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ABB recommendations
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2000- 2020 South & East Asian infrastructure build out and
EU replacements/ interconnections
Open-circuit voltage
Source impedance
Forces are
proportional to the
square of the current
(instantaneous
values)
F I *B
B I
= F I2
Source impedance
Those factors give the current peak and the final force
Inner
winding
Outer
winding
Inner winding:
Outer winding:
compressive stress
tensile stress
Fmean
Conclusion
Buckling
Collapse of a cylinder
shaped winding from evenly
distributed external force
a)
b)
Note: No electrical
damages
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Fax
Consequently, large
axial forces will be
developed
Conductor tilting
Spiralling
Tilting of conductors
Inner winding
Outer winding
Spiralling
The standards and principles that were found most relevant and
safe were adopted
A new ABB Technical Standard was issued containing the agreed best
practices
The TrafoStar concept has been proven by 49 full scale tests since 97
Radial buckling
Radial tension
Axial tilting
Axial bending
No radial support
A dynamic phenomenon
Ampere-turn balancing
Winding height + 0 2 mm
Outer diameter -1 0 mm
Strict Manufacturing
IREQ High-Power
Test Station in
Varennes - Canada:
Arrangement for the
short-circuit withstand
test
350
300
Rated MVA
5 test failures 44 / 49
= 90 % first pass rate
200
150
100
50
0
1997
2000
2001
2002
2005
2007
2008
2011
2012
16
initially OK
12
8
4
0
number of transformers
number of transformers
16
20
initially not OK
12
initially OK
8
4
0
25-50
50-100
100-200
MVA (rated)
>200
20-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
>400
kV (rated)
No common root-cause
Additionally
ABB has done the most number of tests during the years
and have got a large amount of feedback and experience
A SC safe transformer?