to belief that global warming is a result of human activities.
Of those aware, Latin America leads in belief that temperature changes are a result of human activities while
Africa, parts of Asia and the Middle East, and a few countries from the Former Soviet Union lead in the
opposite.[124] In the western world, the concept and the appropriate responses are contested. Nick Pidgeon of
Cardiff University finds that "results show the different stages of engagement about global warming on each side
of the Atlantic" where Europe debates the appropriate responses while the United States debates whether
climate change is happening.[125]
Debates weigh the benefits of limiting industrial emissions of greenhouse gases against the costs that such
changes would entail.[100] Using economic incentives, alternative and renewable energy have been promoted to
reduce emissions while building infrastructure.[126][127] Business-centered organizations such as the Competitive
Enterprise Institute, conservative commentators, and companies such as ExxonMobil have downplayed IPCC
climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own
projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.[128][129][130][131] Environmental organizations and public
figures have emphasized changes in the current climate and the risks they entail, while promoting adaptation to
changes in infrastructural needs and emissions reductions.[132] Some fossil fuel companies have scaled back their
efforts in recent years,[133] or called for policies to reduce global warming.[134]
Some global warming skeptics in the science or political community dispute all or some of the global warming
scientific consensus, questioning whether global warming is actually occurring, whether human activity has
contributed significantly to the warming, and on the magnitude of the threat posed by global warming. Prominent
global warming skeptics include Richard Lindzen, Fred Singer, Patrick Michaels, John Christy, and Robert
Balling.[135][136][137]
See also
Glossary of climate change
Index of climate change articles
Notes
A. ^ Increase is for years 1905 to 2005. Global surface temperature is defined in the IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report as the average of near-surface air temperature over land and sea surface temperature. These error
bounds are constructed with a 90% uncertainty interval.
B. ^ The 2001 joint statement was signed by the national academies of science of Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, the Caribbean, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Sweden, and the UK. The 2005 statement added Japan, Russia, and the U.S. The 2007 statement added Mexico
and South Africa. The Network of African Science Academies, and the Polish Academy of Sciences have
issued separate statements. Professional scientific societies include American Astronomical Society, American
Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Physics, American Meteorological
Society, American Physical Society, American Quaternary Association, Australian Meteorological and
Oceanographic Society, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological
and Oceanographic Society, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, European Geosciences Union, European
Science Foundation, Geological Society of America, Geological Society of Australia, Geological Society of
London-Stratigraphy Commission, InterAcademy Council, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,
International Union for Quaternary Research, National Association of Geoscience Teachers
(http://www.nagt.org/index.html) , National Research Council (US), Royal Meteorological Society, and World
Meteorological Organization.
C. ^ Note that the greenhouse effect produces an average worldwide temperature increase of about 33 C (59 F)
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compared to black body predictions without the greenhouse effect, not an average surface temperature of 33
C (91 F). The average worldwide surface temperature is about 14 C (57 F).
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Further reading
Association of British Insurers (2005-06) (PDF). Financial Risks of Climate Change
(http://www.climatewise.org.uk/storage/610/financial_risks_of_climate_change.pdf) .
http://www.climatewise.org.uk/storage/610/financial_risks_of_climate_change.pdf.
Barnett, TP; Adam, JC; Lettenmaier, DP (2005-11-17). "Potential impacts of a warming climate on water
availability in snow-dominated regions
(http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/abs/nature04141.html) " (abstract). Nature 438 (7066):
303309. doi:10.1038/nature04141 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04141) . PMID 16292301
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292301) .
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/abs/nature04141.html.
Behrenfeld, MJ; O'malley, RT; Siegel, DA; Mcclain, CR; Sarmiento, JL; Feldman, GC; Milligan, AJ;
Falkowski, PG et al. (2006-12-07). "Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity
(http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/~davey/MyPapers/Behrenfeld_etal_2006_Nature.pdf) " (PDF). Nature 444
(7120): 752755. doi:10.1038/nature05317 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05317) . PMID 17151666
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151666) .
http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/~davey/MyPapers/Behrenfeld_etal_2006_Nature.pdf.
Choi, Onelack; Fisher, Ann (May 2005). "The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change
on Severe Weather Catastrophe Losses: Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) and the U.S.
(http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6308777613702q0/) ". Climate Change 58 (12): 149170.
doi:10.1023/A:1023459216609 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023459216609) .
http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6308777613702q0/.
Dyurgerov, Mark B.; Meier, Mark F. (2005) (PDF). Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: a 2004
Snapshot (http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf) . Institute of Arctic and
Alpine Research Occasional Paper #58. ISSN 0069-6145 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0069-6145) .
http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf.
Emanuel, K (2005-08-04). "Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years.
(ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf) " (PDF). Nature 436 (7051): 686688.
doi:10.1038/nature03906 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03906) . PMID 16056221
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16056221) .
ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf.
Hansen, James; et al. (2005-06-03). "Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications
(http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Hansen_Science_Earth's%20Energy%20Balance.pdf)
" (PDF). Science 308 (5727): 14311435. doi:10.1126/science.1110252
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110252) . PMID 15860591
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860591) .
http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Hansen_Science_Earth's%20Energy%20Balance.pdf.
Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Hmelo, Laura R.; Sylva, Sean P. (2003-02-21). "Molecular Fossil Record of Elevated
Methane Levels in Late Pleistocene Coastal Waters". Science 299 (5610): 12141217.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
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External links
Research
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (http://www.ipcc.ch) collection of IPCC reports
Climate Change at the National Academies (http://www.nas.edu/climatechange) repository for reports,
workshops, and meetings
Nature Reports Climate Change (http://www.nature.com/climate/index.html) free-access web resource
Met Office: Climate change (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/) UK National Weather Service
Global Science and Technology Sources on the Internet (http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html)
extensive commented list of internet resources
Educational Global Climate Modelling (http://edgcm.columbia.edu/) (EdGCM) research-quality climate
change simulator
DISCOVER (http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/) satellite-based ocean and climate data since 1979 from NASA
Global Warming Art (http://www.globalwarmingart.com/) collection of figures and images
Educational
What Is Global Warming? (http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gwoverview.html) by National Geographic
Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html)
from NOAA
Understanding Climate Change - Frequently Asked Questions
(http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp) from UCAR
Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth (http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/) from NASA's JPL and
Caltech
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