Chapter5 10

5 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Chapter Objectives
Develop the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body
Concept of the free-body diagram for a rigid body
Solve rigid-body equilibrium problems using the equations
of equilibrium
101
Chapter Outline
Conditions for Rigid Equilibrium

Free-Body Diagrams
Equations of Equilibrium
Two and Three-Force Members
Free Body Diagrams
Constraints and Statical Determinacy
102
5.1 Conditions for Rigid-Body Equilibrium
The equilibrium of a body is expressed as

FR F 0
MR O MO 0
Consider summing moments about some other point, such

as point A, we require
r FR MR O 0
103
5.2 Free Body Diagrams

Support Reactions
If a support prevents the translation of a body in a given direction, then
a force is developed on the body in that direction.
If rotation is prevented, a couple moment is exerted on the body.
104
105
106

Internal Forces
External and internal forces can act on a rigid body

For FBD, internal forces act between particles which are
contained within the boundary of the FBD, are not
represented
Particles outside this boundary exert external forces on the
system
107

Weight and Center of Gravity
Each particle has a specified weight

System can be represented by a single resultant force,
known as weight W of the body
Location of the force application is known as the center of
gravity
108

Procedure for Drawing a FBD
1. Draw Outlined Shape
Imagine body to be isolated or cut free from its constraints
Draw outline shape
2. Show All Forces and Couple Moments
Identify all external forces and couple moments that act on the body
3. Identify Each Loading and Give Dimensions
Indicate dimensions for calculation of forces
Known forces and couple moments should be properly labeled with
their magnitudes and directions
109
Example 5.1
Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform beam. The beam has a mass of
100kg.
Solution
Free-Body Diagram
Support at A is a fixed wall
Two forces acting on the beam at A denoted as Ax, Ay, with moment MA
Unknown magnitudes of these vectors
For uniform beam,
Weight, W = 100(9.81) = 981N
acting through beams center of gravity, 3m from A
110
111
112
113
5.3 Equations of Equilibrium

For equilibrium of a rigid body in 2D,
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; MO = 0
Fx and Fy represent sums of x and y components of all the forces

MO represents the sum of the couple moments and moments of the force
components
2 alternative sets of 3 independent equations,
Fx = 0; MA = 0; MB = 0
114

Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram
Force or couple moment having an unknown magnitude but known line
of action can be assumed
Indicate the dimensions of the body necessary for computing the
moments of forces
Apply MO = 0 about a point O
Unknowns moments of are zero about O and a direct solution the third
unknown can be obtained
Orient the x and y axes along the lines that will provide the simplest
resolution of the forces into their x and y components
Negative result scalar is opposite to that was assumed on the FBD
115
Example 5.5
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction
for the beam loaded. Neglect the weight of the beam in the
calculations.
Free Body Diagrams

600N represented by x and y components
200N force acts on the beam at B
116
Solution
M B 0;
600 cos 45 N Bx 0 Bx 424 N
M B 0;
100 N (2m) (600 sin 45 N )(5m) (600 cos 45 N )(0.2m) Ay (7m) 0
Ay 319 N
Fy 0;
319 N 600 sin 45 N 100 N 200 N B y 0
B y 405 N
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
5.4 Two- and Three-Force Members

Two-Force Members
When forces are applied at only two points on a member, the member is
called a two-force member
Only force magnitude must be determined
Three-Force Members
When subjected to three forces, the forces are concurrent or parallel
125
Example 5.13
The lever ABC is pin-supported at A and connected to a short link BD. If
the weight of the members are negligible, determine the force of the pin on
the lever at A.
Solution
Free Body Diagrams
BD is a two-force member
Lever ABC is a three-force member
0.7
60.3
0.4
Fx 0; FA cos 60.3 F cos 45 400N 0
tan 1
Fy 0;
Solving,
FA sin 60.3 F sin 45 0
FA 1.07 kN
F 1.32 kN
126
5.5 Free-Body Diagrams

Support Reactions
As in the two-dimensional case:
A force is developed by a support
A couple moment is developed when rotation of the attached
member is prevented
The forces orientation is defined by the coordinate angles ,
and
127
128
129
Example 5.14
Several examples of objects along with their associated free-body diagrams
are shown. In all cases, the x, y and z axes are established and the unknown
reaction components are indicated in the positive sense. The weight of the
objects is neglected.
130

Vector Equations of Equilibrium
For two conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body in vector
form,
F = 0 MO = 0
Scalar Equations of Equilibrium

If all external forces and couple moments are expressed in
Cartesian vector form
F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk = 0
MO = Mxi + Myj + Mzk = 0
131
5.7 Constraints for a Rigid Body

Redundant Constraints
More support than needed for equilibrium
Statically indeterminate: more unknown
loadings than equations of equilibrium
132

Improper Constraints
Instability caused by the improper constraining by the
supports
When all reactive forces are concurrent at this point, the body
is improperly constrained
133

Free Body Diagram
Draw an outlined shape of the body
Show all the forces and couple moments acting on the body
Show all the unknown components having a positive sense
Indicate the dimensions of the body necessary for computing
the moments of forces
134
Example 5.15
The homogenous plate has a mass of 100kg and is subjected to
a force and couple moment along its edges. If it is supported in
the horizontal plane by means of a roller at A, a ball and socket
joint at N, and a cord at C, determine the components of
reactions at the supports.
135
Solution
Free Body Diagrams
Five unknown reactions acting on the plate
Each reaction assumed to act in a positive coordinate direction
Fx 0; Bx 0
Fy 0; B y 0
Fz 0; Az Bz TC 300 N 981N 0
M x 0; TC (2m) 981N (1m) BZ (2m) 0
M y 0; 300 N (1.5m) 981N (1.5m) Bz (3m) Az (3m) 200 N .m 0
Az = 790N
Bz = -217N
TC = 707N
136
137
138
139
6 Structural Analysis
Chapter Objectives
Determine the forces in the members of a truss using the
method of joints and the method of sections
Analyze forces acting on the members of frames and
machines composed of pin-connected members
Chapter Outline
Simple Trusses
The Method of Joints
Zero-Force Members
The Method of Sections
Space Trusses
Frames and Machines
140
6.1 Simple Trusses

A truss composed of slender members joined together at their end points
Planar Trusses
The analysis of the forces developed in the truss members is 2D
Similar to roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also coplanar
141
6.1 Simple Trusses

Assumptions for Design
All loadings are applied at the joint

- Weight of the members neglected
The members are joined together by smooth pins
- Assume connections provided the center lines of the
joining members are concurrent
142
6.1 Simple Trusses

Simple Truss
Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse

The simplest form that is rigid or stable is a triangle
143
6.2 The Method of Joints
For truss, we need to know the force in each members

Forces in the members are internal forces
For external force members, equations of equilibrium can
be applied
Force system acting at each joint is coplanar and concurrent
Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 must be satisfied for equilibrium
144
6.2 The Method of Joints

Draw the FBD with at least 1 known and 2 unknown forces

Find the external reactions at the truss support
Determine the correct sense of the member
Orient the x and y axes
Apply Fx = 0 and Fy = 0
Use known force to analyze the unknown forces
145
Example 6.1
Determine the force in each member of the truss and indicate whether the
members are in tension or compression.
Solution
2 unknown member forces at joint B
1 unknown reaction force at joint C
2 unknown member forces and 2 unknown reaction forces at point A
For Joint B,
Fx 0;
500N FBC sin 45 N 0 FBC 707.1N (C )
Fy 0;
FBC cos 45 N FBA 0 FBA 500N (T )
146
Solution
For Joint C,
Fx 0;
FCA 707.1 cos 45 N 0 FCA 500 N (T )
Fy 0;
C y 707.1sin 45 N 0 C y 500 N
For Joint A,
Fx 0;
500N Ax 0 Ax 500N
Fy 0;
500N Ay 0 Ay 500N
147
148
149
150
151
152
6.3 Zero-Force Members
Method of joints is simplified using zero-force members

Zero-force members is supports with no loading
In general, when 3 members form a truss joint, the 3rd
member is a zero-force member provided no external force
or support reaction is applied to the joint
153
Example 6.4
Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force
members of the Fink roof truss. Assume all joints are pin
connected.
Solution
For Joint G,
Fy 0 FGC 0
GC is a zero-force member.
For Joint D,
Fx 0 FDF 0
154
Solution
For Joint F,
Fy 0 FFC cos 0
90 , FFC 0
For Joint B,
Fy 0 FFC cos 0
90 , FFC 0
FHC satisfy Fy = 0 and therefore HC is not a zeroforce member.
155
6.4 The Method of Sections
Used to determine the loadings within a body

If a body is in equilibrium, any part of the body is in
equilibrium
To find forces within members, an imaginary section is
used to cut each member into 2 and expose each internal
force as external
156
Consider the truss and section a-a as shown

Member forces are equal and opposite to those acting on the
other part Newtons Law
157

Free-Body Diagram
Decide the section of the truss
Determine the trusss external reactions
Use equilibrium equations to solve member forces at the cut session
Draw FBD of the sectioned truss which has the least number of
forces acting on it
Find the sense of an unknown member force
Summed moments about a point
Find the 3rd unknown force from moment equation
158
Example 6.5
Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the truss. Indicate
whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution
Choose section a-a since it cuts through the three members
Draw FBD of the entire truss
Fx 0;
M A 0;
Fy 0;
400 N Ax 0 Ax 400 N
1200 N (8m) 400 N (3m) D y (12m) 0 D y 900 N
Ay 1200 N 900 N 0 Ay 300 N
159
Solution
Draw FBD for the section portion
M G 0;
300N (4m) 400N (3m) FBC (3m) 0 FBC 800N (T )
M C 0;
300N (8m) FGE (3m) 0 FGE 800N (C )
Fy 0;
3
300N FGC 0 FGC 500N (T )
5
160
161
162
6.5 Space Trusses
Consists of members joined together at their ends to form

3D structure
The simplest space truss is a tetrahedron
Additional members would be redundant in supporting
force P
163
6.5 Space Trusses

Assumptions for Design
2 force members
Method of Joints
Solve Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0 at each joint

Force analysis has at least 1 unknown force and 3 unknown
forces
Method of Sections
When imaginary section is passed through a truss it must

satisfied
Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0
Mx = 0, My = 0, Mz = 0
164
Example 6.8
Determine the forces acting in the members of the space truss.
Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution
For Joint A,
P {4 j }kN , FAB FAB j , FAC FAC k
rAE
FAE FAE
rAE
FAE (0.577i 0.577 j 0.577k )

F 0;
P FAB FAC FAE 0
4 j FAB j FAC k 0.577 FAE i 0.577 FAE j 0.577 FAE k 0
FAC FAE 0, FAB 4kN
165
Solution
For Joint B,
Fx 0; RB cos 45 0.707 FBE 0

Fy 0;4 RB sin 45 0
Fz 0;2 FBD 0.707 FBE 0
RB FBE 5.66kN (T )
FBD 2kN (C )
To show,
FDE FDC FCE 0
166
6.6 Frames and Machines
Composed of pin-connected multi-force members

Frames are stationary
Apply equations of equilibrium to each member to
determine the unknown forces
167
6.6 Frames and Machines

Free-Body Diagram
Isolate each part by drawing its outlined shape
show all forces and couple moments act on the part

identify each known and unknown force and couple moment
indicate any dimension
apply equations of equilibrium
assumed sense of
unknown force or moment
draw FBD
168
Example 6.9
For the frame, draw the free-body diagram of (a) each member, (b) the pin at
B and (c) the two members connected together.
Solution
Part (a)
BA and BC are not two-force
AB is subjected to the resultant forces from the pins
169
Solution
Part (b)
Pin at B is subjected to two forces, force of the member BC and AB on
the pin
For equilibrium, forces and respective components must be equal but
opposite
Bx and By shown equal and opposite on members AB
Part (c)
Bx and By are not shown as they form equal but opposite internal forces
Unknown force at A and C must act in the same sense
Couple moment M is used to find reactions at A and C
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
7 Internal Force
Chapter Objectives
Method of sections for determining the internal loadings in a
member
Develop procedure by formulating equations that describe
the internal shear and moment throughout a member
Analyze the forces and study the geometry of cables
supporting a load
182
Chapter Outline
Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams
Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and
Moment
Cables
183
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members
The design of any structural or mechanical member requires the

material to be used to be able to resist the loading acting on the member
These internal loadings can be determined by the method of sections
Force component N, acting normal to the beam at the cut session

V, acting tangent to the session are normal or axial force and the shear
force
Couple moment M is referred as the bending moment
184
For 3D, a general internal force and couple moment

resultant will act at the section
Ny is the normal force, and Vx and Vz are the shear
components
My is the torisonal or twisting moment, and Mx and Mz are
the bending moment components
185

Support Reactions
Before cut, determine the members support reactions
Equilibrium equations used to solve internal loadings
during sectioning
Free-Body Diagrams
Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments and forces
acting on the member in their exact locations
After session draw FBD of the segment having the least
loads
186

Free-Body Diagrams (Continue)
Indicate the z, y, z components of the force, couple
moments and resultant couple moments on FBD
Only N, V and M act at the section
Determine the sense by inspection
Moments should be summed at the section
If negative result, the sense is opposite
187
188
189
Example 7.3
Determine the internal force, shear force and the bending
moment acting at point B of the two-member frame.
190
Solution
Support Reactions
FBD of each member
Member AC
MA = 0;
-400kN(4m) + (3/5)FDC(8m)= 0
FDC = 333.3kN
+ Fx = 0;
-Ax + (4/5)(333.3kN) = 0
Ax = 266.7kN
+ Fy = 0;
Ay 400kN + 3/5(333.3kN) = 0
Ay = 200kN
191
Solution
Support Reactions
Member AB
+ Fx = 0;
NB 266.7kN = 0
NB = 266.7kN
+ Fy = 0;
200kN 200kN VB = 0
VB = 0
MB = 0;
MB 200kN(4m) 200kN(2m) = 0
MB = 400kN.m
192
193
194
7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams
Beams structural members designed to support loadings

perpendicular to their axes
A simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller
supported at the other
A cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the other
195
7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

Support Reactions
Find all reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam
Resolve them into components
Shear and Moment Reactions
Specify separate coordinates x
Section the beam perpendicular to its axis
V obtained by summing the forces perpendicular to the beam
M obtained by summing moments about the sectioned end
Plot (V versus x) and (M versus x)
Convenient to plot the shear and the bending moment diagrams below
the FBD of the beam
196
197
Solution
Shear diagram
Internal shear force is always positive within the shaft AB.
Just to the right of B, the shear force
changes sign and remains at
constant value for segment BC.
Moment diagram
Starts at zero, increases linearly to
B and therefore decreases to zero.
198
7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
Consider beam AD subjected to an arbitrary load
w = w(x) and a series of concentrated forces and moments
Distributed load assumed positive when loading acts
downwards
199
Distributed Load
A FBD diagram for a small segment of the beam having a
length ?x is chosen at point x along the beam which is not
subjected to a concentrated force or couple moment
Any results obtained will not apply
at points of concentrated loadings
The internal shear force and
bending moments assumed
positive sense
200
Distributed Load
Distributed loading has been replaced by a resultant force F
= w(x) x that acts at a fractional distance k (x) from the
right end, where 0 < k <1
Fy 0;V w( x)x (V V ) 0
V w( x)x
M 0;Vx M w( x)xk x ( M M ) 0
M Vx w( x)k (x) 2
201
Distributed Load
Slope of the
shear diagram
dV
w(x)
dx
Slope of
shear diagram
dM
V
dx
Shear moment diagram
M BC Vdx
Area under
shear diagram
Change in shear
Change in moment
Negative of distributed
load intensity
VBC w( x)dx
Area under
shear diagram
202
Force and Couple Moment

FBD of a small segment of the beam
Change in shear is negative
FBD of a small segment of the beam located at the couple
moment
Change in moment is positive
203
204
205
Example 7.9
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the overhang beam.
The support reactions are shown.

Shear Diagram
Shear of 2 kN at end A of the beam
is at x = 0.
Positive jump of 10 kN at x = 4 m
due to the force.
Moment Diagram
M x4 M x0 M 0 24 8 kN m
206
207
7.4 Cables
Cables and chains used to support and transmit loads from
one member to another
In force analysis, weight of cables is neglected
Assume cable is perfectly flexible and inextensible
Due to its flexibility cables has no resistance to bending
Length remains constant before and after loading
208
7.4 Cables
Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads
For a cable of negligible weight, it will subject to constant
tensile force
Known: h, L1, L2, L3 and loads P1 and P2
Form 2 equations of equilibrium
Use Pythagorean Theorem to relate the three segmental
lengths
209
Example 7.11
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable.
FBD for the entire cable.
Fx 0;
Ax E x 0
M E 0;
Ay (18m) 4kN (15m) 15kN (10m) 3kn(2m) 0
Ay 12kN
Fy 0;
12kN 4kN 15kN 3kN E y 0
E y 10kN
Consider leftmost section which cuts cable BC since sag yC = 12m.

M C 0;
Ax (12m) 12kN (8m) 4kN (5m) 0
Ax E x 6.33kN
Fx 0;
TBC cos BC 6.33kN 0
Fy 0;
12kN 4kN TBC sin BC 0
BC 51.6 , TBC 10.2kN
210
7.4 Cables
Cable Subjected to a Distributed Load
Consider weightless cable subjected to a loading function w = w(x)
measured in the x direction
Cable Subjected to a Distributed Load
For FBD of the cable having length x
Since the tensile force changes continuously, it is denoted on the FBD by
T
Distributed load is represented by second integration,
y
1
FH
w( x)dxdx
211
Example 7.12
The cable of a suspension bridge supports half of the uniform
road surface between the two columns at A and B. If this
distributed loading wo, determine the maximum force
developed in the cable and the cables required length. The
span length L and, sag h are known.
212
Solution
y
Note w(x) = wo
1
FH
w dx dx
o
Perform two integrations
1
FH
Boundary Conditions at x = 0
wo x 2
C1 x C2
2
y 0, x 0, dy / dx 0
C1 C2 0
Therefore,
Curve becomes
wo
x2
2 FH
This is the equation of a parabola

Boundary Condition at x = L/2
For constant,
FH
y h
wo L2
4h
and y 2 x 2
8h
L
Tension, T = FH/cos
Slope at point B
Therefore
Tmax
dy
dx
tan max
xL / 2
wo
FH
xL / 2
w L
max tan 1 o
2 FH
FH
cos( max )
Using triangular relationship
Tmax
4 FH2 wo2 L2
2
213
Solution
For a differential segment of cable length ds,
ds
dx dy
2
dy
1 dx
dx
Determine total length by integrating,

ds 2
L/2
8h
1 2 x dx
L
Integrating yields,
2
L
4h
L
1 4h
1 sinh
2
4h
L
L
214
7.4 Cables
Cable Subjected to its Own Weight
When weight of the cable is considered, the loading function
becomes a function of the arc length s rather than length x
FBD of a segment of the cable is shown
215
7.4 Cables
Apply equilibrium equations to the force system
T cos FH T sin w( s)ds
dy 1
w(s)ds
dx FH
Replace dy/dx by ds/dx for direct integration

2
dy
ds
1
dx
dx
ds dx dy
2

Therefore
ds
1
1 2
dx FH
1/ 2
w(s)ds
2
Separating variables and integrating

x
ds
1
1 2
FH
1/ 2
w(s)ds
2
216
Example 7.13
Determine the deflection curve, the length, and the maximum tension in the
uniform cable. The cable weights wo = 5N/m.
Solution
For symmetry, origin located at the center of the cable.
Deflection curve expressed as y = f(x)
x
ds
1 1 / F 2
H
w ds
2 1/ 2
ds
1 1 / F w s C
2
H
2 1/ 2
Substitute
du ( wo / FH )ds
u 1 / FH wo s C1
Perform second integration
x
or
FH
sinh 1 u C2
wo
x
FH
wo
1 1
sinh
w
s
o
1
2
FH
217
Solution
x
FH
1 1
wo s C1 C2
sinh
wo
FH
Evaluate constants
dy
1
dx FH
wo ds
dy 1

wo s C1
dx FH
dy/dx = 0 at s = 0, then C1 = 0
s=0 at x=0, then C2=0
solve for s
y
w
FH
sinh o
wo
FH
w
dy
sinh o x
dx
FH
w
FH
cosh o x C3
wo
FH
FH
C
Boundary Condition y = 0 at x = 0 3
wo
For deflection curve,
wo
FH
x 1
cosh
wo
F
H
This equations defines a catenary curve.

218
Solution
Boundary Condition y = h at x = L/2
h
wo
FH
cosh
x
wo
H
Since wo = 5N/m, h = 6m and L = 20m,

6m
50 N
FH
1
cosh
5N / m
F
H
FH 45.9 N
For deflection curve,
y 9.19cosh 0.109 x 1m
x = 10m, for half length of the cable
45.9
5N / m
10 m 12.1m
sinh
2 5N / m
45.9 N
Hence
24.2m
Maximum tension occurs when is maximum at

s = 12.1m
dy
5 N / m12.1m
tan
1.32
dx s 12.1m
max
45.9 N
max 52.8
Tmax
FH
45.9 N
75.9 N
cos max cos 52.8
219
8 Friction
Chapter Objectives
Introduce the concept of dry friction
To present specific applications of frictional force analysis
on wedges, screws, belts, and bearings
To investigate the concept of rolling resistance
220
Chapter Outline
Characteristics of Dry Friction

Problems Involving Dry Friction
Wedges
Frictional Forces on Screws
Frictional Forces on Flat Belts
Frictional Forces on Collar Bearings, Pivot Bearings, and
Disks
Frictional Forces on Journal Bearings
Rolling Resistance
221
8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Friction
Force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces

that slide relative to one another
Acts tangent to the surfaces at points of contact with other
body
Opposing possible or existing motion of the body relative to
points of contact
Two types of friction Fluid and Coulomb Friction
222
Fluid friction exist when the contacting surface are

separated by a film of fluid (gas or liquid)
Depends on velocity of the fluid and its ability to resist
shear force
Coulomb friction occurs
between contacting surfaces
of bodies in the absence of a
lubricating fluid
223

Theory of Dry Friction
Impending Motion
Constant of proportionality s is known as the coefficient of
static friction
Angle s that Rs makes with N is called the angle of static
friction
Fs
1 s N
1
s tan tan
tan
s
N
N
1
224

Typical Values of s
Contact Materials
Coefficient of Static Friction s
Metal on ice
0.03 0.05
Wood on wood
0.30 0.70
Leather on wood
0.20 0.50
Leather on metal
0.30 0.60
Aluminum on aluminum
1.10 1.70
225

Resultant frictional force Fk is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the resultant normal force N
Fk = kN
Constant of proportionality k is coefficient of kinetic friction
k are typically 25% smaller than s

Resultant Rk has a line of action defined by k, angle of kinetic
friction
Fk
N
k tan 1
1 k N
1
tan
tan k
N
226

F is a static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained
F is a limiting static frictional force when it reaches a
maximum value needed to maintain equilibrium
F is termed a kinetic frictional force when sliding occurs at
the contacting surface
227

Characteristics of Dry Friction
The frictional force acts tangent to the contacting surfaces
The max static frictional force Fs is independent of the area
of contact
The max static frictional force is greater than kinetic
frictional force
When slipping, the max static frictional force is
proportional to the normal force and kinetic frictional force
is proportional to the normal force
228
8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Types of Friction Problems
In all cases, geometry and dimensions are assumed to be
known
3 types of mechanics problem involving dry friction
- Equilibrium
- Impending motion at all points
- Impending motion at some points
229

Types of Friction Problems
Equilibrium
Total number of unknowns = Total number of available
equilibrium equations
Frictional forces must satisfy F sN; otherwise, slipping
will occur and the body will not remain in equilibrium
We must determine the frictional
forces at A and C to check
for equilibrium
230

Equilibrium Versus Frictional Equations
Frictional force always acts so as to oppose the relative
motion or impede the motion of the body over its contacting
surface
Assume the sense of the frictional force that require F to be
an equilibrium force
Correct sense is made after solving the equilibrium
equations
If F is a negative scalar, the sense of F is the reverse of that
assumed
231
Example 8.1
The uniform crate has a mass of 20kg. If a force P = 80N is applied on to the
crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of static friction
is = 0.3.
Fx 0;
80 cos 30 N F 0
Fy 0;
80 sin 30 N N C 196 .2 N 0
M O 0;
80 sin 30 N (0.4m) 80 cos 30 N (0.2m) N C ( x) 0
F 69.3 N , N C 236 N
x 0.00908 m 9.08mm
232
Solution
Since x is negative, the resultant force acts (slightly) to the left
of the crates center line.
No tipping will occur since x 0.4m

Max frictional force which can be developed at the surface of
contact
Fmax = sNC = 0.3(236N) = 70.8N
Since F = 69.3N < 70.8N, the crate will not slip thou it is close
to doing so.
233
234
235
236
237
238
8.3 Wedges
A simple machine used to transform an applied force into much larger

forces, directed at approximately right angles to the applied force
Used to give small displacements or adjustments to heavy load
Consider the wedge used to lift a block of weight W by applying a force
P to the wedge
FBD of the block and the wedge
Exclude the weight of the wedge since it is small compared to weight of

the block
239
Example 8.6
The uniform stone has a mass of 500kg and is held in place in the horizontal
position using a wedge at B. if the coefficient of static friction s = 0.3, at the
surfaces of contact, determine the minimum force P needed to remove the
wedge. Is the wedge self-locking? Assume that the stone does not slip at A.
Solution
Minimum force P requires F = s NA at the surfaces of contact with the wedge.
FBD of the stone and the wedge as below.
On the wedge, friction force opposes the motion and on the stone at A, FA
sNA, slipping does not occur.
240
Solution
5 unknowns, 3 equilibrium equations for the stone and 2 for the wedge.
M A 0;
4905 N (0.5m) ( N B cos 7 N )(1m) (0.3N B sin 7 N )(1m) 0
N B 2383.1N
Fx 0;
2383.1sin 7 0.3(2383.1 cos 7 ) P 0.3N C 0
Fy 0;
N C 2383.1 cos 7 N 0.3(2383.1sin 7 ) 0
N C 2452.5 N
P 1154.9 N 1.15kN
Since P is positive, the wedge must be pulled out.

If P is zero, the wedge would remain in place (self-locking) and the
frictional forces developed at B and C would satisfy
FB < sNB
FC < sNC
241
8.4 Frictional Forces on Screws

Screws used as fasteners
Sometimes used to transmit power or motion from one part
of the machine to another
A square-ended screw is commonly used for the latter
purpose, especially when large forces are applied along its
axis
A screw is thought as an inclined plane or wedge wrapped
around a cylinder
242

A nut initially at A on the screw will move up to B when
rotated 360 around the screw
This rotation is equivalent to translating the nut up an
inclined plane of height l and length 2r, where r is the mean
radius of the head
Applying the force equations of equilibrium, we have
M rW tan s
243

Downward Screw Motion
If the surface of the screw is very slippery, the screw may
rotate downward if the magnitude of the moment is reduced
to say M < M
This causes the effect of M to become
M = Wr tan( s)
244
Example 8.7
The turnbuckle has a square thread with a mean radius of 5mm and a lead of
2mm. If the coefficient of static friction between the screw and the
turnbuckle is s = 0.25, determine the moment M that must be applied to
draw the end screws closer together. Is the turnbuckle self-locking?
Solution
Since friction at two screws must be overcome, this requires
M 2Wr tan
W 2000 N , r 5mm, s tan 1 s tan 1 0.25 14.04
tan 1 / 2r tan 1 2mm / 2 5mm 3.64
Solving
M 2 2000 N 5mm tan 14.04 3.64

6374.7 N .mm 6.37 N .m
When the moment is removed, the turnbuckle will be self-locking

245
8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

It is necessary to determine the frictional forces developed
between the contacting surfaces
Consider the flat belt which passes over a fixed curved
surface
Obviously T2 > T1
Consider FBD of the belt
segment in contact with the surface
N and F vary both in
magnitude and direction
246
8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts
Consider FBD of an element having a length ds

Assuming either impending motion or motion of the belt, the magnitude of the
frictional force
dF = dN
Applying equilibrium equations
Fx 0;
d
d
T cos
dN (T dT ) cos
0
2
2
Fy 0;
d
d
dN (T dT ) sin
T sin
0
2
2
We have
dT
dN dT dN Td
d
T
T T1 , 0, T T2 ,
T dT
T T 0 d
T
In 2 T2 Te
1
T1
2
247
Example 8.8
The maximum tension that can be developed In the cord is
500N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of
static friction at fixed drums B and C is s = 0.25, determine the
largest mass of cylinder that can be lifted by the cord. Assume
that the force T applied at the end of the cord is directed
vertically downward.
248
Solution
Weight of W = mg causes the cord to move CCW over the drums at B and C.
Max tension T2 in the cord occur at D where T2 = 500N
For section of the cord passing over the drum at B
180 = rad, angle of contact between drum and cord
= (135 /180 ) = 3/4 rad
T2 T1e s ;
500 N T1e 0.253 / 4
T1
500 N
e 0.253 / 4
500 N
277.4 N
1.80
For section of the cord passing over the drum at C

W < 277.4N
T2 T1e ;
s
277.4 We0.253 / 4
W 153.9 N
m
W
153.9 N
15.7 kg
g 9.81m / s 2
249
Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e
5
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
250
4 Force System Resultants

Chapter Objectives
Concept of moment of a force in two and three dimensions
Method for finding the moment of a force about a specified
axis.
Define the moment of a couple.
Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force systems
Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location
251
Chapter Outline
Moment of a Force Scalar Formation

Cross Product
Moment of Force Vector Formulation
Principle of Moments
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Moment of a Couple
Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
252
4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Large surface area of a body may be subjected to distributed
loadings
Loadings on the surface is defined as pressure
Pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1N/m2
Uniform Loading Along a Single Axis

Most common type of distributed
loading is uniform along a
single axis
253

Magnitude of Resultant Force
Magnitude of dF is determined from differential area dA
under the loading curve.
For length L,
FR wx dx dA A
L
Magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the total area A

under the loading diagram.
254

Location of Resultant Force
MR = MO
dF produces a moment of xdF = x w(x) dx about O
For the entire plate,
x FR xw( x)dx
M Ro M O
Solving for x
x
xw( x)dx xdA

L
w( x)dx
L
dA
A
255
Example 4.21
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent resultant force acting
on the shaft.
Solution
For the colored differential area element,
dA wdx 60 x 2 dx
For resultant force
FR F ;
2
FR dA 60 x 2 dx
A
x3
23 03
60 60
3 0
3 3
160 N
For location of line of action,
x4
24 04
60
x
(60
x
)
dx
60
xdA
4
4 4
0
A
0
1.5m
x

160
160
160
dA
2
256
257
9 Center of Gravity and Centroid

Chapter Objectives
Concept of the center of gravity, center of mass, and the
centroid
Determine the location of the center of gravity and centroid
for a system of discrete particles and a body of arbitrary
shape
Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
Method for finding the resultant of a general distributed
loading
258
9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for

a System of Particles
Mass Center
~
xm
~
ym
~
zm
x
;y
,z
m
m
m
Particles have weight only when under the influence of gravitational

attraction, whereas center of mass is independent of gravity
A rigid body is composed of an infinite number of particles
Consider a particle having weight of dW
~
~
~
xdW
ydW
zdW
x
;y
;z
dW dW dW
259
9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for

a System of Particles
Centroid of a Volume
Consider an object subdivided into volume elements dV, for location of
the centroid,
~xdV
~ydV
~zdV
dV
dV
dV
x V
;y V
;z V
Centroid of an Area
~xdA
~ydA ~zdA
dA
dA
xA
;y A
;z A
dA
Centroid of a Line
~xdL
~ydL ~zdL
dL
dL
xL
;y L
;z L
dL
L
260
Example 9.1
Locate the centroid of the rod bent into the shape of a parabolic
arc.
261
Solution
Differential element
Located on the curve at the arbitrary point (x, y)
Area and Moment Arms
For differential length of the element dL
dL
dx dy
2
dx
1 dy
dy
Since x = y2 and then dx/dy = 2y

2
dL 2 y 1 dy
The centroid is located at

~x dL 1 x 4 y 2 1 dy 1 y 2 4 y 2 1 dy
xL
01
01
2
dL 0 4 y 1 dy 0 4 y 2 1 dy
L
0.6063
0.410 m
1.479
~ydL 1 y 4 y 2 1 dy
yL
01
dL 4 y 2 1 dy
0.8484
0.574 m
1.479
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
Example 9.10
9.2 Composite Bodies
Locate the centroid of the plate area.
Solution
Composite Parts
Plate divided into 3 segments.
Area of small rectangle considered negative.
Moment Arm
Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and indicated in the
diagram.
Summations
~
xA 4
x
0.348 mm
A 11 .5
~
y A 14
y
1.22 mm
A 11 .5
271
9.3 Surface Area and Volume
A surface area (volume) of revolution is generated by revolving a plane

curve (area) about a non-intersecting fixed axis in the plane of the curve
(area).
Surface Area
Area of a surface of revolution = product of length of the curve and
distance traveled by the centroid in generating the surface area
Volume
A r L
Volume of a body of revolution = product of generating area and
distance traveled by the centroid in generating the volume
V r A
272
Example 9.12
Show that the surface area of a sphere is A = 4R2 and its volume V = 4/3R3.
Solution
Surface Area
Generated by rotating semi-arc about the x axis
For centroid,
r 2R /
For surface area,
A ~
r L;
2R
2
A 2
R 4R

Volume
Generated by rotating semicircular area about the x axis
For centroid,
r 4 R / 3
For volume,
V ~
r A;
4R 1
4 3
2
V 2
R R
3
2
3
273
9.4 Resultant of a General Distributed

Loading
Pressure Distribution over a Surface
Consider the flat plate subjected to the loading function =(x, y) Pa
Determine the force dF acting on the differential area dA m2 of the plate,
located at the differential point (x, y)
dF = [(x, y) N/m2](d A m2)
= [(x, y) d A]N
Pressure Distribution over a Surface

This system will be simplified to a single resultant force FR acting
through a unique point on the plate
FR ( x, y)dA dV V
A
274
9.4 Resultant of a General Distributed

Loading
Magnitude of Resultant Force FR
Magnitude of resultant force = total volume under the
distributed loading diagram
Location of Resultant Force is
x ( x, y )dA xdV
( x, y)dA dV
y ( x, y )dA ydV
( x, y)dA dV
A
275
9.5 Fluid Pressure

According to Pascals law, a fluid at rest creates a pressure at a
point that is the same in all directions
Magnitude of depends on the specific weight or mass density
of the fluid and the depth z of the point from the fluid surface
p z gz
Valid for incompressible fluids
Gas are compressible fluids and the above equation cannot be
used
276
9.5 Fluid Pressure

Flat Plate of Constant Width
Consider flat rectangular plate of constant width submerged in a liquid
having a specific weight
As pressure varies linearly with depth, the distribution of pressure over
the plates surface is represented by a trapezoidal volume having an
intensity of w1 bp1 brz1 at depth z1 and w2 bp2 brz2 at depth z2
Magnitude of the resultant force FR
= volume of this loading diagram
Curved Plate of Constant Width
277
Example 9.14
Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant hydrostatic force

acting on the submerged rectangular plate AB. The plate has a width of 1.5m;
w = 1000kg/m3.
Solution
The water pressures at depth A and B are
A w gz A (1000 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(2m) 19.62kPa

B w gzB (1000 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(5m) 49.05kPa
For intensities of the load at A and B,
wA b A (1.5m)(19.62kPa) 29.43kN / m
wB b B (1.5m)(49.05kPa) 73.58kN / m
FR area of trapezoid
1
(3)(29 .4 73 .6) 154 .5 N
2
This force acts through the centroid

1 2(29.43) 73.58
of the area,
h
(3) 1.29 m
3 29.43 73.58
measured upwards from B
278
279

Large surface area of a body may be subjected to distributed
loadings
Loadings on the surface is defined as pressure
Pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1N/m2
Uniform Loading Along a Single Axis

Most common type of distributed
loading is uniform along a
single axis
280

Magnitude of Resultant Force
Magnitude of dF is determined from differential area dA
under the loading curve.
For length L,
FR wx dx dA A
L
Magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the total area A

under the loading diagram.
281

Location of Resultant Force
MR = MO
dF produces a moment of xdF = x w(x) dx about O
For the entire plate,
x FR xw( x)dx
M Ro M O
Solving for x
x
xw( x)dx xdA

L
w( x)dx
L
dA
A
282
Example 4.21
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant force acting on the shaft.
283
Solution
For the colored differential area element,
dA wdx 60 x 2 dx
For resultant force
FR F ;
2
FR dA 60 x 2 dx
A
x
23 03
60 60
3 0
3 3
160 N
3
284
Solution
For location of line of action,
2
x
24 04
2
A xdA 0 x(60 x )dx 60 4 0 60 4 4
x
160
160
160
dA
2
1.5m
Checking,
ab 2m(240 N / m)
A
160
3
3
3
3
x a (2m) 1.5m
4
4
285
286
287
288
289
10 Moments of Inertia
Chapter Objectives
Method for determining the moment of inertia for an area
Introduce product of inertia and show determine the
maximum and minimum moments of inertia for an area
Discuss the mass moment of inertia
290
Chapter Outline
Definitions of Moments of Inertia for Areas

Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area
Radius of Gyration of an Area
Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
Product of Inertia for an Area
Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes
Mohrs Circle for Moments of Inertia
Mass Moment of Inertia
291
10.1 Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas
Centroid for an area is determined by the first moment of an

area about an axis
Second moment of an area is referred as the moment of
inertia
Moment of inertia of an area originates whenever one
relates the normal stress or force per unit area
292
10.1 Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas

Moment of Inertia
moments of inertia of the differential plane area dA
dIx y2 dA dI y x2 dA
Ix y2 dA
A
I y x2 dA
A
Formulate the second moment of dA about z axis

dJ O r 2 dA
where r is perpendicular from the pole (z axis) to the element dA

Polar moment of inertia for entire area,
J O r 2 dA I x I y
A
293
10.2 Parallel Axis Theorem for an Area
For moment of inertia of an area known about an axis

passing through its centroid, determine the moment of
inertia of area about a corresponding parallel axis using the
parallel axis theorem
Consider moment of inertia of the shaded area
A differential element dA is
located at an arbitrary distance y
from the centroidal x axis
294
10.2 Parallel Axis Theorem for an Area
The fixed distance between the parallel x and x axes is defined as dy

For moment of inertia of dA about x axis
dI x y ' d y dA
2
For entire area

I x y ' d y dA
2
y '2 dA 2d y y ' dA d y2 dA
A
y ' dA y dA 0;
y 0 Ix Ix Ad y2 and I y I y Adx2
Similarly
For polar moment of inertia
JO JC Ad 2
295
10.3 Radius of Gyration of an Area
Radius of gyration of a planar area has units of length and is

a quantity used in the design of columns in structural
mechanics
For radii of gyration
kx
Ix
A
ky
Iy
A
kz
JO
A
296
Example 10.1
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area with respect to (a)
the centroidal x axis, (b) the axis xb passing through the base of the
rectangular, and (c) the pole or z axis perpendicular to the x-y plane and
passing through the centroid C.
Solution
Part (a)
I x y '2 dA
A
h/2
h / 2
y '2 (bdy ' )
h/2
h / 2
y '2 dy
1 3
bh
12
By applying parallel axis theorem,

2
1
h 1
I xb I x Ad 2 bh 3 bh bh 3
12
3
2
For polar moment of inertia about point C,

Iy '
1 3
1
hb and JC Ix I y ' bh(h2 b2 )
12
12
297
298
299
10.4 Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas

Example 10.4
Compute the moment of inertia of the composite area about the x axis.
Solution
Parallel Axis Theorem
Circle
I x I x ' Ad y2
1
4
2
2
25 25 75 11.4 106 mm4
4
Rectangle
I x I x ' Ad y2
1
100 150 3 100 150 752 112.5 10 6 mm4
12
Summation
For moment of inertia for the composite area,
I x 11.4 106 112.5 106
101 106 mm4
300
10.5 Product of Inertia for an Area
Moment of inertia for an area is different for every axis

about which it is computed
First, compute the product of the inertia for the area as well
as its moments of inertia for given x, y axes
Product of inertia for an element of area dA located at a
point (x, y) is defined as
dIxy = xydA
Thus for product of inertia,
I xy xydA
A
301
10.5 Product of Inertia for an Area

For the product of inertia of dA with respect to the x and y
axes
dI xy x' d x y ' d y dA
A
For the entire area,

dI xy x' d x y ' d y dA
A
x' y ' dA d x y 'dA d y x'dA d x d y dA

A
Forth integral represent the total area A,
I xy I x ' y ' Ad x d y
302
Example 10.6
Determine the product Ixy of the triangle.
Differential element has thickness dx and area dA = y dx
Using parallel axis theorem,
dI xy dI xy dA~
x~
y
~x , ~y locates centroid of the element or origin of x, y axes
Solution
Due to symmetry, dI 0 ~
x x, ~
y y/2
xy
2
y h
h h 3
dI xy 0 ( ydx) x xdx x x 2 x dx
2 b
2b 2b
Integrating we have
h2
I xy 2
2b
b2h2
x dx
8
3
Differential element has thickness dy and

area dA = (b - x) dy.
For centroid,
~
x x (b x) / 2 (b x) / 2, ~
yy
For product of inertia of element
~
b x
dI xy dI xy dA~
x~
y 0 (b x)dy
y
2
b b b / h y
1 2 b2 2
b y dy
y
y b 2 y dy
h
2
2
h
303
10.6 Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes
x
u
r , r
y
v
x cos
r A r ,
y sin
u cos
T
r A r,
v sin
sin u
cos v
sin x
cos y
Ixx y2 dA
Iyy x2 dA
Ixy xydA
Consider moment of inertia matrix

Ixx Ixy
Iuu Iuv
I=
I
uv Ivv
Ixy Iyy
Then I AT IA and I A I AT
304
10.6 Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes
Principal Moments of Inertia

I
max
min
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
I xy2

2
2
Result can gives the max or min moment of inertia

for the area
Or find the eigenvalue of I or I matrix
305
Example 10.8
Determine the principal moments of inertia for the beams cross-sectional
area with respect to an axis passing through the centroid.
Moment and product of inertia of the cross-sectional area,
I x 2.90 10 9 mm 4
I y 5.60 10 9 mm 4
I z 3.00 10 9 mm 4
Using the angles of inclination of principal axes u and v,

3.00 109
Ixy
tan 2 p
2.22
Ix I y / 2 2.90 109 5.60 109 / 2
p1 32.9 , p 2 57.1
For principal of inertia with respect to the u and v axes

Ix I y
Ix I y
2

Ixy
2
2
max
min
Imax 7.54 109 mm4 , Imin 0.960 109 mm4
306
Solution
2.9 3
I
3 5.6
( -2.9)( -5.6)+9 =0
2 8.5 7.24 0
eigenvalue of (I) 0.96 or 7.54
3
3
7.54 2.9
4.64
3
eigenvector I x x,
x
0,
x
3 1.94
4.64
3
7.54
5.6
307
10.7 Mohrs Circle for Moments of Inertia

The circle constructed is known as a Mohrs circle with
radius
Ix Iy
I xy2
R
2
2
and center at (a, 0) where
a I x I y / 2
308
10.7 Mohrs Circle for Moments of Inertia

Determine Ix, Iy and Ixy
Establish the x, y axes for the area, with the origin located at point P of
interest and determine Ix, Iy and Ixy
Principal of Moments of Inertia
Points where the circle intersects the abscissa give the values of the
principle moments of inertia Imin and Imax
Product of inertia will be zero at these points
Principle Axes
This angle represent twice the angle from the x axis to the area in question
to the axis of maximum moment of inertia Imax
The axis for the minimum moment of inertia Imin is perpendicular to 309
the
axis for Imax
Example 10.9
Using Mohrs circle, determine the principle moments of the beams crosssectional area with respect to an axis
passing through the centroid.
Solution
Determine Ix, Iy and Ixy
Moments of inertia
I x 2.90 10 9 mm 4
I y 5.60 109 mm 4
I xy 3.00 10 9 mm 4
Center of circle
I y / 2 (2.90 5.60) / 2 4.25
Principal Moments of Inertia

0.96010 mm
I max 7.54 109 mm 4

I min
310
10.8 Mass Moment of Inertia

Mass moment of inertia is defined as the integral of the second moment
about an axis of all the elements of mass dm which compose the body
For bodys moment of inertia
about the z axis,
I r 2 dm
m
The axis that is generally chosen

for analysis, passes through the
bodys mass center G
When being a constant,
I r 2 dV
V
311
Example 10.10
Determine the mass moment of inertia of the cylinder about the z axis. The density
of the material is constant.
Shell Element
For volume of the element,
dV 2 r h dr
For mass,
dm dV 2 rh dr
dIz r2 dm 2 hr3dr
R
I z r 2 dm 2h r 3dr
m
R 4h
For the mass of the cylinder

R
m dm 2h rdr hR 2
m
So that
Iz
1
mR 2
2
312
313
10.8 Mass Moment of Inertia

For moment of inertia of body
about the z axis,
I r 2 dm d x' y '2 dm
m
x' y ' dm 2d x' dm d dm

2

For moment of inertia about the z axis,
I = IG + md2
Radius of Gyration
I mk
I
or k
m
314
315

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5 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

Conditions for Rigid Equilibrium

5.1 Conditions for Rigid-Body Equilibrium

The equilibrium of a body is expressed as

Consider summing moments about some other point, such

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

External and internal forces can act on a rigid body

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

Each particle has a specified weight

5.2 Free Body Diagrams

5.3 Equations of Equilibrium

Fx and Fy represent sums of x and y components of all the forces

5.3 Equations of Equilibrium

Free Body Diagrams

600 cos 45 N Bx 0 Bx 424 N

5.4 Two- and Three-Force Members

FA sin 60.3 F sin 45 0

5.5 Free-Body Diagrams

5.5 Free-Body Diagrams

5.5 Free-Body Diagrams

5.6 Equations of Equilibrium

Scalar Equations of Equilibrium

5.7 Constraints for a Rigid Body

5.7 Constraints for a Rigid Body

5.7 Constraints for a Rigid Body

6.1 Simple Trusses

6.1 Simple Trusses

All loadings are applied at the joint

6.1 Simple Trusses

Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse

6.2 The Method of Joints

For truss, we need to know the force in each members

6.2 The Method of Joints

Draw the FBD with at least 1 known and 2 unknown forces

6.3 Zero-Force Members

Method of joints is simplified using zero-force members

6.4 The Method of Sections

Used to determine the loadings within a body

6.4 The Method of Sections

Consider the truss and section a-a as shown

6.4 The Method of Sections

300N (4m) 400N (3m) FBC (3m) 0 FBC 800N (T )

300N (8m) FGE (3m) 0 FGE 800N (C )

6.5 Space Trusses

Consists of members joined together at their ends to form

6.5 Space Trusses

Solve Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0 at each joint

When imaginary section is passed through a truss it must

FAE (0.577i 0.577 j 0.577k )

Fx 0; RB cos 45 0.707 FBE 0

6.6 Frames and Machines

Composed of pin-connected multi-force members

6.6 Frames and Machines

Isolate each part by drawing its outlined shape

show all forces and couple moments act on the part

Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

The design of any structural or mechanical member requires the

Force component N, acting normal to the beam at the cut session

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members