ECH 158B

Separations and Unit Operations

Introduction
Ahmet Palazoglu
June 2015 - HUMG

Text & Reference Books

Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, M.S.
Peters, K.D. Timmerhaus, and R.E. West, 5th Edition, McGrawHill (2003).
Process Design Principles, W.D. Seider, J.D. Seader, and D.R.
Lewin, 2nd Ed., Wiley, NY, 2004.
Chemical Process Equipment, S.L. Walas, Butterworths (1988).
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th Edition, Eds. Green and
Perry, McGraw-Hill (1984).
Handbook of Heat Transfer, Eds. W. M. Rohsenow, J.P. Hartnett,
Y.I. Cho, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, (1998)

Grading
3 Homeworks........60%
Final Exam............40%

Topics to be Covered

Chapters 10, 12-15 in PTW.

Process Design and Plant Design

Process design is defined as the
actual design of equipment and
facilities to carry out the production
process.

Plant design covers all engineering

aspects involved in the development
of either a new or a modified and/or
expanded industrial plant.

Design Information

fundamentals of fluid mechanics,

heat & mass transfer,
thermodynamics, economics,
optimization.

shortcut designs, rules of thumb

(heuristics).

design involves use of pilot-plant

data, safety factors and the
appropriate specifications to
address economic, environmental
and operational objectives.

Equipment Specification
We need to specify only those characteristics of
the equipment that are significant from the
process point of view.
operating T & P
capacity (flow rate)
P
NPSH
construction materials
wall thickness
nozzle size

Specification Sheets
Specification

forms provide a record of

the important features of the equipment.
One needs to be careful about tight
specifications.
Vendors provide software, INTERNET
access for specifying equipment.
Make use of standardized (proprietary)
equipment (not customized).

Specification Sheets

Codes & Standards

Rules have been developed to ensure safe and
economical design, fabrication and testing of
equipment structures and materials.
AIChE
API
ASME
ASTM
ANSI
ISA
TEMA
ISO

Codes & Standards ASME

American Society
of Mechanical
Engineers

Codes & Standards ASME

For safety reasons, the design and
construction of pressure vessels are
subject to legal and insurance
standards. The ASME Codes apply to
vessels greater than 6 diameter
operating above 15 psig.
The ASME Code provides formulas
that relate wall thickness to the
diameter, pressure, allowable stress
and weld efficiency.

ISO International Organization

for Standardization
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's
largest developer of standards.
ISO standards contribute to making the development, manufacturing
and supply of products and services more efficient, safer and cleaner.
They make trade between countries easier and fairer. They provide
governments with a technical base for health, safety and
environmental legislation. They aid in transferring technology to
developing countries.
ISO standards also serve to safeguard consumers, and users in
general, of products and services - as well as to make their lives
simpler.

ISO 9000
The ISO 9000 family is primarily concerned with "quality management".
This means what the organization does to fulfill:
- the customer's quality requirements, and
- applicable regulatory requirements,
while aiming to
- enhance customer satisfaction, and
- achieve continual improvement of its performance in pursuit
of these objectives.

ISO 9000:2000
The sites are audited against the standards depending on if they are involved in just
testing and final inspection (ISO 9003), if they are manufacturing to a standard design
(ISO 9002) or more comprehensive design and manufacturing (ISO 9001). Audit is
carried out by independently accredited (by, e.g., Registrar Accreditation Board)
registrars. The three standards ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 have been integrated
into the new ISO 9001:2000.
Eight quality management principles are defined in ISO 9000:2000, and in ISO
9004:2000:
Principle 1 Customer focus
Principle 2 Leadership
Principle 3 Involvement of people
Principle 4 Process approach
Principle 5 System approach to management
Principle 6 Continual improvement
Principle 7 Factual approach to decision making
Principle 8 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships

ISO 14000
The material included in this family of specifications is very broad:

ISO 14001 is the requirements standard against which organizations are

assessed. ISO 14001 is generic and flexible enough to apply to any
organization producing any product or service anywhere in the world.
ISO 14004 is a guidance document that explains the 14001 requirements
in more detail. These present a structured approach to setting
environmental objectives and targets, and to establishing and monitoring
operational controls.

These are further explicated by:

ISO 14040 discusses pre-production planning and environment goal

setting.
ISO 14020 covers labels and declarations.
ISO 14030 discusses post-production environmental assessment.
ISO 14062 discusses making improvements to environmental impact
goals.

ISO 9000 & 14000

The ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 families are known as "generic management system
standards".
"Generic" means that the same standards can be applied to any organization, large
or small, whatever its product, including whether its "product" is actually a service, in
any sector of activity, and whether it is a business enterprise, a public administration,
or a government department.
"Generic" also signifies that no matter what the organization's scope of activity, if it
wants to establish a quality management system or an environmental management
system, then such a system has a number of essential features for which the
relevant standards of the ISO 9000 or ISO 14000 families provide the requirements.
"Management system" refers to the organization's structure for managing its
processes - or activities - that transform inputs of resources into a product or service
which meet the organization's objectives, such as satisfying the customer's quality
requirements, complying to regulations, or meeting environmental objectives.

What have we learned?

Process design and plant design activities

have different scope.
Source and detail of design information is
variable.
Uncertainty is an important factor in design.
Specifications for equipment depend on
design requirements.
Adherence to codes & standards.