INDIAS THREE STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION:Energy availability is vital for human development and is the prime mover of
economic growth.
As population increases and economic growth continues, the demand for
energy will further rise. Since agriculture, services and industrial sectors are
all driven by power, there is an ever increasing need to generate more
power. India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 3.3
million sq. km. and population of about 1.2 billion. As of today, a significant
segment of this population does not have access to electricity and other
clean fuels, and those who have electricity available to them face shortages
of it regularly. According to the Central Electricity Authority estimates, the
peaking shortage prevails in various regions of the country from 1.3% up to
26.1% (Load Generation Balance Report 201314). As the economy grows
and more people are provided access to electricity, this gap between
demand and supply will further increase. The population of India is expected
to increase to about 1.5 billion by 2050. Concurrently, India is also
economically growing in terms of GDP rapidly at a rate of about 68% a year.
Sustaining the economic growth at current rate is essential to meet the
countrys primary objectives of poverty alleviation and improving the quality
of life. For its growing population, increased attention needs to be paid to
provide energy, especially electricity supply.

Fig- Break-up of installed power capacity (MW) in India as on January 31, 2011.

The present resources in the countrys energy mix being used for producing
electricity are illustrated in figure 2 (Energy Statistics Report 2012). Coal is
the main resource being used at present and coal-fired plants will continue to
be the primary source of electricity production in the country for quite some
time to come, The Integrated Energy Policy (Integrated Energy Policy 2006)
indicates that at a growth rate of 5% in domestic production, currently
extractable coal resources will be exhausted in about 45 years. Vigorous
efforts are required to survey and to identify additional potential coal bearing
areas. Nearly 80 per cent of the oil is imported in the country, which is an
area of concern for the Government with regard to energy security in the
near future. Addition of hydro potential has the limitation which is
determined by rainfall and topography of the location of water sources.
Other renewable energy sources like wind have similar limitations of growth
and energy supply. In comparison, Nuclear energy theoretically offers India
the most potent means for long term energy security. Renewable energy
source like solar energy also holds a promise as a possible inexhaustible
energy source for a tropical country
like India. Use of extensive solar energy may call for change in pattern of
energy consumption
and urbanization. Thus, Nuclear energy, in view of its huge potential and
techno-commercial viability, will play an increasingly important role in the
future. The rate of growth of nuclear share at the primary level is expected to
be rapid as conventional fossil fuel sources, particularly coal, approach
exhaustion, or their extraction tends to become uneconomical.

OBJECTIVE:Nuclear energy is becoming an ever important source of primary energy. This

is very effective in addressing the problems of global climatic changes and
global warming. Electricity shortage is not the only problem. Its spread is an equally serious
issue. The per capita consumption of energy in India is one of the lowest in the world. The
electricity consumption per capita for India is just 566 KWh and is far below most other
countries or regions in the world. Even though 85% of villages are considered electrified, around
57% of the rural households and 12% of urban households, i.e. 84 million households in the
country, do not have access to electricity. Electricity consumption in India is expected to rise to
around 2280 BKWh by 2021-22 and around 4500 BKWh by 2031-32.The main objective behind
selecting this as a project is to have approach to study and analyze the energy mix, current
energy consumption pattern of India. India, with its vast population and limited natural resources
for meeting its energy requirements, needs to maintain its momentum of growth and this can be
made possible only with a clear strategy for use of best possible energy options available. India
needs to have a long term strategy for meeting its energy needs by 2050 and a short term goal of
2020 which can be small steps towards attaining energy security by 2050.Main objective is to
seek for viable, feasible reliable and clean energy options for India through the statistical and
analytical study.

MOTIVATION:The main motivation is, there is a well-established link between per capita electricity
consumption and human development. To meet our large electricity production needs, we have to
tap all energy resources available to us. While coal-fired thermal power plants, apart from hydro,
would remain the mainstay for our electricity production for quite some time, we would need to
supplement them with sizeable additional resources to assure long-term energy-security as well
as environmental protection. In this energy mix, nuclear power has an important role to play in
the coming years. The Indian uranium reserves are modest and cannot make an overly significant
contribution to electricity requirements, if this uranium is used once in a nuclear reactor and then
disposed of as waste. However, with a carefully planned program, the available uranium can be
used to harness the energy contained in non-fissile thorium, of which India possesses about 30
per cent of the worlds reserves. The first stage of this program involves using the indigenous
uranium in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), which produce not only energy but also
fissile plutonium. In the second stage, by reprocessing the spent nuclear fuel and using there
covered plutonium in Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR), the non-fissile depleted uranium an thorium
can breed additional fissile nuclear fuel plutonium and uranium-233 respectively. In the third
stage, thorium and uranium-233 based nuclear reactors can meet Indias long-term energy

requirements. Sustainable development of the countrys economy requires nuclear energy, and
sustainable development of nuclear energy requires closing the nuclear fuel cycle with thorium
utilization Indian concerns and priorities are, thus, quite unique. For its long-term energy security
India has no option but to deploy nuclear power according to a strategy precisely tuned to its
needs and resources.
LITERATURE SURVEY:The step in this project was an extensive study of up-to-date relevant literature and background
material. This was necessary in order to deepen my understanding of the topic and highlight any
new interesting or useful facts. For the purposes of this project mainly available reports on the
nuclear were read and consulted. However, other reports on a variety of topics including:
environmental impacts of nuclear were also examined. Out of vast literature survey that has been
referred, few important ones are noted below which are worth in project report.
1. P.R.Chari ,The protection of fissile material: The Indian experience
This book gives the fundamentals information about the overall three stage nuclear
program which is very important to learn the mechanism and the process involved in
energy generation.
2. S.K.Jain ,The nuclear power in India- the fourth revolution
This book gives the idea about the energy consumption pattern of India.
3. K.S.Rajan,Three stage Indian nuclear programme
This book gives the more detailed information about the three stages of nuclear
program along with the basic components and the technological aspects and terms used in
nuclear industry.

METHODOLOGY:TIME PERIOD:From 15 June 2015- 15 Aug 2015 :1. At inception of case study of Indias three stage nuclear program, well study the and try to
understand the basic terms and process related to the topic.
2. Well try to collect more and more information about nuclear field and analysis to that
information.
3. Comparative study based on statistical analysis with the other forms of energy [solar .geothermal, thermal, wind, conventional sources like fossil fuels.]
4. Well try to publish 1st paper in magazine related to our topic.
From 15 Sep 2015 -15 Jan 2016:-

1. During this period well focus on the detailed study and analysis of three stage nuclear
program.
2. Well also try to study the other concepts like Energy Amplifier and Spallation neutron
source, which may be the technological solution to overcome complexities of breeder
program.
3. Well also give attention towards conferences and international magazines publications in
order to publish our work.
4. Well try to develop the model for three stage nuclear program; it involves designing,
fabrication, welding etc.
From 15 Feb 2016-15 Mar 2016:1. Well try to visit nuclear power facilities in India[like BARC ,Jaitapur Project ].
2. Well try to complete our work related to project by the feb end, well seek for different
computations.
3. Towards the end well contact expertise in nuclear field for analysis and guidance for final
project demonstrations.

PROJECT GROUP:1.Praful Bhuchude

2. Hrushikesh Fatale
3.Parag Meshram