1) Write the categories of networks

2) Define a network

3) What is FDDI
Fiber distributed data interface
FDDI is a fiber optic based counter rotating token ring architecture
Features :
Number of stations : up to 1000 connections are allowed
Total fiber path : up to 200 km of total fiber leanth is allowed
Data transmission media : FFDI specifics multi mode optical fiber
4) Give the basic building blocks of network

5) Define Framing
6) What is meant by 1 persistent CSMA

7) What is a Bridge

8) A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000

frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits.
What is the throughput of this network?

9) Define computer network?

Computer networks provide general cost effective , fair and robust connectivity
among large number of computer .computer network is designed around the
concept of layered protocols or functions .for exchange of data between computer ,
terminals or other data processing device ,there is data path between two computers
,either directly or via a communication network

UNIT - II
1) Differentiate ARP and RARP AM 2011
ARP
It operates at high level
It do not require direct
address to the the network which
makes it difficult for an application
programmer to build a server
It fully utilises the capability
of a network

RARP
It operates at low level
It require direct address to the the
network which makes it difficult for an
application programmer to build a
server
It does not fully utilises the
capability of a network

2) Give the CIDR notation for Class A, B and C AM 2011

Class A=/8,
Class B=/16,
Class c=/24

3) What is internetworking ND 2011, ND 2012, ND 2013

The LANs and switched data sub networks are interconnected to allow the
user to communicate across several sub networks. This extended network so
formed is called INTERNETWORK.
This process is called as internetworking.
The internetwork devices such as bridges, routers are used to connect two or
more LANs and subnets
It provides a link between a network
It provides routing and delivery of data between process on different network
4) What is IPV6 ND 2011, ND 2012, ND 2013
IPV6:
It is a new notation for writing 16-byte address
They are written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits with colons
between the groups like
80000: 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0123 : 4567 : 89AB : CDEF

5) Why are the protocols needed AM 2012

Protocols are the rules that govern the network communication
Design complexity is reduced because of the series layer.
In networks, communication occurs between the entities in different systems.
Two entities cannot just send bit streams to each other and expect to be
understood. For communication, the entities must agree on a protocol. A
protocol is a set of rules that
govern data communication.
6) What is the use of IP Address AM 2012

An IP address has a fixed length of 32 bits.

IP addresses are unique.
Two devices on the internet can never have the same address at the same time.
The address structure has two level

7) What are the uses of internetwork routing AM 2013

 An internet is divided into autonomous system.

An autonomous system is a group of networks and routers under the
authority of a single administration
ROUTING BETWEEN AUTONOMOUS

SYSTEM

IS

CALLED

INTERDOMAIN ROUTING
8) What is the purpose of subnetting AM 2013.
To allow a single network address to span multiple physical networks is called
SUBNETTING or SUBNET ADDRESSING or SUBNET ROUTING.
It is a required part of IP addressing.
If each router on internet needed to know about each existing physical
network, routing tables would be impossibly huge. This is physical overhead
on the router. To solve this type of problem, the subnet addressing method is
used.

UNIT- III
1) Draw the datagram format of UDP?(AM 2011)
UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol. It provides no reliability; it simply
sends data to the IP layer,to use UDP, an application associates itself with a
"transport address"
a. for UDP, a transport address is a combination of an IP address and a
port number
b. a port number is a 16-bit number that uniquely identifies the
application using UDP.

2) Define flow control?( AM 2011)

The process of adjusting the flow of data from one device to another to ensure
that the receiving device can handle all of the incoming data. This is particularly
important where the sending device is capable of sending data much faster than
the receiving device can receive it.
In programming, the statements and other constructs that control the order in
which operations are executed. For example, commonlooping statements such
as fornext and while are

known

as

flow

control

statements.

Branching

statements, such as if then are also part of a programming language flow control
mechanism.
3) What is queuing?( ND 2011)
Queuing is the process of

lining up jobsfor a computer or device.

In

programming, a queue is a data structure in which elements are removed in the

same order they were entered. This is often referred to as FIFO (first in, first out).
In contrast, a stack is a data structure in which elements are removed in the
reverse order from which they were entered. This is referred to as LIFO (last in,
first out).
Different Queuing methods

First in First Out

Priority Queuing
Round robin
Weighted Fair queuing

4) Define congestion ND 2011, ND 2012

Congestion is a state occurring in part of a network when the message traffic is so
heavy that it slows down network response time.
Congestion in network may occurs if the load on the network ;the number of the
packets sent to the network is greater than the capacity of the network.
5) What is Client Process?(AM 2012)
Client Process is the process of clientcalls the Sockets function to create socket.
It then calls sendto function and pass socket address of the server location of

the buffer from which UDP can get the data to make the datagram. Then the
client recvfrom function call that block until the reply arrives from the server.
6) What are the 2 Multiplexing Strategies used in Transport Layer?(AM 2012)
Upward multiplexing
Downward multiplexing
\
7) Give the functions of ARP?(ND 2012)
Address Resolution protocol , a network layer protocol used to convert
an IP address into a physical address (called a DLC address), such as

an Ethernet address.
A host wishing to obtain a physical address broadcasts an ARP request
onto the TCP/IP network. The host on the network that has the IP
address in the request then replies with its physical hardware address

8) List any four QoS parameters?(AM 2013)

Reliability
Delay
Jitter
Bandwidth

9) Differentiate flow control from congestion control?( AM 2013)

FLOW CONTROL

CONGESTION CONTROL

Flow control is an end to end Congestion control is a mechanism

mechanism that controls the traffic that is used by a network to control
between a sender and a receiver, congestion
in
the
network.
when a fast sender is transmitting
data to a slow receiver.
Flow control refers to mechanisms
used to handle the transmission
between a particular sender and a
receiver.

Congestion control can be seen as a

mechanism that makes sure that an
entire network can handle the traffic
that is coming to the network.

10) What is Flow control?( ND 2013)

The process of adjusting the flow of data from one device to another to
ensure that the receiving device can handle all of the incoming data. This is
particularly important where the sending device is capable of sending data
much faster than the receiving device can receive it.
This process is known as flow control
11) Define Slow Start algorithm?( ND 2011)
Slow-start algorithm is part of the congestion control in TCP, designed to avoid
sending

more

data

than

the

network

is

capable

of

transmitting.

Slow-start algorithm works by increasing the TCP Window by one segment for
each acknowledged segment. This behavior effectively doubles the TCP
Window

size

each

round

trip

of

the

network.

The algorithm continues increasing until this "congestion window" (cwnd)

reaches the size of the receivers advertised TCP Receive Window (RWIN), or
until packet loss occurs.

UNIT - IV
1) What is cipher text AM 2011
In cryptography, cipher
text (or cyphertext)

is

the

result

of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher.

Cipher text is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it
contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or
computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. Decryption, the inverse of
encryption, is the process of turning cipher text into readable plaintext.
2) List out the two modes of IP security AM 2011

Short for IP Security, a set of protocols developed by the IETF to support

secure exchange of packets at the IP layer. IPsec has been deployed widely to
implement Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).IPsec supports two encryption
modes: Transport and Tunnel. Transport mode encrypts only the data portion
(payload) of each packet, but leaves the header untouched. The more secure
Tunnel mode encrypts both the header and the payload. On the receiving side,
an IPSec-compliant device decrypts each packet.

3) Define cryptography ND 2011, ND 2012, AM 2013

Cryptography is the art of protecting information by transforming it
(encrypting it) into an unreadable format, called cipher text. Only those who
possess a secret key can decipher (or decrypt) the message into plain text.
Encrypted messages can sometimes be broken by cryptanalysis, also called code
breaking, although modern cryptography techniques are virtually unbreakable.
4) What is PGP ND 2011, ND 2012, AM 2013, ND 2013
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a data encryption and decryption computer
program that
communication.

provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for

PGP

is

often

used

for

signing,

data

encrypting,

and decrypting texts, e-mails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and
to increase the security of e-mail communications. PGP encryption uses a
serial

combination

of hashing, data

compression, symmetric-key

cryptography, and finally public-key cryptography; each step uses one of

several supported algorithms.
5) Define security in networking AM 2012
Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network
administrator to

prevent

and

monitor unauthorized access,

misuse,

modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible

resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a
network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or
are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that
allows them access to information and programs within their authority.
Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both public and

private, that are used in everyday jobs conducting transactions and

communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals.
6) What is Symmetric key algorithm AM 2012
Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use
the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption
of cipher text. The keys may be identical or there may be a simple
transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent
a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a
private information link. This requirement that both parties have access to the
secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric key encryption, in
comparison to public-key encryption
7) What is MPEG ND 2013
Short for Moving Picture Experts Group, and pronounced m-peg, is a working
group of the ISO. The term also refers to the family of

digital

video compression standards and file formats developed by the group. MPEG
generally produces better-quality video than competing formats, such
as Video for Windows, Indeo and QuickTime. MPEG files previously on PCs
needed hardware decoders (codecs) for MPEG processing. Today, however,
PCs can use software-only codecs including products from Real Networks,
QuickTime or Windows Media Player.
Unit V
1.What is DNS (AM 2011, AM 2013)
The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS
automatically converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP
addresses of Web servers hosting those sites.DNS implements a distributed database
to store this name and address information for all public hosts on the Internet. DNS
assumes IP addresses do not change (are statically assigned rather than dynamically
assigned).
2.How is HTTP related to WWW AM 2011
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data

communication for the World Wide Web.Hypertext is structured text that uses
logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to
exchange or transfer hypertext.

The

standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task

Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the
publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616
(June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.
3.What is HTTP ND 2011, ND 2012
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol - provides a standard for Web browsers
and servers to communicate. The definition of HTTP is a technical specification of a
network

protocol

that

software

must

implement.

HTTP is an application layer network protocol built on top of TCP. HTTP clients
(such as Web browsers) and servers communicate via HTTP request and response
messages. The three main HTTP message types are GET, POST, and HEAD.HTTP
utilizes TCP port 80 by default, though other ports such as 8080 can alternatively be
used.
4.List multimedia applications ND 2011
Multimedia uses computers to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive
features, and still images in various ways and combinations made possible through
the advancement of technology. By combining media and content, those interested in
multimedia can take on and work with a variety of media forms to get their content
across. This is an exciting new field for those interested in computers, technology,
and creative career options. Multimedia can be accessed through computers or
electronic devices and integrates the various forms together. One example of
multimedia would be combining a website with video, audio, or text images.
5.Define HTML AM 2012
HTML is made up of elements (often called tags) that build the contents of a web
page. The differences between HTML and other programming languages
include:HTML is not compiled. It is written and used without any changes being
done to it. I starts out a text file, and is still a text file when a browser or user agent
interprets it.HTML is human readable. While some other programing languages can
be read by people (and not just machines), many times you have to learn the

language to really understand it. In comparison, most HTML beginners can at least
guess what an <img> tag does, for example.
6.What are OVerlay networks ND 2012, AM 2013
Distributed hash tables (DHTs), such as KAD and other protocols based on the
Kademlia

algorithm,

for

example.JXTA

XMPP: the routing of messages based on an endpoint Jabber ID (Example:

nodeId_or_userId@domainId\resourceId)

instead

of

by

an

IP

Address

Many peer-to-peer protocols including Gnutella, Gnutella2, Freenet, I2P and Tor.
(Examples:

Limewire,

Shareaza,

Torrent,

Tribler,

etc.)

PUCC
Solipsis:

HyParView:
Overlay

France
a

Tlcom

highly

network

robust

system

for

massively

unstructured

protocols

shared

overlay

based

for

on

virtual

gossip

UDP/IP

world

broadcast
include:

Real Time Media Flow Protocol - Adobe Flash

7.State the advantages of DNS AM 2013
DNS-based redirection has several advantages. The most visible one is that it
achieves

transparency

without

losing

scalability.

It is transparent because the clients are obliged to use the addresses provided by the
authoritative DNS server, and cannot establish whether these addresses belong to the
home

machine

of

the

service

or

to

any

of

its

replicas.

DNS as a distributed name resolution service proved to be very efficient, even

though the amount of people using it has increased tremendously with the growth
of the Internet.

Another vital advantage of using DNS to

redirect clients is that it is a natural way of informing the clients about the service
addresses. It is used by many existing network services, and is very likely to be used
by those to come as well.
8.State tell why TELNET uses network virtual terminal AM 2012
Telnet uses an approach similar to the analogy described above
for dealing with its problem of hardware and software compatibility. Rather than
having terminals and hosts communicate using their various native languages, all
Telnet clients and servers agree to send data and commands that adhere to a
fictional, virtual terminal type call the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT). The NVT
defines a set of rules for how information is formatted and sent, such as character set,

line termination, and how information about the Telnet session itself is sent.
Each Telnet client running on a terminal understands both its native language and
NVT. When information is entered by the user on his or her local terminal, it is
converted to NVT for transmission over the network in NVT form. When the Telnet
server receives this information, it translates it from NVT to the format that the
remote host expects to receive it. The identical process is performed for
transmissions from the server to the client, in reverse.